Quiz 3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) the sum of all the lung volumes
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 76) During normal expiration, A) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume. B) the internal intercostal muscles are required. C) the abdominal muscles become involved. D) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and the internal intercostal muscles are required. E) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) essential to the process of blood clotting
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) Capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________ transport.
: transendothelial Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is ________.
: transferrin Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) Calcium, released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to ________ to move the ________, which allows actin to form of a ________ with myosin.
: troponin C, tropomyosin, high-force crossbridge Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________, which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________.
: tunica intima or intima, tunica media Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The cells of the lung that produce the substance that lowers surface tension are ________
: type II alveolar cells Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________.
: vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 106) An increase in blood vessel diameter is known as ________.
: vasodilation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 114) The amount of blood returning to the heart is the ________.
: venous return Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) The chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the ________.
: ventricles Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 108) The period when blood is pushed into the arteries is called ________.
: ventricular ejection Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Autonomic reflexes are also called ________ reflexes.
: visceral Section Title: Autonomic Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 143) When a blood vessel dilates, blood viscosity is ________.
: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? A) increases B) decreases C) is unchanged
: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) The heart is enclosed in the ________.
: pericardial membrane Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have A) unstable ion channels. B) permanently open channels for Na+ and K+. C) a net influx of Na+. D) L-type Ca2+ channels. E) prolonged Ca2+ influx.
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The lungs are enclosed in ________ membranes. A) pericardial B) pulmonary C) pleural D) thoracic E) costal
: C Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Motor neurons are sometimes inhibited by A) Golgi tendon organs. B) muscle spindle organs. C) joint receptors.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) What are the three major steps of hemostasis?
: 1. vasoconstriction 2. temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug 3. blood coagulation, or formation of a clot that seals the hole until tissues are repaired Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 92) Arterioles: systemic dilate, pulmonary constrict.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) A typical residual volume (in milliliters) for a healthy, 70 kg male is ________.
: 1200 mL Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) Blood is approximately ________% plasma by volume.
: 55 Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) The larynx contains the ________, connective tissue bands that tighten and vibrate to create sound when air moves past them.
: vocal cords Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 101) Air flow in the respiratory system and blood flow in the cardiovascular system have many similarities-name them. How are they different?
: 1. Flow takes place from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure. 2. A muscular pump creates pressure gradients. 3. Resistance to fluid flow is influenced primarily by the diameter of the tubes. The primary difference is that air is a compressible mixture of gases while blood is a non-compressible liquid. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 102) What are the functions of pleural fluid?
: 1. It creates a moist, slippery surface so opposing membranes can slide across one another as the lungs move within the thorax. 2. It holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 90) List the factors that influence arteriolar resistance, and give an example of each.
: 1. Sympathetic reflexes. Example: temperature regulation. 2. Local control of arteriolar resistance matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue-Example: paracrines that respond to low oxygen, high carbon dioxide. 3. Hormones such as those that regulate salt and water excretion by the kidney. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) What are the two possible causes of lower alveolar PO2? Give examples of each.
: 1. The composition of the inspired air is abnormal. Altitude affects oxygen content of air. 2. Alveolar ventilation is inadequate. Pathological factors include increased airway resistance (asthma), decreased lung compliance (fibrosis), and overdoses of drugs or alcohol. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 103) Summarize the four gas laws.
: 1. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases (Dalton's law). 2. Gases, singly or in a mixture, move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. 3. If the volume of a container of gas changes, the pressure of the gas will change in an inverse manner (Boyle's law). 4. The pressure and volume of a container of gas are directly related to the temperature of the gas and the number of molecules in the container: PV = nRT (the ideal gas law). Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 170) Name four questions related to heart function that you could answer by examining an ECG and one abnormal condition that may be indicated by each function.
: 1. What is the heart rate? Abnormal values could indicate tachycardia or bradycardia. 2. Is the rhythm of the heartbeat regular or irregular? Abnormal rhythm could indicate fibrillation. 3. Are all normal waves present in recognizable form? Electrical disorders in atria or ventricles could be indicated. 4. Does a QRS complex follow each P wave, and is the PR segment constant in length? Heart block may be indicated. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) The control of voluntary movement can be divided into what three steps?
: 1. decision-making and planning 2. initiating the movement 3. executing the movement Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 83) Name the three portal systems in the body.
: 1. hepatic portal system 2. renal portal system 3. hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) Name the two mechanisms and the factors involved that limit the extent of blood clotting within a vessel.
: 1. inhibition of platelet adhesion: protacyclin 2. inhibition of coagulation cascade: plasminogen and plasmin and anticoagulants Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) Name the five types of white blood cells. Which type develops into macrophages? Which white blood cells are collectively known as phagocytes and why?
: 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes 3. neutrophils 4. eosinophils 5. basophils; monocytes develop into macrophages; neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are collectively known as phagocytes because they engulf and ingest foreign particles such as bacteria. Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 54) What are the three levels of nervous system that control movement? Briefly describe their roles.
: 1. the spinal cord, which integrates spinal reflexes and contains the central pattern generators 2. the brain stem and cerebellum, which control postural reflexes and hand and eye movements 3. the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, which are responsible for voluntary movements Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.13
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 191) Using the figure below (Fig. 14.18 from your text), calculate the following values: A) Heart rate B) Stroke volume C) Cardiac output D) Mean Arterial Pressure
: A) (1 cycle/800 msec) × (1000 msec/sec) × (60 sec/min) = 60,000 cycles/800 min = 75 cycles (or beats)/min B) Stroke volume = EDV - ESV = 135 mL - 65 mL = 70 mL/beat C) Cardiac output = HR × SV = 75 beats/min x 70 mL/beat = 5250 mL/min or 5.25 L/min D) Mean Arterial Pressure = (DP + DP + SP)/3 = (85 + 85 + 120)/3 = 290/3 = 96.7 mm Hg or MAP = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP) = 85 + 1/3 (120-85) = 85 + 1/3 (35) = 85 + 11.7 = 96.7 mm Hg Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 20) Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. A) increases B) decreases C) has no effect on
: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 113) Sonja is 28 years old and weighs 132 lb (2.2 lb = 1 kg). Calculate the following values for her, assuming she is an average healthy adult. A. What is her approximate blood volume? B. What is her approximate plasma volume? C. Assuming a normal hematocrit, what is her volume of cellular elements? D. What is her typical RBC count? E. WBC? F. Differential count? G. Platelets? H. What hemoglobin level would you expect to find?
: A. 132 lbs = 60 kg. Blood volume is approximately 7% of body weight: 60 kg × 0.07 = 4.2 kg = 4.2 L. B. If her hematocrit were 40%, then her plasma volume = 60% of her blood volume = 0.6 × 4.2 = 2.5 L. Normal hematocrits may range from 37% to 47% in females. C. With a hematocrit of 40%, her packed cell volume would be 1.6 L. D. Values are found in Figure 16.3: RBC count = 3.9 to 5.6 × 106. E. WBC = 4,000 - 11,000. F. Ranges of normal are presented in Figure 16.3. G. Platelets = 200,000 - 500,000. H. Hemoglobin = 12 to 16 g/dL blood. Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 114) Cindy is taking 14 breaths per minute. Her vital capacity is 3000 mL, her total lung capacity is 4000 mL, and her tidal volume is 450 mL per breath. Calculate the following: A. Cindy's total pulmonary ventilation (minute volume) B. Cindy's alveolar ventilation rate
: A. 14 breaths/min × 450 mL/breath = 6300 mL/min B. Alveolar vent = 14 breaths/min × (450 mL/ breath - 150 mL dead space) = 14 breaths/min × 300 mL/breath = 4200 mL/min Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 190) Miguel is a 25-year-old jogger with a target heart rate of 125 bpm. His resting pulse is 70 bpm. His blood volume is approximately 6.8 liters. At rest, his cardiac output is 6.3 liters/min. A. What must his stroke volume be? B. What might his EDV and ESV be? C. During his workout, his heart rate increases to 125 bpm and his cardiac output to 12,500 mL/min. Do his SV, EDV, and ESV change with exercise?
: A. 90 mL CO = SV * HR; SV=CO/HR = 6.3 L/min/ 70 bpm. B. Combination where EDV minus ESV = 90 mL Average values are ESV = 44-60 mL, EDV = 134-150 mL. C. Yes, the SV changes to 100 mL; EDV probably increases proportionately, to 149-167 mL. Thus the ESV would be 49-67 mL. One would assume an increase in venous return would lead to atrial stretching and an increased EDV. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 187) Using the appropriate equations, predict the effects in each scenario. A. Vessels X and Y have the same diameter. X is 5 cm long and Y is 10 cm long. Which has the faster velocity of flow for the same fluid? B. A blood vessel has a radius of 4 cm. Vasoconstriction reduces the radius to 1 cm. In order to maintain the same flow, by what factor must pressure increase? C. The blood vessel in B above dilates from 1 cm to 4 cm. Does the flow rate increase or decrease? D. A new subdivision is built between your house and the water storage tower. If the water company makes no adjustments, will the water pressure at your house change? If so, in which direction? Why?
: A. Assuming the same driving pressure, the velocity is the same. Length is not a factor (v = Q/A). B. 256. Q ΔP/R, so ΔP R. As R 1/r4, ΔP 1/r4. As Q does not change, ΔP1 × r14 = ΔP2 × r24. r14 = 44 = 256. C. increase D. Your water pressure would decline, owing its diversion to the new subdivision houses. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) Meghan thinks she has an abscessed tooth (a bacterial infection). If she does, what type of white blood cell would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a differential count? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes
: A Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 98) Define, compare, and contrast each of the pathologies listed below. Are the risk factors for each the same? Explain your answer. A. coronary artery disease B. atherosclerosis C. myocardial infarction D. hypertension E. congestive heart failure
: A. Coronary blood vessels become blocked by cholesterol or blood clots, causing reduced blood flow. B. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, which results from accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, and hardening due to calcification and fibrosis. The bulge that forms protrudes into the vessel lumen, reducing blood flow. C. Myocardial infarction is the death of heart cells as a result of blocked blood flow. D. Hypertension is high systemic blood pressure that develops as a result of increased peripheral resistance. E. Congestive heart failure occurs after prolonged hypertension, when the cardiac muscle can no longer generate the necessary cardiac output against the high peripheral resistance. As left cardiac output decreases, fluid backs up into the lungs. Oxygenation of the blood decreases, the heart becomes even weaker, leading to more fluid accumulation, and eventually death. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 87) Refer to the graph below. A. At a PO2 of 80 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin binds more oxygen? B. At a PO2 of 40 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin has released more oxygen to the cell? C. Explain the significance of the differences in fetal and maternal hemoglobin affinity. D. If a worm lived in low oxygen mud flats where the PO2 is 60 mm Hg, which type of hemoglobin would be better for it to have? Explain.
: A. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin at that oxygen pressure. B. Maternal hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily than fetal hemoglobin at that oxygen pressure. C. The higher affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen ensures a net transfer of oxygen from the maternal blood to the fetal blood in the placenta. While unloading from fetal hemoglobin to fetal tissues is less favorable due to the higher affinity, the high rate of oxygen consumption in fetal tissues and consequent low oxygen pressure ensures unloading will occur. D. The fetal form of hemoglobin would be better in this situation, because it has a higher affinity for the oxygen at this pressure. Thus, the worm's blood would become more saturated, and more oxygen would then be available for the worm's cells. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 109) You were the top student in your physiology class last semester. For this reason, your professor has asked that you prepare some lectures for her physiology class this semester. Specifically, she would like you to discuss the similarities and differences between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in terms of pressure gradients and fluid flow. A. Explain how you will describe the role of the following structures: the pump and the tubes. B. Explain how you will describe the importance of an open vs. closed system and the relevant differences between liquids and gases. C. What is fundamentally different about the respiratory pump compared to the cardiac pump, and why does this difference exist?
: A. In both systems, fluids flow down a pressure gradient, within different-sized tubes of variable resistance; the pressure gradient is generated by the action of a muscular pump. In the cardiovascular system, the tubes vary from elastic arteries that minimize pressure extremes and fluctuations, muscular arteries and arterioles whose diameter is changeable to regulate flow and that account for most of the resistance, finally to the large number of tiny capillaries in parallel, with veins to conduct the blood back to the pump. In the respiratory system, the larger tubes are rigid and account for most of the resistance, and lead to a large number of tiny tubes in parallel whose diameter is adjusted to regulate flow. B. In the closed cardiovascular system, the highest pressure is generated within the left ventricle, and an incompressible liquid flows in a continuous fashion. High pressure is created when the ventricle contracts, squeezing the blood it contains; low pressure results when the ventricle relaxes. In the open respiratory system, the highest pressure during normal breathing is generated when the respiratory muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the alveoli as air flows out; low pressure results when the muscles contract. Air is compressible, thus Boyle's law of inverse relationship between volume and pressure is important. The flow of air is intermittent, flowing into the lungs then stopping, and flowing out of the lungs then stopping again. C. The driving pressure for fluid flow in the cardiovascular system is created directly by contraction of the heart chamber, and depends upon the total peripheral resistance. The driving pressure for fluid flow in the respiratory system is created indirectly by contraction of respiratory muscles, which produces a volume increase that creates a pressure decrease relative to atmospheric pressure. The compressibility of air and the incompressibility of blood, as well as the fact that the respiratory system is open and thus dependent on atmospheric pressure, while the cardiovascular system is closed and thus wholly responsible for pressure, explains these differences. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 188) A person has a total blood volume of 5 L. Of this total, 4 liters is contained in the systemic circulation and 1 L in the pulmonary circulation. If the person has a cardiac output of 5 L/min: A. how long will it take for a drop of blood leaving the left ventricle to return to the heart? B. how long will it take a drop of blood to go from the right ventricle to the left ventricle?
: A. SV = 5 L/min, volume = 4 L, which would be distributed in 4/5 min = 48 seconds. B. Volume in the pulmonary circuit = 1 L, which would require 1/5 min, or 12 seconds to return to the left atrium from the right ventricle. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) neutrophils
: A Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 118) A. Patrick is snorkeling (surface swimming with a tube in his mouth to maintain breathing while his face is in the water). The snorkel tube is 40 cm in length and 1.2 cm in radius. How does this affect Patrick's breathing? Calculate the increase in relative resistance contributed by the snorkel tube. B. What is dead space and how does that affect snorkeling? Explain your answer, assuming the snorkel tube is a round cylinder and cylinder volume is pr2L. How does the snorkel tube affect alveolar ventilation (assume a ventilation rate of 12 breaths/min, tidal volume of 500 mL, and normal dead space volume of 150 mL)? If normal alveolar ventilation is 4200 mL/min, how must Patrick breathe during snorkeling compared to normal? C. Patrick loves snorkeling, but wishes he could go a little deeper. He decides to create a longer snorkel tube to try to achieve this desire. He isn't sure how radius figures in, so he makes two tubes of 60 cm length, one with a 1.2 cm radius and the other with a 2 cm radius. What are the relative resistances of these two new tubes? Do you think he will be able to snorkel well with either of these tubes? Explain.
: A. The snorkel tube effectively increases the total length of the respiratory passage, which increases the resistance to air flow this makes Patrick work harder to breathe. Resistance increases proportionally to L/r4; 40/1.24 = 19. B. Dead space is the volume of air that enters the respiratory structures but does not reach the alveoli and cannot contribute to gas exchange. The snorkel tube increases the amount of dead space by p 1.22 × 40 = 181 mL, which more than doubles the dead space to 331 mL. Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate × (tidal volume - dead space) = 12/min × (500 mL - 331 mL) = 2028 mL/min; this is less than half of normal alveolar ventilation. To maintain 4200 mL/min, Patrick could increase his ventilation rate to 25 breaths/min (4200/(500 - 331)). Alternatively, he could increase his ventilation depth to 681 mL/breath (4200/12 + 331). Or he could alter both rate and depth. C. Tube 1: 60/1.24 = 29. Tube 2: 60/24 = 3.75. The first tube would require significantly more effort to use than the tube in part A, so he would not be able to snorkel as long, if at all. The second tube sounds desirable, but dead space must be considered. The snorkel tube adds an additional p 2 cm2 × 60 cm = 754 mL of dead space, which is greater than normal tidal volume and would reduce alveolar ventilation. Neither tube is practical. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 112) Below are results of a blood analysis for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. The left two sets of bars, labeled "Min" and "Max," represent the target values for each cell type. The other sets of bars depict the results of blood counts done on the corresponding days after chemotherapy was administered. Please answer the following questions. A. According to the graph, which type of formed elements reached normal values first? B. Which kind came closest to its maximum value? C. On Day 10, which of the following sets of symptoms/characteristics would the patient most likely exhibit? 1. pale and easily fatigued 2. likely to bruise easily or bleed excessively 3. be at high risk for infections Explain your choice.
: A. platelets B. RBCs C. 3, because the WBC count is the most below minimum values, and it is the WBCs that fight infection. Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 85) Because the suffix "itis" means ________, swelling of the lower extremities due to blockage of lymph flow is NOT called ________-itis; rather it is called ________.
: "inflammation of", elephant, elephantiasis Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) In the science fiction movie The Abyss, a diver is able to breathe while his head is immersed in a specially prepared liquid pumped into a water-tight helmet attached to a suit, thus allowing him to dive without an air tank and at greater depths than possible for scuba divers. Is this purely fiction, or is it at least theoretically possible? Explain, considering the nature of alveoli and alveolar gas exchange. Assuming it is possible, describe the composition and nature of the liquid in terms of its oxygen pressure and concentration.
: (Note to instructor: Such experiments were done in the 1960s with rodents, and were partially successful but ultimately deemed impractical and too risky for humans.) It is theoretically possible. Oxygen dissolves in a thin film of fluid in the alveoli, thus even in normal breathing a liquid containing dissolved oxygen is involved. Obviously the respiratory gases would have to be soluble in this liquid and in concentrations appropriate to maintain the partial pressures necessary to drive diffusion. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because A) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. B) it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. C) it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. D) it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 180) Sonja is pregnant during the year she is taking human physiology. At each check-up, she expects to be told that her blood pressure has increased. Yet into the final weeks of her pregnancy, her blood pressure is unchanged from its pre-pregnancy value. Why did she expect her blood pressure to increase? Propose some explanations for why it didn't. (Hint: Sometimes women adopt healthier habits during pregnancy, there are large blood-filled sinuses in the maternal portion of the placenta, and there are many hormonal effects that are unique to pregnancy.)
: (Note to instructor: You may want to alter the hint, providing more or less help, depending on what you have covered in class.) Sonja assumes that her pressure will elevate with the increased blood volume and increased peripheral resistance that accompany the tissue growth she experiences. It is possible that she has adopted healthier diet and exercise habits during her pregnancy, offsetting an increase in pressure. It is also possible that the changing hormonal environment includes regulation of blood pressure so that it remains normal. It is also the case that the placenta forms a low-resistance reservoir for the maternal blood, offsetting the expected increase in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 179) Sonja is pregnant. Over the next 40 weeks, her uterus will enlarge as the placenta develops and the fetus grows, her abdomen will add skin to accommodate distension, her breasts will grow, her blood volume will increase, and many other changes will occur. Using what you have learned about basic cardiovascular physiology, predict how parameters such as blood pressure and cardiac output will change. (Note that the fetus has a separate cardiovascular system, which does not need to be considered.) Explain your answer.
: (Note to the instructor: These predictions are logical, but not all actually happen.) The growth of maternal tissues will require addition of blood vessels, thus total vessel length will increase. This would increase total peripheral resistance. Blood pressure may increase with increasing blood volume, and also to overcome the greater resistance and return the blood to the heart. Stroke volume should increase; cardiac output may increase as a result, or may remain the same if heart rate decreases. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 151) The resting membrane potential is ________ for skeletal muscle and ________ for contractile myocardium. It is ________ for autorhythmic myocardium.
: -70 mV, - 90 mV; an unstable pacemaker potential (usually starts at -60 mV) Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Name three pathological changes that adversely affect gas exchange.
: 1. a decrease in the amount of alveolar surface area available for gas exchange 2. an increase in the thickness of the alveolar membrane 3. an increase in the diffusion distance between the alveoli and the blood Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) What are the three ways CO2 is transported in blood? Approximately what percentage is transported by each way?
: 1. attached to hemoglobin, 23% 2. dissolved, 7% 3. as bicarbonate, 70% Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 73) Red blood cells in the circulation live for about ________. The short life span is due to ________.
: 120 days; increasing fragility of the older red blood cells, which may rupture as they squeeze through capillaries Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Which reflex is NOT controlled by the brain stem? A) urination B) vomiting C) sneezing D) swallowing E) salivating
: A Section Title: Autonomic Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 118) Which statement is NOT true regarding cardiac muscle? A) Cardiac muscle cells must obey the all-or-none law of contraction. B) Cardiac muscle cells rely on a sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage of Ca2+ ions. C) Calcium-induced calcium release is the process by which extracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of stored Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D) Intercalated disks contain both desmosomes for firm attachment and gap junctions to allow communication. E) The oxygen demand of cardiac muscle cells is high because they have many mitochondria.
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes A) opening of L-type calcium channels. B) opening of ryanodine receptor calcium channels. C) activation of sodium-potassium ATPase. D) activation of NCX transporters. E) opening of HCN channels.
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na2+ ________ and decreasing K+________. A) influx, efflux B) efflux, influx C) influx, influx D) efflux, efflux
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Autorhythmic cells A) are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. B) are the same size as myocardial contractile cells. C) have organized sarcomeres. D) contribute to the force of contraction. E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 121) Ivabrandine selectively blocks If channels in the heart. Which statement would be true concerning a patient who is taking this drug? A) The drug would slow down this individual's heart rate. B) This patient must have been suffering from bradycardia. C) This drug would decrease contractility of the patient's heart. D) This drug would raise the blood pressure of the patient. E) The amount of calcium entering the patient's heart cells would increase.
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms to the correct answer: A. tricuspid valve B. bicuspid valve C. aortic valve D. pulmonary valve 63) an AV valve that has three flaps
: A Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the A) carotid artery. B) aorta. C) venae cavae. D) cerebral arteries. E) cephalic arteries.
: A Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance
: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the A) concentration gradient. B) diffusion distance. C) membrane surface area. D) membrane thickness. E) electrical charge.
: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) increased pH
: A Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Air moves into the lungs because A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration. C) the thorax is muscular. D) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) Flow of air A) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases. B) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow decreases as the pressure of the system increases. C) is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. D) is directly proportional to the resistance, and flow increases as the resistance of the system increases. E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as ________ law. A) the ideal gas B) Boyle's C) Dalton's D) Henry's E) Ohm's
: A Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Which of the following would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right? A) increased H+ concentration B) increased pH C) decreased temperature D) decreased CO2 E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 17 Mechanics of Breathing 1) Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system? A) regulation of water balance B) regulation of pH balance C) protection against pathogens D) vocalization E) gas exchange
: A Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 17.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) In the lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as the ________ whereas the joints form the ________. A) lever, fulcrums B) fulcrum, levers C) lever, pulleys D) fulcrum, pulleys
: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) In order for the bicep muscle to shorten, the force applied by the muscle must be ________ the load applied at the hand. A) greater than B) less than C) equal to
: A Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which organ is NOT known to include a special portal system for blood? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) brain E) All of these organs have portal systems.
: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Capillaries are best described as A) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. B) thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart. C) thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart. D) thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. E) thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.
: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the A) digestive tract. B) liver. C) kidneys. D) spleen. E) pancreas.
: A Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following plasma proteins with the correct function. A. albumins B. globulins C. fibrinogen D. transferrin E. antibodies 43) contribute(s) significantly to osmotic pressure of plasma
: A Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Plasma is mostly A) water. B) blood cells. C) proteins. D) organic molecules. E) ions.
: A Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) Diseases that involve the presence of too many white blood cells have been identified as well as diseases that involve too few white blood cells. A) True B) False
: A Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) Often called immunocytes, these cells direct the activities of the immune system.
: A Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The cell that is the progenitor of all the types of blood cells is called the A) pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. B) committed progenitor cell. C) megakaryocyte. D) reticulocyte. E) progenitor.
: A Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) Tissue factor is released in the A) extrinsic pathway. B) intrinsic pathway. C) common pathway. D) retraction pathway. E) fibrinolytic pathway.
: A Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) Persons who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional factor VIII; as a result, A) they do not have a functional intrinsic pathway. B) they do not have a functional extrinsic pathway. C) they do not have a functional common pathway. D) their clotting times are shorter than normal. E) All answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? A) reduced flow B) reduced friction C) increased blood vessel diameter D) decreased viscosity E) decreased length
: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 144) You suck milk through a 6-inch straw and through a 10-inch straw; the diameters are identical. Resistance is ________ in the 10-inch straw compared to the 6-inch straw.
: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 149) If total cross-sectional area of vessels in an organ remains the same but blood flow to that organ increases, what happens to velocity of blood?
: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 147) During fasting, some capillary beds in the digestive tract are closed and therefore have no blood flow. Others are open to meet the minimal need of the tract for blood flow. During eating and as long as food is present in the tract, all capillary beds open to flow. What happens to total cross-sectional area of vessels in the digestive tract?
: A Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) Under normal circumstances, aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the A) spleen. B) yellow bone marrow. C) kidneys. D) digestive tract. E) thymus gland.
: A Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The function of hemoglobin is to A) carry oxygen. B) protect the body against infectious agents. C) aid in the process of blood clotting. D) carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) a genetic condition where red blood cells have deficient cytoskeletons
: A Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) Reactive hyperemia is triggered by A) local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. B) reflex contraction of smooth muscle following a period of dilation. C) stress and the hormones released during stress. D) toxins or allergens, such as bee venom or pollen. E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as A) preeclampsia. B) vasovagal syncope. C) infarction. D) reactive hyperemia. E) orthostatic hypotension.
: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 79) Which of the following is greater? A) blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases B) blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
: A Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The origin is the end of the skeletal muscle that attaches to the A) more stationary bone. B) more mobile bone. C) tendon. D) ligament.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) A motor unit consists of A) one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls. B) one skeletal muscle fiber and all the neurons that control that fiber. C) one skeletal muscle fiber and the neuron that controls that fiber. D) one axon terminal branch and the myofibrils it controls.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) The H zone contains A) thick filaments. B) thin filaments only. C) actin only. D) thick and thin filaments.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The function of the titin protein is to A) stabilize the position of the contractile filaments. B) pull Z lines together during contraction. C) interact with actin during contraction. D) release calcium during contraction. E) cover the myosin binding site on the actin molecule.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) ________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments. A) Actin B) Tropomyosin C) Troponin D) Myosin E) Titin
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 53) a single muscle cell
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) The band with the most overlap between thick and thin filaments, which unevenly scatters light leading to its' dark appearance.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) As ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately A) detaches from actin. B) initiates binding with actin. C) tightens its bond to actin. D) swivels.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 83) The force generated by a single muscle fiber can be increased by A) increasing frequency of action potentials only. B) increasing muscle length beyond optimal only. C) increasing the asynchrony of recruitment only. D) increasing frequency of action potentials and increasing muscle length beyond optimal only.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) The factor(s) that determine the duration of a twitch in various types of fibers is the speed of the A) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm only. B) hydrolysis of ATP only. C) movement of Na+ across their membranes only. D) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP. E) removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm and hydrolysis of ATP and movement of Na+ across their membranes.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The cause of skeletal muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise is primarily a(n) A) depletion of glycogen stores. B) depletion of creatine stores. C) increased inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration. D) depletion of K+ stores.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Which fibers generate more force? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Which fibers fatigue sooner? A) fast-twitch fibers B) slow-twitch fibers
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) involves skeletal muscles
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) excite both alpha and gamma motor neurons
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) eventually synapses with alpha motor neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the structure to its description. A. muscle spindles B. Golgi tendon organs C. both 26) maintain muscle tone at rest through tonic activity
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) have gamma motor neurons that innervate internal fibers
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 12) The "normal" contractile fibers of the muscle are also called the A) extrafusal fibers. B) intrafusal fibers. C) muscle spindle fibers.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) After stretching an intrafusal fiber, the next event is A) an increase in action potentials along the associated sensory neuron. B) a decrease in muscle tension. C) a decrease in muscle tone. D) decreased sensitivity to stretching. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) An important difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle is the A) numerous gap junctions in single-unit smooth muscle, which allow many cells to work together as a sheet. B) longer actin and myosin filaments in multiunit smooth muscle, which allow coordination of contraction. C) ability of single-unit fibers to change into multiunit fibers when advantageous. D) closely controlled individual fibers in single-unit smooth muscle to allow fine control and graded contractions by selective activation.
: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) The calcium release channel in the smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum that is opened by increases in phospholipase C activity is the A) inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel. B) ryanodine receptor. C) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor. D) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel. E) Ca2+-ATPase.
: A Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Perfusion is A) blood flow through an organ. B) the driving force behind blood flow. C) delivery of oxygen to cells. D) the connection between capillaries and other vessels. E) movement of blood through a shunt.
: A Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles A) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. B) allow blood to bypass capillary beds. C) have an endothelial lining. D) have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through A) gap junctions. B) tight junctions. C) chemical synapses. D) desmosomes.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it A) forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node. B) transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles. C) helps guide the blood into the proper chambers in sequence. D) directs the flow of blood into the arteries.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 125) If a myocardial infarction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch, A) cardiac arrhythmias may occur. B) blood flow to the lungs will decrease. C) the ventricle will contract more forcefully. D) conduction through the left ventricle would remain normal. E) the right ventricle will fail to contract.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat A) ventricular fibrillation. B) atrial fibrillation. C) heart block. D) heart murmur. E) myocardial infarction.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) The P wave of an ECG corresponds to A) the depolarization of the atria. B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. C) the repolarization of the ventricles. D) atrial repolarization. E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) During ventricular ejection, A) the ventricles are in systole. B) the QRS complex is just starting. C) the semilunar valves are closed. D) the AV valves are open. E) blood is forced into veins.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) atrial depolarization
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle results in A) the formation of cAMP. B) decreased rate of contraction. C) decreased force of cardiac contraction. D) increased sensitivity to acetylcholine. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is A) cardiac output (CO). B) heart rate (HR). C) end-diastolic volume (EDV). D) stroke volume (SV). E) end-systolic volume (ESV).
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 138) Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to A) decrease the force of cardiac contraction. B) increase blood pressure. C) constrict the coronary arteries. D) increase sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium. E) increase stroke volume.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 135) Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by A) just increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization. B) just increasing the permeability to Ca2+. C) just increasing the permeability to K+. D) just decreasing the permeability to Ca2+. E) increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+.
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 136) In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest? A) when venous return is increased B) when venous return is decreased C) when the force of contraction is decreased D) when the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume is small E) when calcium channel blockers are present
: A Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called A) elephantiasis. B) elephantitis. C) elephantosis. D) ascites.
: A Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 76) Malnutrition can cause edema because A) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. B) interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. C) the resulting anemia increases blood pressure. D) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) In the lungs, the A) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. B) blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. C) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. D) blood flow rate is lower and the blood pressure is higher, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues. E) blood flow rate and the blood pressure are the same as in other tissues.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The distance between the alveolar airspace and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them. A) short, rapidly B) long, rapidly C) short, slowly D) long, slowly E) None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 31) Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways. A) increases B) decreases C) does not change
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Which of the following features of the alveolar sacs allows for the ease of diffusion of gasses? A) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. B) Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant. C) Elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur. D) They are made of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium and elastin fibers allow the alveoli to stretch thin enough for diffusion to occur.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Ventilation is also known as A) breathing. B) inspiration. C) expiration. D) air conduction. E) blowing.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Type I alveolar cells A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. C) are phagocytic. D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic. E) None of the statements are true.
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) Blood vessels cover approximately ________% of the alveolar surface. A) 80-90 B) 10-20 C) > 90 D) < 10 E) 50
: A Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) An increase in PCO2 would cause A) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate. B) the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to constrict. C) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate. D) the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to constrict. E) None of the answers are correct.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses). A. PO2 increases. B. PCO2 increases. C. PO2 decreases. D. PCO2 decreases. 90) Arterioles: systemic constrict, pulmonary dilate.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs collapse. E) expiration occurs.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 81) Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) have no effect on either the partial pressure or diffusion rate of gases.
: A Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.4
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 73) Upon testing the knee jerk reflex during a routine physical, a nurse notices that the reflex is hyperactive. What could be the explanation for this? If instead the reflex was hypoactive, what may the nurse conclude?
: A hyperactive knee jerk reflex suggests a lack of descending inhibition. This could indicate injury or disease in the spinal cord above the reflex arc, or in a brain area involved in motor control. A hypoactive reflex could indicate damage to any of the components of the local reflex arc, including the muscle, the spinal nerve, or that level of the spinal cord. Alternatively it is possible the patient is deliberately inhibiting the reflex by descending inhibition. Reflexes can also be adversely affected by metabolic disorders. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 105) Mike has classical hemophilia, a clotting disorder, but his case is considered "mild." His levels of factor VIII are 28% of normal. He is usually OK going about the activities of normal daily living. He plays slow pitch softball and enjoys swimming and horseback riding, and is an exceptionally active individual who believes "why walk when you can run?" He has noticed that once he has one injury, he will have "bleeds" more readily, and has to restrict his own activities to give himself time to heal. Why would he have to "slow down" longer than a person without hemophilia?
: A level of 28% suggests that Mike's body synthesizes factor VIII much more slowly than normal. Thus once he is injured, he depletes his limited supply more quickly and takes longer to replenish it. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Define lung capacity, and give a specific example. (Note: There is a specific physiological definition; don't just define "capacity" in general terms.)
: A lung capacity is the sum of two or more lung volumes. The lung capacities are total lung capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and inspiratory capacity. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 103) In the disease mononucleosis ("mono"), the spleen enlarges because of increased numbers of cells, phagocytic as well as others. Common symptoms of this disease include pale complexion, a tired feeling, and a lack of energy sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed. What might cause these symptoms?
: A major function of the spleen is to destroy old, defective, and worn-out red blood cells. As the spleen increases in size, so does its capacity to eliminate red blood cells, and this produces anemia. The decreased number of red blood cells decreases the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues and thus metabolism is slowed down. This would account for the tired feeling and lack of energy. Because there are fewer red blood cells than normal, the blood circulating through the skin is not as red, and so the person has a pale skin coloration. Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) ________ is an increase in blood flow that accompanies an increase in metabolic activity.
: Active hyperemia Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 157) Explain what a portal system is and give an example. How is a portal system different from the typical arrangement of vessels?
: A portal system is a special circulation in which a capillary bed connects to another capillary bed before returning to the general circulation. An example is the hepatic portal system, in which capillaries of the digestive tract are connected to capillaries of the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein. Typically blood in a capillary bed flows through the venous system and back to the heart. Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 183) What is a normal heart rate for healthy adults at rest, and what neural inputs contribute to the achievement of that range? How is heart rate affected when all nervous system input to the heart is blocked, and why is this effect seen?
: A typical adult heart rate is 70 beats per minute. This normal resting value results from the constant parasympathetic inhibition of the higher endogenous rate of the SA node. Without neural input, resting heart rate is higher, matching the intrinsic rate of the SA node, 90-100 beats per minute. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) In order to contract and relax, muscle cells require energy in the form of ________. The immediate backup energy source is ________ that requires the enzyme ________.
: ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine kinase Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The heavy chain of myosin contains 2 important regions: the first acts as ________ to convert energy into movement whereas the second binds to ________.
: ATPase, actin Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 114) Brian, 53, finally visited his doctor, after 6 months of being winded after climbing the two flights of stairs to his apartment. He kept blaming himself for being "out of shape," and thought he would be OK after his spring yard work started, but he wasn't. The doctor wasn't surprised when Brian's blood pressure was 160/110 mm Hg. The doctor prescribed some beta blockers and more tests, including an ECG and blood tests. Why did the doctor want this additional information? What are some items he would check in the blood tests, and why?
: Abnormalities on the ECG would reveal evidence of scarring or damage to the heart and the myocardium; blood tests would be checked for electrolyte levels, especially calcium, sodium, and potassium, as well as for changes associated with volume fluctuation. Heart enzymes would not be elevated unless damage was very recent. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 171) Acetylcholine is excitatory at the neuromuscular junction, but inhibitory at the SA node. Explain why this is true.
: Acetylcholine receptors in heart muscle are muscarinic, whereas they are nicotinic in skeletal muscle. These receptors are linked to different types of ion channels. At the nicotinic receptor, the response is excitatory due to a sodium influx. At the muscarinic receptor, the response is inhibitory due to a potassium efflux. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) Baroreceptors have stretch-sensitive ion channels in their cell membrane. Increased pressure on the membrane opens the channels and allows ion flow that initiates action potentials. What kind of ion probably flows through these channels and in which direction?
: Action potentials are created when a cell depolarizes to threshold. Depolarization results from net influx of positive ions or efflux of negative ions. The most likely ion is Na+, moving into the receptor cell. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) Explain how the upper airways and bronchi condition the air, and why this conditioning is important.
: Air is warmed to body temperature to protect alveoli and avoid disrupting body temperature, air is humidified so that the exchange epithelium will not dehydrate, and foreign material is filtered out so it will not reach the alveoli. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 61) Explain alpha-gamma coactivation.
: Alpha motor neurons control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. Gamma motor neurons adjust the stretch sensitivity of the muscle spindle, so that the spindle is active even when the muscle shortens. Coactivation of both sets of fibers causes the tension on the muscle spindles to be maintained as the muscle shortens; thus sensitivity to stretch is maintained. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.6
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 113) Julia is breathing 14 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 520 mL and a dead space of 152 mL. Lyle is breathing 15 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 400 mL and a dead space of 175 mL. Which patient has better alveolar ventilation?
: Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate × (tidal volume - dead space volume). Julia's ventilation is 5432 mL/min, which is better than Lyle's, which is 3375 mL/min. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.11
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 110) What nutrients are required for red blood cell synthesis and why? What is blood doping? How is it detected? How is blood doping different from simply good nutrition?
: Amino acids for globin synthesis, iron for heme synthesis, folic acid and vitamin B12 for DNA synthesis are among the nutrients required. Blood doping is using a treatment to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, such as receiving a transfusion of red blood cells or administering hormones that stimulate red blood cell production. Hemoglobin concentration in the blood is elevated above normal in dopers, as is hematocrit. Reticulocyte count indicates an accelerated rate of red blood cell production, which would be expected with use of erythropoietin or similar drugs. These drugs/hormones can be detected in the blood. Good nutrition should ensure that hematocrit and hemoglobin are at their maximum, but nutrition is not sufficient to elevate these parameters above normal. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 178) Amy is a premed student with a summer job as an animal research technician. One of her duties is to withdraw blood by syringe from the anterior vena cava of pigs, to be analyzed for various hormones. During her training she noticed that most blood samples were very dark in color, but occasionally a sample was bright red. Propose an explanation.
: Amy misdirected her needle to a nearby artery instead of withdrawing blood from the vena cava. Arterial blood is more oxygenated than venous blood, thus not as dark. Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung disease to its description. A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema 23) destruction of alveoli
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) If the partial pressure of oxygen in both air and water is 100 mm Hg, then the concentration of the oxygen is the same in the air and water. A) True B) False
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) Define anemia, and explain how it is the same or different from hypoxemia. Give examples of three different types of anemia and a brief synopsis of each kind. Is sickle cell disease a true anemia? Explain your answer. When sickle cell disease is fatal, what is the cause of death?
: Anemia is a condition in which the blood's hemoglobin content is too low. Hypoxemia means low oxygen in blood, which could be due to an impaired respiratory system and can therefore occur independent of anemia. Because oxygen binds to hemoglobin, individuals with anemia cannot transport as much oxygen to the tissues, resulting in fatigue and weakness. This may be especially noticeable with exercise. Some major causes of anemia are summarized in Table 16.3 in the chapter. Sickle cell disease is considered an anemia because the amount of normal hemoglobin is low. Death is related to hypoxia-caused tissue damage. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) List three ways that neural reflex pathways can be classified. Name one of the reflexes in each category. What additional information may be gained from the name of the reflex? Name a specific reflex and identify its classification in all of the categories you listed.
: Any three of the following four answers are correct classifications. Further, the effector or action is sometimes evident by the reflex name, e.g., flexor reflex. Answers to specific reflexes will vary, e.g., knee jerk reflex is somatic, spinal, innate, and monosynaptic. 1. by the efferent division of the nervous system that controls the response: somatic reflexes and autonomic reflexes 2. by the CNS location where the reflex is integrated: spinal reflexes and cranial reflexes 3. by whether the reflex is innate or learned: innate reflexes and learned or conditioned reflexes 4. by the number of neurons in the reflex pathway: monosynaptic reflexes and polysynaptic reflexes Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) ________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
: Arteries Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 115) Siegfried experiences a hemorrhage in an artery, and now blood is leaking out of the resulting hole. His blood pressure decreases. Draw a flow chart illustrating the cardiovascular reflex responses that follow to compensate for the drop in blood pressure.
: As blood exits the vasculature, there is a loss in blood volume, which in turn causes the systemic blood pressure to decrease. Baroreceptors (stretch receptors) in the carotid and artery walls are less stretched, and therefore their action potential firing frequency decreases. The baroreceptors project to the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata. In response to decreased baroreceptor input, the cardiovascular control center stimulates sympathetic output and inhibits parasympathetic output. Sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction and consequent increases in peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Decreased parasympathetic activity causes the SA node firing rate to increase and therefore heart rate increases. Combined with the sympathetic stimulation of the ventricles and consequent increase in contraction force, cardiac output increases as a result, also helping to increase blood pressure. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 70) ventricular depolarization
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) A dead human body has been discovered in the woods near your home. No, you are not a homicide suspect; rather you are an expert hematologist, and the body is still warm. Implausibly, this adult corpse has no gender cues (no sexual organs, and skeletal features that are in between those expected for males or females). How can you assist the detectives in determining the gender of this person, using the hematology lab in your garage?
: Assuming you can collect and centrifuge the blood soon, prior to clotting and decay, a hematocrit may provide clues. While a differential white cell count is independent of gender, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red cell count are all slightly lower in females. See Figure 16.3 in this chapter. Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) ________ is characterized by an increased airway resistance and decreased ventilation.
: Asthma Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, A) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. B) reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. C) are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. D) exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 119) If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, A) the heart rate will increase. B) the heart rate will decrease. C) the membrane will depolarize. D) the stroke volume will increase. E) the intracellular concentration of calcium ion will increase.
: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) Which valves have chordae tendineae? A) aortic and pulmonary valves B) bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves C) valves in veins D) semilunar valves E) coronary valves
: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The function of the pericardial fluid is to A) provide oxygen to the heart. B) reduce friction between the heart and the pericardium. C) provide fuel to the heart. D) remove waste products from the heart. E) store calcium for the heart.
: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) also called the mitral valve
: B Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? A) being a male over 30 but under 55 B) being a female over 30 but under 55 C) having a sister with coronary artery disease D) menopause without estrogen replacement therapy E) having diabetes mellitus
: B Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. A) absorption, filtration B) filtration, absorption
: B Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) decreased surface area for gas exchange
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg. A) 40 B) 45 C) 50 D) 70 E) 100
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) increased PCO2
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) increased 2,3-DPG
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease 29) increased temperature
: B Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Air moves out of the lungs because A) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B) the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration. C) the thorax is muscular. D) contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, air flows into the lungs. A) True B) False
: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) According to the law of LaPlace, when comparing two alveoli lined with fluid, pressure in the one with the ________ diameter will be greater. A) larger B) smaller
: B Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would A) interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin. B) cause an increase in blood pH. C) increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood. D) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The variables of oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and blood oxygen content are unrelated. A) True B) False
: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to a plasma protein. E) carried by white blood cells.
: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs, A) the pH should be slightly acidic. B) the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature. C) the PO2 should be about 70 mm. D) DPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) A student in your lab volunteers to enter a hypoxic breathing chamber for 10 minutes, and his alveolar PO2 drops to 50 mm Hg. What other change would occur? A) decrease in arterial pH B) decrease in arterial PCO2 C) decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid D) increase in alveolar PCO2 E) hypoventilation
: B Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure 1) Fainting is also known as A) eclampsia. B) vasovagal syncope. C) infarction. D) reactive hyperemia. E) orthostatic hypotension.
: B Section Title: Introduction Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) an example would be slowing or speeding the heart and other internal organs that are not consciously controlled
: B Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) Identify the FALSE statement. A) Adipose tissue is controlled by autonomic efferents. B) All reflexes require input from the brain. C) Some reflexes are genetically determined. D) Muscle spindles are stretch receptors. E) Proprioceptors detect limb position and movement.
: B Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to A) provide sounds so that heart health can be monitored. B) ensure that blood flows in one direction. C) prevent blood from flowing too quickly. D) regulate blood pressure. E) provide the force for circulation.
: B Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of the following statements about hydrostatic pressure is NOT true? A) If a fluid is not moving, the pressure that it exerts is called hydrostatic pressure. B) Force is not equal in all directions. C) The lateral pressure component of moving fluid represents the hydrostatic pressure. D) Hydrostatic pressure does not include the dynamic component of a moving fluid. E) All of the statements are true.
: B Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) a category that includes clotting factors and enzymes
: B Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The primary organ where erythropoietin is produced is the A) liver. B) kidney. C) spleen. D) bone marrow. E) endothelial cells throughout the body.
: B Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) A unique aspect of hematopoiesis is that A) white blood cell production always results in the same proportion of leukocytes. B) white blood cell development varies with the specific needs of the body. C) neutrophils direct all development from the lymph nodes. D) lymphocytes never die.
: B Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) Mast cells in tissues are considered to be a type of A) eosinophil. B) basophil. C) lymphocyte. D) monocyte. E) neutrophil.
: B Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen. C) release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium. D) release of heparin from the liver. E) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
: B Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Which of the following are the two anticoagulants produced by the body? A) heparin and plasmin B) antithrombin III and heparin C) antithrombin III and plasmin D) tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin E) protacyclin and heparin
: B Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the A) flow rate. B) velocity of flow. C) pressure. D) pressure gradient. E) volume.
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 142) When a blood vessel dilates, resistance through that vessel is ________.
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 141) Joey develops a medical condition that decreases his blood viscosity. Assuming no other change (e.g., no compensatory reflex), what happens to his blood pressure?
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exception. A) increased blood volume B) decreased vessel diameter C) increased blood pressure D) decreased peripheral resistance E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Which of the following will increase flow in a vessel the most? A) decrease length by 1 unit B) increase radius by 1 unit C) decrease viscosity by 1 unit D) All have the same effect on flow.
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 117) Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? A) doubling the length of a vessel B) doubling the diameter of a vessel C) doubling the viscosity of the blood D) doubling the turbulence of the blood E) doubling the number of white cells in the blood
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 145) When a blood vessel dilates, velocity of blood is ________.
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 146) Blood pressure decreases during sleep. How does this affect velocity?
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 148) If total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in an organ increases, what happens to velocity of blood through that organ?
: B Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Red blood cell production increases when A) oxygen levels in the blood increase. B) oxygen levels in the blood decrease. C) carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase. D) carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. E) protein levels in the blood increase.
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) The usual treatment for neonatal jaundice is exposing the infant to certain wavelengths of light. The infant wears only a diaper and undergoes the light treatment continuously for several days, even at night. Why can the infant's treatement then be discontinued? A) because light treatment stimulates liver growth B) because the transition between fetal hemoglobin to adult is complete C) because the light generates additional RBCs D) because the digestive tract is then large enough to secrete bile E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is A) hemoglobin. B) transferrin. C) erythropoietin. D) thrombopoietin. E) intrinsic factor.
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the following terms with the correct descriptions. A. lymphocytes B. erythrocytes C. eosinophils D. platelets E. neutrophils 48) These cells contain hemoglobin and iron.
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Excess iron in the body is A) stored in bones. B) eliminated in the feces. C) stored in fatty tissues. D) found in white blood cells. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) a stem cell dysfunction that produces too many blood cells
: B Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are severed, breathing will stop. A) True B) False
: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.
: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The expiratory neurons control the ________ muscles, whereas the inspiratory neurons control the ________ muscles. A) diaphragm and external intercostal, abdominal and internal intercostal B) abdominal and internal intercostal, diaphragm and external intercostal C) diaphragm and internal intercostal, abdominal and external intercostal D) abdominal and external intercostal, diaphragm and internal intercostal E) diaphragm and abdominal, intercostal internal and external
: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) increase the rate of breathing. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) increase the pH of arterial blood.
: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to A) decrease the temperature of the plasma. B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen. C) decrease the partial pressure of nitrogen. D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs. E) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
: B Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases. C) pH rises. D) vessels constrict. E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Reactive hyperemia is A) lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction. B) increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. C) increased blood pressure after stress. D) reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress. E) None of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 80) Which of the following is greater? A) heart rate normally B) heart rate during circulatory shock
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 82) Which of the following is greater? A) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate B) blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 71) Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? A) doubling the length of a vessel B) doubling the diameter of a vessel C) doubling the viscosity of the blood D) doubling the turbulence of the blood E) doubling the number of white cells in the blood
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Myogenic autoregulation means that A) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel. B) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. C) blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. D) increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. E) stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure, they ________ their firing rate. A) increase B) decrease
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials A) very seldom. B) continuously.
: B Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) For antagonistic muscle groups to move a limb, flexor contraction occurs coincident with A) contraction of the extensor. B) relaxation of the extensor. C) no changes in the extensor. D) contraction of the tendon.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 12 Muscles 1) A flexor is a skeletal muscle whose shortening moves attached bones A) away from one another. B) towards one another. C) medially D) laterally.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) When comparing complete tetanus with unfused (incomplete) tetanus, which is true? A) Complete tetanus involves some relaxation between twitches. B) Complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension. C) Complete tetanus occurs at a lower frequency of stimulation than unfused tetanus. D) Complete tetanus would occur when there is more time between twitch contractions.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Motor units that control skeletal muscles involved with fine motor movements (eye muscles or the hands) have ________ muscle fibers than motor units that control more gross movements (gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg). A) more B) fewer C) the same number of
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The nervous system avoids muscle fatigue during submaximal contraction by A) always recruiting slow-twitch motor units. B) asynchronous recruitment. C) synchronous recruitment. D) always recruiting fast-twitch motor units.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 5) The function of transverse tubules is to A) store Ca2+ ions inside the muscle fiber. B) rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. C) ensure a supply of glycogen throughout the muscle sarcoplasm. D) conduct ATP molecules out of the mitochondria throughout the sarcoplasm.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) a bundle of adjacent muscle cells
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) The lightest color bands of the sarcomere, comprised only of thin filaments.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Most of the time, the parallel thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils are connected by ________ that span the space between myosin and actin molecules. A) tropomyosin molecules B) crossbridges C) nebulin molecules D) sarcomeres E) calcium ions
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 79) Put these events in the correct chronological sequence: 1. End-plate potentials trigger action potentials. 2. Transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 4. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 2, 1, 4, 3 D) 3, 1, 4, 2 E) 4, 3, 2, 1
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) The I band contains A) thick filaments only. B) thin filaments only. C) myosin only. D) thick and thin filaments.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) The binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of a A) Na+ channel. B) channel for both Na+ and K+. C) calcium channel. D) ryanodine receptor.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) The action potential traveling along the t-tubule is detected by the A) ryanodine receptor. B) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel). C) acetylcholine receptor. D) Ca2+ ATPase.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) The brief period of time between the beginning of the action potential in the muscle and the beginning of contraction is referred to as the A) refractory period. B) latent period. C) relaxation phase. D) depolarization period. E) repolarization period.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 82) Skeletal muscle fibers with the greatest endurance rely on ________ for energy. A) anaerobic glycolysis B) oxidative phosphorylation C) lactic acid accumulation D) ketone body degradation
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends upon the A) amplitude of the action potential. B) length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction. C) length of the thick filament. D) duration of the stimulus.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) Most reflex movements are integrated by A) the brain. B) the spinal cord. C) central pattern generators. D) proprioceptors. E) effectors.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) found at the junction of tendons and muscle fibers
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the A) stretch reflex. B) tendon reflex. C) flexor reflex. D) crossed extensor reflex. E) reciprocal reflex.
: B Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) The medical term for heart attack is A) heart failure. B) myocardial infarction. C) heart murmur. D) fibrillation. E) heart block.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens? A) Coronary arteries are blocked by plaques, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the myocardial contractile cells. B) Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles. C) The fibrous skeleton of the heart breaks down, interfering with the passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles. D) The mitral valve leaflets calcify and close, preventing blood from being pumped efficiently by the left side of the heart. E) Blood flow through the foramen ovale is blocked.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) The AV node is important because it A) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. B) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. C) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. D) electrically opens the AV valves. E) None of these answers are correct.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 122) Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart. 1. bundle of His 2. internodal pathway 3. Purkinje fibers 4. atrioventricular node 5. sinoatrial nodes 6. left and right bundle branches A) 5, 2, 1, 6, 4, 3 B) 5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 C) 4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3 D) 3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5 E) 5, 4, 1, 6, 2, 3
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) During the cardiac cycle, A) the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds. B) the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure. C) the third heart sound occurs during atrial systole. D) the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG. E) the greatest increase in ventricular pressure occurs during the ejection phase.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the wave with the correlated event. A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment 67) immediately followed by ventricular contraction
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to A) the depolarization of the atria. B) the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. C) the repolarization of the ventricles. D) atrial repolarization. E) None of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed A) bradycardia. B) tachycardia. C) an arrhythmia. D) fibrillation. E) a normal resting heart rate.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) In electrocardiography, a lead is a(n) A) electrode. B) pair of electrodes. C) cable that attaches between the ECG machine and the body.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? A) Blood is ejected from the atrium. B) The SA node fires. C) The P wave develops. D) Ventricular systole occurs. E) Atrial systole occurs.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, A) the atria contract. B) the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. C) blood is ejected into the great vessels. D) the ventricles are relaxing. E) the ventricles are filling with blood.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) Which of the following events result in the first heart sound? A) The AV valves open. B) The AV valves close. C) The semilunar valves close. D) The semilunar valves open. E) The atria contract.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 129) Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during A) atrial systole only. B) ventricular diastole only. C) ventricular systole only. D) atrial systole and ventricular systole E) All of the answers are correct.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 124) If the connection between the AV node and bundle of His becomes blocked, A) the ventricles will beat faster. B) the ventricles will beat more slowly. C) the ventricular rate of contraction will not be affected. D) the stroke volume will increase. E) tachycardia will occur.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) The cardiac output is equal to A) the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. B) the product of heart rate and stroke volume. C) the difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise. D) the stroke volume less the end-systolic volume. E) the product of heart rate and blood pressure.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Drugs known as beta blockers will A) increase heart rate. B) decrease heart rate. C) increase stroke volume. D) increase cardiac output. E) decrease the end-systolic volume.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 132) A certain drug decreases heart rate by producing hyperpolarization in the pacemaker cells of the heart. This drug probably binds to A) nicotinic receptors. B) muscarinic receptors. C) alpha adrenergic receptors. D) beta receptors.
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 130) In which of the following situations would the end-systolic volume (ESV) be the greatest? A) when sympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased B) when parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is increased C) when the force of myocardial contraction is increased D) when the intracellular stores of calcium are increased E) when stroke volume is increased
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 133) Under which set of circumstances would the diameter of peripheral blood vessels be the greatest? A) increased sympathetic stimulation B) decreased sympathetic stimulation C) increased parasympathetic stimulation D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation E) both increased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation
: B Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) Interneurons of the corticospinal tract synapse onto A) visceral efferents. B) somatic efferents. C) interneurons of central pattern generators.
: B Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The structure whose abnormal function is associated with Parkinson's disease is the A) spinal cord. B) basal ganglia. C) cerebellum. D) primary motor cortex. E) skeletal muscle.
: B Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) Type II alveolar cells A) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes. B) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. C) are phagocytic. D) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic. E) None of the statements are true.
: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following? A) nasal cavity B) lungs C) trachea D) larynx E) mouth
: B Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 91) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles dilate.
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 82) In the lungs, an example of the body's reserve capacity is that A) some areas of the lung can be closed off during rest and opened again when needed during exercise. B) capillary beds in the lungs are reversibly collapsible, allowing blood to be shunted to additional areas during exercise. C) pulmonary blood flow is completely under the control of the autonomic nervous system, dilating arteries and arterioles to adjust blood flow. D) All of the statements are true. E) None of the statements are true.
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.14
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 79) Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called A) eupnea. B) hyperpnea. C) diaphragmatic breathing. D) costal breathing. E) shallow breathing.
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) Poiseuille's law is summarized this way: A) PV = nRT B) R Lη/r4 C) P = 2T/r D) P1V1 = P2V2
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 46) the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the lung volume with its description. A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume 40) the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 84) In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation? A) Ventilation would require less energy. B) Breathing would be labored and difficult. C) It would be easier to expand the lungs on inspiration. D) More air would be forced out during expiration. E) Tidal volume would increase.
: B Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) ________, ________, and ________ are called granulocytes because ________.
: Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, they contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT A) an increase in arterial resistance. B) a decrease in arterial diameter. C) a decrease in cardiac output. D) sympathetic stimulation.
: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 109) The sympathetic nervous system will cause vasodilation in the arteries of many blood vessels, but vasoconstriction in the brain. Why does this occur?
: Because the brain needs a relatively constant flow of blood, whether the body is at rest or under stress, it will try to maintain a constant level of perfusion to the brain. Since the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, blood will flow to the brain faster than it does while at rest, so by constricting the arteries, it will decrease the amount of blood each beat that reaches the brain and thereby keeping a fairly constant amount of blood flowing to the brain. Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 102) By binding to the Ca2+ channel proteins, drugs known as calcium channel blockers have two main effects. Name them. Why are some cells unaffected by these drugs?
: Binding to calcium channels makes them less likely to open, effectively blocking the normal inward calcium current that would result from neural or endocrine stimulation. This causes vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate. Insensitive tissues have a different subtype of calcium channel. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 174) Explain what is meant by the terms respiratory pump and skeletal muscle pump. Why are these important to the cardiovascular system?
: Both refer to pressure exerted on the blood in veins that assist in venous return. During the pressure changes in the thoracic cavity associated with normal breathing, pressure in the thoracic portion of the inferior vena cava fluctuates, resulting in blood being drawn upward in the vena cava during each inhalation. Contractile activity of normal skeletal muscle momentarily squeezes the veins within and near the muscles, also helping to propel the blood. These and other slight pressure changes are essential because the overall pressure gradient of the venous system is low. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 77) Compare and contrast carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, in which CO displaces oxygen from hemoglobin, and metabolic poisoning such as by cyanide.
: Both types of poisoning interfere with oxygen-dependent metabolism and thus can be fatal. CO prevents oxygen loading at the lungs and thus produces hypoxia. Metabolic poisons exert their effects on the chemical reactions that consume oxygen to produce ATP, and thus have no effect on PO2. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) ________ refers to the mass movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid as the result of ________ or ________ pressure gradients. If the direction of bulk flow is into the capillary, the fluid movement is called ________. If the direction of flow is out of the capillary, the fluid movement is known as ________.
: Bulk flow, hydrostatic, osmotic; absorption; filtration Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Which is NOT true regarding autonomic reflexes? A) Vomiting, sneezing, and coughing are all examples of autonomic reflexes. B) Integrating centers for autonomic reflexes in the brain include the hypothalamus, brain stem, and limbic system. C) Autonomic reflexes are all monosynaptic, with their synapse in the central nervous system. D) Many autonomic reflexes are characterized by tonic activity, a continuous stream of action potentials.
: C Section Title: Autonomic Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) monocytes
: C Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the A) systemic pressure. B) mean arterial pressure. C) pulse pressure. D) blood pressure. E) circulatory pressure.
: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse pressure. B) measuring the pressure in the left ventricle. C) measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. D) measuring the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel. E) All of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in A) preventing overstretching of the cells. B) enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. C) preventing tetanus. D) preventing fibrillation. E) regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells.
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)? A) Ca2+ only B) K+ only C) Na+ only D) both Ca2+ and K+ E) both Na+ and K+
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) The sac around the heart is the A) peritoneum. B) pleural sac. C) pericardium. D) myocardium. E) epicardium.
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) has three cuplike leaflets and has the aorta on one side
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of A) the contractile force for pumping. B) a hormone that indirectly regulates blood volume. C) the electrical signal that triggers heart contraction. D) receptors that trigger blood pressure reflexes. E) stem cells that repair damaged heart tissue.
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 120) As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit A) tonus. B) treppe. C) tetany. D) recruitment. E) fatigue.
: C Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 78) Edema is likely to occur when A) the concentration of protein in the blood increases. B) hemorrhage occurs. C) the heart becomes an insufficient pump. D) blood hydraulic pressure at the capillary decreases. E) the blood hydraulic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic pressure.
: C Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to A) neural control. B) hormonal control. C) local control.
: C Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) increased airway resistance
: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) diffusion. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.
: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is A) emphysema. B) asthma. C) pulmonary edema. D) fibrotic lung disease. E) lung cancer.
: C Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) None of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.
: C Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Which of the following characteristics makes hemoglobin's structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier? A) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule. B) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind two oxygen molecules. C) Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecules. D) Each hemoglobin molecule can't be saturated by oxygen molecules. E) Each hemoglobin binds irreversibly to an oxygen molecule.
: C Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) Before the entire muscle can change length, the force generated by the muscle must stretch the A) eccentric contractile elements. B) parallel elastic elements. C) series elastic elements. D) contractile elements.
: C Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) A contraction that generates enough force to move a load is known as ________, whereas one that generates force that equals the load is known as ________. A) isotropic, isometric B) isometric, eccentric C) isotonic, isometric D) isometric, isotonic E) isotonic, eccentric
: C Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 23) integrated in the spinal cord, often modulated by the brain
: C Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 115) Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them. 1. right ventricle 2. left atrium 3. right atrium 4. pulmonary artery 5. left ventricle 6. pulmonary vein A) 4, 2, 5, 6, 3, 1 B) 2, 5, 6, 4, 3, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5 D) 1, 3, 6, 4, 5, 2 E) 3, 2, 4, 6, 1, 5
: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The most accurate definition of artery is a vessel that A) carries highly oxygenated blood. B) contains smooth muscle in its wall. C) transports blood away from the heart. D) transports blood toward the heart. E) contains internal valves.
: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) Which artery/arteries branch(es) is/are most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart? A) hepatic B) renal C) coronary D) carotid E) pulmonary
: C Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are A) globulins. B) transport proteins. C) albumins. D) lipoproteins. E) fibrinogens.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 16 Blood 1) The total volume of blood in the body of a 70-kg man is approximately ________ liters. A) 25-30 B) 10-15 C) 5-6 D) 2-4 E) 1-2
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 9) Which of the following statements about colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is FALSE? A) CSFs are required to induce both cell division and cell maturation. B) CSFs regulate leukopoiesis. C) CSFs are made by epithelial cells. D) CSFs regulate leukopoiesis and CSFs are made by epithelial cells.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) ________ regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes. A) Erythropoietin B) Interleukin C) Thrombopoietin D) Colony-stimulating factor E) None of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) In normal adults, red blood cells are formed in A) the liver. B) the spleen. C) red bone marrow. D) yellow bone marrow. E) lymph nodes.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) The average life span of a red blood cell is A) 1 week. B) 1 month. C) 4 months. D) 6 months. E) 1 year.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) A type of granulocyte, these have red granules.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone A) thymosin. B) angiotensin I. C) erythropoietin. D) M-CSF. E) cobalamin.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) The function of red blood cells is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. B) remove nitrogenous wastes from active tissues. C) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. D) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells. E) defend the body against infectious organisms.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) The porphyrin ring of heme contains an atom of A) magnesium. B) calcium. C) iron. D) sodium. E) copper.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is A) albumin. B) porphyrin. C) hemoglobin. D) immunoglobulin. E) fibrinogen.
: C Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 103) Abnormal patterns of cardiac activity are known as ________.
: arrhythmias Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) The process of fibrinolysis A) activates fibrinogen. B) draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together. C) dissolves clots. D) forms emboli. E) forms thrombi.
: C Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. C) release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium. D) release of heparin from the liver. E) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
: C Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) The driving force for blood flow is a(n) ________ gradient. A) osmotic B) volume C) pressure D) gravity
: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 140) The blood pressure in a vessel is 20 units at point A and 10 units at point B. One minute later, the pressure is 15 units at point A and five units at point B. Flow between those points is ________.
: C Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) Caused by a dietary deficiency, this condition results in red blood cells that are small and pale.
: C Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons. A) pontine respiratory group B) ventral respiratory group C) dorsal respiratory group D) pre-Botzinger complex
: C Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues. A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 69) Fenestrated capillaries are present in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the liver. D) the spleen. E) skin.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) If a person is bedridden for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why? A) Blood pools in the feet and legs. B) There is reduced blood flow to the brain. C) The kidneys have reduced the blood volume. D) Blood pools in the feet and legs and there is reduced blood flow to the brain. E) All of the statements are correct.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the A) muscular arteries. B) elastic arteries. C) arterioles. D) venules. E) veins.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 72) Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception. A) increased sympathetic stimulation B) elevated levels of epinephrine C) vasodilation D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques E) factors that cause increased hematocrit
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 73) If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be A) 200 mm Hg. B) 100 mm Hg. C) 93 mm Hg. D) 80 mm Hg. E) 40 mm Hg.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. Which are NOT paired correctly? A) kinins — vasodilation B) histamine — vasodilation C) serotonin — vasodilation D) sumatriptan — vasoconstriction E) epinephrine — vasoconstriction with alpha receptors
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 24) Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT A) nitric oxide. B) H+ ions from metabolic acids. C) Ca2+. D) K+. E) CO2.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) pons variolli. E) hypothalamus.
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. A) nociceptors B) chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors D) elasticeptors
: C Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) Skeletal muscle cells are usually attached to bone by A) fascicles. B) ligaments. C) tendons. D) flexors.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the motor units and their activation? A) A motor unit in muscles of gross movement can have thousands of muscle cells. B) All muscle fibers in a single motor unit are of the same fiber type. C) A weak contractile stimulus activates fast-twitch motor units. D) The metabolic capacity of muscle fibers within a motor unit can be altered. E) At its peak intensity, a contractile stimulus will activate muscle fibers that are easily fatigued.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 84) Put these myofibers in the order they would be recruited as the body moves from a weak to a strong stimulus: 1. glycolytic fast-twitch fibers 2. fatigue-resistant oxidative fast-twitch fibers 3. fatigue-resistant slow-twitch fibers A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 3, 2 E) 3, 1, 2
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) the muscle cell membrane
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match from the following list. A. A band B. I band C. Z disk D. H zone E. M line 56) The structures that serve as the attachment site for the thin filaments and mark the boundaries for one sarcomere.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 14) When a skeletal muscle cell contracts and the muscle shortens, A) myosin heads generate a single power stroke. B) the position of an actin molecule relative to a myosin molecule does not change. C) some myosin heads are forming crossbridges as others are releasing them. D) the actin ATPase allows the actin molecule to swivel. E) the actin molecule swivels during the power stroke.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 13) The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of A) thick and thin filaments present. B) nebulin and titin molecules present. C) high energy crossbridges formed. D) low energy crossbridges formed. E) active sarcomeres.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The inner lining of blood vessels is called A) endocardium. B) endoangium. C) endothelium. D) basal lamina. E) endostatin.
: C Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) The molecular event that occurs immediately after the power stroke is the A) release of actin from the myosin head. B) hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin head. C) release of ADP from the myosin. D) binding of tropomyosin to the myosin. E) binding of actin to the myosin.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) Which of the following would cause the crossbridge to transition from a high force state to a low force state? A) increasing myosin ATPase activity B) increasing intracellular calcium C) decreasing intracellular calcium D) energizing the myosin head E) decreasing myosin ATPase activity
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) After death, when metabolism stops, in which step of the contractile cycle must skeletal muscles remain? A) It depends on what part of the contractile cycle they were in at the time of death. B) the power stoke phase C) the rigor state D) a weak binding state
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in ________ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca2+
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) During heavy exercise, the ATP requirements of active muscle are likely to be met by metabolism of A) protein. B) fatty acids. C) carbohydrates. D) nucleotides.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in A) neuromuscular transmission. B) initiation of contraction by the motor cortex. C) excitation-contraction coupling. D) signal relay from brain to spinal cord. E) calcium pumps in the skeletal muscles.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) The speed with which force is developed by skeletal muscles is determined by the A) Ca2+ ATPase activity. B) sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. C) myosin ATPase isoform. D) Ca2+ ATPase activity and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration. E) Ca2+ ATPase activity, myosin ATPase isoform, and sarcoplasmic calcium concentration.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 27) have afferent neurons that bring information to the CNS
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The flexion reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) makes adjustments in other parts of the body in response to a particular stimulus. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The sensory fibers of the muscle spindle organs synapse onto A) Golgi tendon organs. B) gamma motor neurons. C) alpha motor neurons. D) joint receptors.
: C Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) Smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)? A) actin only B) myosin only C) troponin only D) tropomyosin only E) troponin and tropomyosin
: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) This protein is activated by the Ca2+-calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein. A) tropomyosin B) myosin heavy chain C) myosin light chain kinase D) myosin light chain phosphatase
: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) A change in smooth muscle cell tension in the absence of a change in electrical potential of the cells is described as a A) pacemaker potential. B) slow wave potential. C) pharmacomechanical coupling. D) electromechanical coupling.
: C Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) Angiogenesis is A) an examination of the arteries and veins. B) having blood drawn into a tube for tests. C) the growth of new blood vessels. D) surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries. E) being able to detect a pulse in arteries.
: C Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 59) According to Starling's law of the heart, the cardiac output is directly related to the A) size of the ventricle. B) heart rate. C) venous return. D) thickness of the myocardium. E) end-systolic volume.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) At an intercalated disc, A) the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. B) the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. C) two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. D) t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. E) All of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) During ventricular systole, A) the atria are contracting. B) blood is entering the ventricles. C) the AV valves are closed. D) the pressure in the ventricles declines. E) the ventricles are relaxed.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) When the heart is in fibrillation, A) the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast. B) the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells. C) effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen. D) the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute. E) there is no contraction of the myocardium.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) ECGs A) provide direct information about the heart function. B) are most useful in diagnosing heart murmurs. C) show the summed electrical potentials generated by all cells of the heart. D) have two major components: waves and nodes. E) measure the mechanical activity of the heart.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Ventricular contraction A) begins during the first part of the P wave. B) begins just after the T wave. C) begins just after the Q wave. D) begins during the latter part of the P wave. E) None of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) ventricular repolarization
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 126) Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ________ in an ECG tracing. A) P wave B) T wave C) QRS complex D) PR interval E) RT interval
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 128) Put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order. 1. opening of the semilunar valves 2. isovolumic contraction 3. beginning of atrial systole 4. closure of the AV valves 5. completion of ventricular filling 6. beginning of ventricular systole 7. ventricular relaxation 8. ventricular ejection A) 4, 5, 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 6 B) 3, 2, 6, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7 C) 3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7 D) 3, 5, 6, 1, 8, 4, 2, 7 E) 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 8, 7, 1
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 127) If there is a blockage between the AV node and the AV bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the electrocardiogram? A) The PR interval will be smaller. B) The QRS interval will be longer. C) There will be more P waves than QRS complexes. D) There will be more QRS complexes than P waves. E) The T wave will disappear.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is A) cardiac output (CO). B) heart rate (HR). C) end-diastolic volume (EDV). D) stroke volume (SV). E) end-systolic volume (ESV).
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the A) end-diastolic volume. B) end-systolic volume. C) stroke volume. D) cardiac output. E) cardiac reserve.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during one contraction
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 131) If the EDV is 140 mL, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person? A) The ESV could be 70 mL and the SV could be 90 mL. B) The ESV could be 90 mL and the SV could be 50 mL. C) The ESV could be 50 mL and the SV could be 90 mL. D) The cardiac output could be 90 mL. E) Diastolic pressure would be equal to EDV.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 137) Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. How would the presence of manganese in the extracellular fluid affect the contraction of the heart muscle? A) The plateau phase of contraction would be longer. B) The refractory period would be shorter. C) The heart would beat less forcefully. D) The heart rate would increase. E) The contraction phase would be prolonged.
: C Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) Which class of movement can be considered a combination of the other two? A) reflex B) voluntary C) rhythmic
: C Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system. A) urinary B) thirst-quenching C) lymphatic D) immune E) digestive
: C Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 74) The lymphatic system A) has heart-like pumps called lymph nodes. B) stores blood when circulatory demand is low. C) empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles. D) can be removed without health consequences. E) All of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the A) pharynx. B) bronchiole. C) trachea. D) alveolar duct. E) laryngeal duct.
: C Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to ________ lung disease. A) obstructive B) restrictive C) fibrotic D) compliant E) congestive
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 39) Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a A) surfactant. B) bronchodilator. C) bronchoconstrictor. D) vasodilator. E) vasoconstrictor.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 78) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of A) inflammation of the bronchi. B) constriction of the trachea. C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them. D) laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells. E) collapse of one or both lungs.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) rapid breathing
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 29) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) expiration occurs. B) intrapulmonary pressure increases. C) intrapleural pressure decreases. D) the volume of the lungs decreases. E) All of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. E) None of the answers are correct.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from A) a collapsed trachea. B) an obstruction in the bronchi. C) a pneumothorax. D) decreased surfactant production. E) a bruised diaphragm.
: C Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.7
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 76) Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for oxygen. CO is colorless and odorless and can be produced in homes heated by natural gas; victims usually do not realize they are being poisoned and often die in their sleep. Describe the likely changes in a CO poisoning victim.
: CO will gradually displace O2 on hemoglobin molecules. While this increases O2 unloading in tissues, it will significantly decrease O2 loading in lungs, therefore hypoxia will result. Victims gradually lose consciousness as the brain tissues become hypoxic. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.10
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 78) Write the chemical equation catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Suppose the concentration of H+ is increased by an outside force in a solution that had been at equilibrium. According to the law of mass action, what must happen to the CO2 concentration to reestablish equilibrium after this disturbance? What must happen to the concentration of bicarbonate?
: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- Carbon dioxide concentration will increase as the reaction is shifted to the left. Bicarbonate concentration will decrease. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.11
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 103) The interaction between Ca2+ and calmodulin in smooth muscle cells has been described as a second messenger system. Develop an argument to support this position, using another second messenger system you have studied for comparison.
: Ca2+ forms a complex with calmodulin. This complex activates myosin light chain kinase, which in turn phosphorylates the myosin light chain allowing the myosin to form a crossbridge with actin, triggering the contraction cycle. The second messengers cGMP and cAMP also lead to the phosphorylation of proteins to affect cell activity. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 94) What effect does a calcium channel blocker have on the heart, the blood pressure, and cardiac output? Why?
: Calcium channel blockers inhibit the opening of calcium channels and ensuing calcium current. Vascular smooth muscle dilates, and heart rate decreases. Vasodilation will result in a decrease in systemic blood pressure, and the decrease in heart rate will decrease cardiac output. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 162) Explain how Ca2+ levels inside myocardial cells are altered.
: Calcium enters the cell through voltage-gated calcium channels in the cell membrane. Calcium ions then open ryanodine receptor channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in calcium-induced calcium release. Calcium ions are transported back into the SR by a calcium ATPase, or removed from the cell by a sodium-calcium antiport protein. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 51) What force(s) move(s) carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli?
: Carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli as a result of the pressure gradient. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) ________ is the enzyme that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ions.
: Carbonic anhydrase Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 160) Discuss the attachments between adjacent cardiac muscle cells. What features are important anatomically and physiologically? Is there a disadvantage to this arrangement?
: Cardiac muscle cells are joined by structures called intercalated disks. Abutting cells both have desmosomes, to tightly hold the cells together to withstand the physical force of contraction, and gap junctions, which act as tiny tunnels for ions to cross between cells. In this way, action potentials flow across cardiac muscle cells without disruption, as if the cells were one. One disadvantage of gap junctions is that they can be shut down, promoting fibrillation, which occurs when the cardiac muscle cells contract independently. Rather than producing useful pumping, the heart is only quivering as the teamwork of these millions of cells ceases. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) Distinguish between cellular and external respiration.
: Cellular respiration refers to the intracellular reactions that consume oxygen and produce ATP. External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs, lungs and blood, blood and cells, and the transport of those gases. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) Factors playing a role in fatigue can be classified into 2 categories. Define those two categories and provide an example of each.
: Central fatigue, peripheral fatigue. Central fatigue arises in the central nervous system. Peripheral fatigue arises anywhere between the neuromuscular junction and the contractile elements of the muscle. Examples of central fatigue: subjective feeling of tiredness and a desire to cease activity. Example of peripheral fatigue is depletion of muscle glycogen stores, increases in inorganic phosphate concentration, or ion imbalance. See Figure 12.10 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 90) Define, compare, and contrast "clot busters" and anticoagulants; describe how each works.
: Clot busters are enzymes that destroy clots that have already formed, while anticoagulants prevent clots from forming in the first place. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) List and explain the factors that influence gas diffusion in the lungs.
: Concentration gradient, surface area, membrane thickness, and diffusion distance are the four factors. Increasing the concentration gradient and surface area will increase the rate of diffusion across the lungs while increasing membrane thickness and diffusion distance will decrease the rate of diffusion in the lungs. This is discussed in the "Diffusion and Solubility of Gases" section of the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) a semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 173) Explain what is meant by the contractility of the heart. How is contractility controlled?
: Contractility is the intrinsic ability of a cardiac muscle fiber to contract at any given fiber length. Contractile force increases with ventricular end diastolic volume, which is determined by venous return. Both the endocrine and nervous systems regulate contractility. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 107) One of the most common signs of polycystic kidney disease is hypertension in an otherwise seemingly healthy individual. Why would cysts on the kidney lead to higher blood pressure?
: Cysts developing on the kidney will put pressure on the kidneys and decrease the ability of the blood vessels in the kidney to filter out urine, causing an increase in plasma in the blood and higher blood pressure. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) eosinophils
: D Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? A) liver B) spleen C) lung D) kidney E) skin
: D Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ millisecond(s). A) less than 1 B) 1-5 C) 50-100 D) at least 200 E) at least 500
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) If channels are permeable to A) Na+ only B) K+ only C) Ca2+ only D) Na+ and K+ E) Ca2+ and K+
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ________ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability. A) increasing, increasing B) decreasing, decreasing C) increasing, decreasing D) decreasing, increasing
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? A) Ca2+ only B) K+ only C) Na+ only D) both Ca2+ and K+ E) both Na+ and K+
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) The end of the plateau phase is due to the ________ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels. A) opening, opening B) closing, closing C) opening, closing D) closing, opening
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 18) In the heart, valves are located A) just between the atria and the ventricles. B) just between the ventricles and the arteries. C) just between the great veins and the atria. D) between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries. E) just between the right and left ventricles.
: D Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 84) Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that A) stimulates α1 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. B) blocks α2 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. C) stimulates cAMP formation in cardiac muscle tissue. D) blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. E) blocks muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
: D Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is A) at least 10 times faster. B) at least twice as fast. C) about the same. D) much slower. E) impossible to predict without more information.
: D Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure. A) oncotic B) colloid osmotic C) hydrostatic D) oncotic and colloid osmotic E) colloid osmotic and hydrostatic
: D Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces
: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) increased diffusion distance
: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to A) emphysema. B) fibrotic lung disease. C) asthma. D) adult respiratory distress syndrome. E) sudden infant death syndrome.
: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) Jill lives in St. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude? A) decreased hematocrit B) decreased blood pressure C) decreased alveolar ventilation rate D) decreased PO2 in the alveoli E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) None of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Chronic hypoxia A) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood. B) shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left. C) can be caused by anemia. D) increases 2,3-DPG production in blood and can result from anemia. E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the type of reflex to its description. A. somatic B. autonomic C. spinal D. cranial E. innate F. acquired G. polysynaptic 19) integrated in the brain
: D Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 14 Cardiovascular Physiology 1) In the 16th century, William Harvey discovered evidence that A) the cardiovascular system transports blood and air. B) the cardiovascular system is an open system. C) arteries and veins are linked by capillaries. D) blood is recirculated instead of consumed. E) the liver manufactures blood.
: D Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) bind(s) with iron in the blood
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 17) The primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is A) hypoxemia only. B) low oxygen levels in the tissues only. C) low blood pressure only. D) hypoxemia and low oxygen levels in the tissues. E) hypoxemia, low oxygen levels in the tissues, and low blood pressure.
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Monocytes leave the circulation to go to the tissues, where they are called A) eosinophils. B) basophils. C) lymphocytes. D) macrophages. E) neutrophils.
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 10) ________ are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells, and ________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells. A) Neutropenias, leukemias B) Anemias, leukemias C) Neutropenias, anemias D) Leukemias, neutropenias E) Leukemias, anemias
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) These are fragments of a megakaryocyte.
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) A hemoglobin molecule is composed of A) just two protein chains. B) just three protein chains. C) just four protein chains and nothing else. D) four protein chains and four heme groups. E) four heme groups but no protein.
: D Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) The common pathway of coagulation begins with the A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. C) release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium. D) activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin. E) activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
: D Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the change with the cardiovascular event described. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged D. stopped 139) The blood pressure in a vessel is 10 units at point A and 10 units at point B. Flow between those points is ________.
: D Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) As blood vessel length increases, A) resistance increases only. B) flow decreases only. C) friction decreases only. D) resistance increases and flow decreases. E) both resistance and flow increase.
: D Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The process of red blood cell production is called A) erythrocytosis. B) erythropenia. C) hemocytosis. D) erythropoiesis. E) hematopenia.
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) Each red blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disk. This allows it to A) change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings. B) shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions. C) synthesize new proteins and membrane components readily. D) change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings and shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions. E) change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings, shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions, and synthesize new proteins and membrane components readily.
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) A hematocrit is used to indicate A) only the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume. B) only the packed cell volume. C) only coagulation time. D) the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume and the packed cell volume. E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) A normal adult hematocrit would be approximately ________%. A) 100 B) 75 C) 66 D) 45 E) 10
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) The percentage of whole blood occupied by red blood cells is the A) viscosity. B) specific gravity. C) pH. D) hematocrit. E) differential cell count.
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) genetic condition resulting in crescent moon-shaped red blood cells
: D Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) The chloride shift occurs when A) hydrogen ions leave the red blood cells. B) hydrogen ions enter the red blood cells. C) bicarbonate ions enter the red blood cells. D) bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells. E) carbonic acid is formed.
: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following? A) changes in PCO2 B) changes in PO2 C) changes in pH due to carbon dioxide levels D) changes in blood pressure E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 21) The Hering-Breuer reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D) prevents overexpansion of the lungs. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
: D Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.16
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 83) Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in A) decreased heart rate. B) decreased cardiac output. C) decreased blood flow to the lungs. D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The cardiovascular control center in the brain can directly cause A) arterioles to dilate or constrict. B) the heart rate to increase or decrease. C) the contractility of the heart to increase or decrease. D) arterioles to dilate or constrict and the heart rate to increase or decrease. E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 11) Spinal interneurons prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intended movement by A) initiating a crossed extensor reflex. B) initiating a stretch reflex. C) initiating a tendon reflex. D) the process of reciprocal inhibition. E) activating reverberating circuits.
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) ________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass. A) Fenestrated, transcytotic B) Continuous, fenestrated C) Transcytotic, continuous D) Fenestrated, continuous E) Transcytotic, fenestrated
: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, A) sympathetic activity increases. B) cardiac output increases. C) peripheral resistance decreases. D) sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. E) sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases.
: D Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 52) highly organized bundles of contractile proteins within a skeletal muscle cell
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Striated muscles are so-called because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding pattern is called a A) myofilament. B) myomere. C) sarcofibril. D) sarcomere. E) crossbridge.
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten, A) only the sarcomere will shorten. B) only the A band will shorten. C) only the I band will shorten. D) the sarcomere and the I band will shorten. E) the sarcomere, the A band and the I band will shorten.
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 19) The hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately A) swivel, moving the actin molecule. B) release of ADP. C) release from the actin. D) rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to actin. E) bind more tightly to the actin (rigor).
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) The relaxation of skeletal muscle relies on the activity of the ________, which decreases cytoplasmic calcium concentration. A) ryanodine receptor B) dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel) C) acetylcholine receptor D) Ca2+ ATPase
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) ________ is the backup energy molecule that can be rapidly converted to ATP in active skeletal muscle. A) Protein B) Glucose C) Fatty acid D) Phosphocreatine
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle fibers? A) long contraction duration only B) few mitochondria only C) high capillary density only D) long contraction duration and high capillary density E) long contraction duration, few mitochondria, and high capillary density
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 9) The reflex that complements a withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body receiving the stimulus is the A) stretch reflex. B) tendon reflex. C) flexor reflex. D) crossed extensor reflex. E) reciprocal reflex.
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) It is the middle of winter and you walk over an icy patch and lose your balance. As you begin to fall, you react by extending your arms to catch yourself. In this instance, what type of reflex is occurring? A) stretch reflex B) tendon reflex C) flexor reflex D) crossed extensor reflex E) reciprocal reflex
: D Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is A) only a slower response to a stimulus. B) only sustained without fatigue. C) only controlled by the somatic nervous system. D) a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue. E) a slower response to a stimulus, sustained without fatigue, and controlled by the somatic nervous system.
: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Which of the following is NOT a correct comparison of cardiac myocytes to other muscle cell types? A) Like smooth muscle cells, some cardiac myocytes have pacemaker potentials. B) Like some smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled. C) Like skeletal muscle cells, actin and myosin are organized into sarcomeres. D) Like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle is under autonomic nervous control. E) Like smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle is under hormonal control.
: D Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) Smooth muscle is present in the walls of A) veins only. B) arteries only. C) muscular arteries only. D) all vessel types except capillaries. E) all vessel types.
: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 6) The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called A) podocytes. B) vascular smooth muscle. C) endothelial cells. D) pericytes. E) epitheliocytes.
: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 10) Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of A) myocardial infarction. B) hypertension. C) hypotension. D) cancer. E) vasovagal syncope.
: D Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) In order for blood to enter the heart, A) the atria must be in diastole. B) the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins. C) the AV valves must be open. D) the atria must not only be at rest but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins. E) All of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) atrial contraction
: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) Atrial contraction A) begins during the first part of the P wave. B) begins just after the T wave. C) begins just after the Q wave. D) begins during the latter part of the P wave. E) None of the answers are correct.
: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) Which of these will increase the heart rate? A) only sympathetic stimulation to the SA node B) only the application of epinephrine to the SA node C) only the application of acetylcholine to the SA node D) both sympathetic stimulation and application of epinephrine to the SA node E) both sympathetic stimulation and application of acetylcholine to the SA node
: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match each term with its definition. A. cardiac output (CO) B. heart rate (HR) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. stroke volume (SV) E. end-systolic volume (ESV) 72) the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction
: D Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) esophagus.
: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) bronchioles. B) alveolar ducts. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) terminal sacs.
: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 11) The lungs are located in the ________ cavity. A) pericardial B) pulmonary C) pleural D) thoracic E) costal
: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 4) The lower respiratory tract includes A) all of the bronchial branches. B) only the lungs. C) only the trachea. D) all of the bronchial branches and the lungs E) all of the bronchial branches, the lungs, and the trachea.
: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them. 1. secondary bronchi 2. bronchioles 3. primary bronchi 4. alveoli 5. terminal bronchioles A) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 B) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 E) 1, 3, 2, 5, 4
: D Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) A typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm Hg. A) +6 B) +3 C) 0 D) -3 E) -6
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17. 7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 93) Bronchioles and systemic arterioles constrict.
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) difficulty breathing
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the lung capacity with its description. A. total lung capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity 44) the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 80) The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the A) vital capacity. B) respiratory minute volume. C) pulmonary ventilation rate. D) alveolar ventilation rate. E) external respiration rate.
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 16) Surfactant A) protects the surface of the lungs. B) phagocytizes small particulate matter. C) replaces mucus in the alveoli. D) helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 77) Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to A) a thickening of the respiratory membrane. B) an increased rate of gas exchange. C) alveolar rupture. D) alveolar collapse. E) decreased surface tension in the water lining the alveoli.
: D Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 100) What is Dalton's law? Why is it important?
: Dalton's law states that the total air pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures contributed by each individual gases (the partial pressures). It is important because the air that we breathe is a mixture of gases, gas pressure is related to amount of gas, and the respiratory system is regulated in part by the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 181) You are constructing working models of the heart for extra credit. Your first attempt failed because the cells separated from each other during beating. What structures did you omit, and why did this allow the heart to fall apart? You omitted the gap junctions in your second attempt. How would a real heart fail to function normally without gap junctions?
: Desmosomes were omitted. Without desmosomes, the contractile force of the heart would be large enough to separate the cells from each other. Without the gap junctions, the electrical currents that stimulate contraction would not be propagated from cell to cell, and the heart would fail to beat. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) What is a differential white cell count and when is it used?
: Differential white cell count estimates the relative numbers of the five types of white blood cells. It is used by clinicians for diagnosis. See discussion under "Colony-Stimulating Factors Regulate Leukopoiesis." Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 117) Describe what a nurse hears through the stethoscope while using a blood pressure cuff, and explain the significance of the sounds.
: During a normal reading, the first thing the nurse hears is the absence of sound, because there is no blood flowing through the brachial artery; she has successfully compressed the artery with the inflated cuff. As soon as she has released enough pressure to allow blood to flow again, she hears the rumbling sounds of turbulent blood flow through a partially compressed artery. As she continues to release pressure, eventually the blood flows smoothly again as the artery is no longer compressed. The cuff pressure at the initial sound is the systolic blood pressure, and the cuff pressure when the sounds then disappear is the diastolic blood pressure. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 182) Vern, suffering from cardiac arrhythmias, is brought into the emergency room of a hospital. He begins to exhibit tachycardia and as a result loses consciousness. His anxious wife asks you why he has lost consciousness. What would you tell her?
: During tachycardia, the heart beats at an abnormally fast rate. The faster the heart beats, the less time there is between contractions for it to fill with blood again. As a result, over a period of time the heart fills with less and less blood and thus pumps less blood out. The stroke volume decreases, as does the cardiac output. When the cardiac output decreases to the point where not enough blood reaches the central nervous system, loss of consciousness occurs. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match each leukocyte to its normal percentage in a differential cell count. A. 50-70% B. 20-40% C. 2-8% D. 1-4% E. < 1% 83) basophils
: E Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) Which of the following is occurring during systole? A) blood pressure increases B) pulse pressure decreases C) more stress is placed on arterial walls D) blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases E) blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
: E Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Stretching a myocardial cell A) only decreases the force of a contraction. B) only allows more Ca2+ to enter. C) only increases the force of contraction. D) decreases the force of a contraction and allows more Ca2+ to enter. E) allows more Ca2+ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.
: E Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have A) a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg. B) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg. C) a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. D) a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. E) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.
: E Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 81) Which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) for hypertension? A) calcium channel blockers B) ACE inhibitors C) ANP blockers D) chloride leak channel blockers E) calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors
: E Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg. A) 40 B) 45 C) 50 D) 70 E) 100
: E Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 18 Gas Exchange and Transport 1) High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called A) carbonation. B) hyperdioxia. C) hyperoxia. D) hypercarbia. E) hypercapnia.
: E Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) over 90
: E Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) reflexes that one is born with; genetically determined
: E Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) A polysynaptic reflex has at least ________ in the reflex pathway. A) one synapse B) two synapses C) two neurons D) three neurons E) two synapses and three neurons
: E Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 13 Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement 1) The effector in a reflex is the A) control center. B) afferent neuron. C) efferent neuron. D) sensory receptor. E) muscle or gland.
: E Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) help(s) defend the body against germs
: E Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) Thrombopoietin is produced in the A) liver only. B) kidney only. C) spleen only. D) bone marrow only. E) liver and kidney.
: E Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Phagocytic, these cells make up the majority of WBCs.
: E Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) The percentage of cells in blood-producing tissues that become white blood cells is about ________%. A) 90 B) 10 C) 50 D) 25 E) 75
: E Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 8) Colony-stimulating factors are cytokines made by A) endothelial cells. B) fibroblasts from bone marrow. C) white blood cells only. D) endothelial cells and fibroblasts from bone marrow. E) endothelial cells, fibroblasts from bone marrow, and white blood cells.
: E Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 81) Tom suffers from a severe liver disease. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to see as a result of this condition? A) decreased clotting ability B) decreased blood osmotic pressure C) increased levels of bilirubin in the blood D) accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities E) All answers are correct.
: E Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) ________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. A) Veins B) Venules C) Capillaries D) Arterioles E) Arteries
: E Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) Platelets are A) large cells that lack a nucleus. B) small cells that lack a nucleus. C) large cells with a prominent, indented nucleus. D) small cells with a many-shaped nucleus. E) fragments of large cells.
: E Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Platelets function in A) transporting chemicals important for clotting. B) forming temporary patches in injured areas. C) contraction after clot formation. D) initiating the clotting process. E) All of the answers are correct.
: E Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Which of the following is/are vasoconstrictors? A) platelet-activating factor B) serotonin C) adenosine diphosphate D) thromboxane A2 E) serotonin and thromboxane A2
: E Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 79) How would a decrease in the concentration of iron in the blood affect the process of hemostasis? A) Platelet plugs would fail to form. B) Coagulation would proceed more rapidly. C) Coagulation would proceed more slowly. D) Retraction would occur prematurely. E) There would be no effect.
: E Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 116) If blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) 16 times greater. D) 1/16 as much. E) unchanged.
: E Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) Match the name of the pathological condition with its description. A. hereditary spherocytosis B. polycythemia vera C. iron-deficiency anemia D. sickle cell disease E. anemia 53) general term for the condition of low hemoglobin in the blood
: E Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 22) Protective reflexes of the lungs include A) coughing. B) bronchoconstriction. C) bronchodilation. D) bronchodilation and coughing. E) coughing and bronchoconstriction.
: E Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.16
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) Compensation for decreased blood volume includes increases in A) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels. B) sympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) water conservation by the kidneys. D) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and water conservation by the kidneys. E) sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.
: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to A) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure. B) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. C) reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. D) restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. E) minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.
: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to A) body temperature. B) emotional responses. C) blood oxygen levels. D) body temperature and emotional responses. E) body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.
: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle, A) acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. B) acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors. C) norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. D) norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors. E) sympathetic stimulation is removed.
: E Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) Match the structures with the accurate description. A. muscle fiber B. fascicle C. sarcolemma D. myofibril E. t-tubules 51) inward extensions of the muscle cell membrane
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 57) The letter assigned to this structure stands for the German word for middle; it is the attachment site for the thick filaments.
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 15) In order for high force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle, calcium must A) bind to calmodulin to phosphorylate the myosin. B) phosphorylate the tropomyosin which moves it. C) phosphorylate the troponin to move the tropomyosin. D) bind to tropomyosin which moves the troponin. E) bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin.
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Each myosin head has a binding site for A) calcium only. B) actin only. C) ATP only. D) calcium and ATP. E) actin and ATP.
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 50) Ten-year-old Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the local emergency room where she is examined. Her knee jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a negative Babinski reflex. These results suggest that A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region. E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 49) When there is a resistance to the movement produced by a given limb muscle, A) gamma motor neurons are inhibited by higher brain centers. B) there is a decrease in the amount of force generated by extrafusal muscle fibers. C) the muscle involved in the movement immediately shortens when stimulated. D) intrafusal fibers receive fewer action potentials from the gamma motor neurons. E) muscle tone is increased and more motor units are recruited to the contraction.
: E Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) Which of the following is NOT a property of single-unit smooth muscles? A) All smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. B) Their contraction occurs in a coordinated manner. C) Electrical responses travel directly between cells. D) Only a proportion of the smooth muscle cells receive autonomic nervous input. E) Each cell functions independent of its neighbor.
: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle A) only uses less energy to generate a given amount of force. B) only can sustain contractile force without fatigue. C) only uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space. D) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force and can sustain contractile force without fatigue. E) uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space.
: E Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 8) The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) capillaries. D) arterioles and capillaries. E) venules and capillaries.
: E Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 123) The ECG of a person suffering from complete heart block would show A) an increased PR interval. B) an inverted P wave. C) no visible T wave. D) a smaller QRS complex. E) more P waves than QRS complexes per minute.
: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through ________ channels. A) Na+ only B) K+ only C) Ca2+ only D) If only E) If and Ca2+
: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts
: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 134) Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by A) just increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization. B) just increasing the permeability to Ca2+. C) just increasing the permeability to K+. D) just decreasing the permeability to Ca2+. E) increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+.
: E Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) Most reflexes are regulated by A) the brain. B) the spinal cord. C) ganglia. D) positive feedback. E) negative feedback.
: E Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 77) The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to A) accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones. B) assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries. C) help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system. D) flush hormones and wastes from the interstitial space. E) All of the answers are correct.
: E Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) Match the type of breathing with its description. A. hyperpnea B. hyperventilation C. tachypnea D. dyspnea E. apnea 85) cessation of breathing
: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 28) Active expiration is produced by contraction of A) abdominal muscles only. B) diaphragm only. C) internal intercostals only. D) external intercostals only. E) abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.
: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 30) If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) minimal volume. E) vital capacity.
: E Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 110) How would a spirometer tracing be different in a person with a collapsed lung? Why? What must occur to restore the respiratory function to normal?
: Each volume would be roughly reduced by half, because only one lung is functioning. The collapsed lung cannot be used for pulmonary ventilation until the damage to the pleura is repaired and the low intrapleural pressure and residual volume is reestablished. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) ________ is characterized by a decreased surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.
: Emphysema Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 25) our experiences tell us how to behave; bracing yourself in anticipation would be an example
: F Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 47) A muscle at rest exerts no tension. Is this statement true or false? Explain your answer.
: False. Normal muscles maintain a resting tension known as muscle tone. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 45) ________ allows the body to anticipate a stimulus and begin the response, whereas negative feedback results in the ________ of a response.
: Feedforward, cessation Section Title: Control of Movement in Visceral Muscles Learning Outcome: 13.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) ________ is characterized by a thickened alveolar membrane, slowing respiratory gas exchange.
: Fibrotic lung disease Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 159) Distinguish between blood flow rate and blood flow velocity. When an expert in the field uses the term blood flow, does that term usually mean rate or velocity?
: Flow rate is the volume of blood passing by a point per unit time. Velocity is how quickly a given amount of blood passes a point per unit time. Flow rate is usually what the expert is discussing. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 123) Using the appropriate formula, what effect does changing the following vessel diameters have on blood flow? A. diameter = 8 mm, decreasing to 6 mm B. diameter = 8 mm, increasing to 12 mm C. diameter = 10 mm, decreasing to 5 mm D. diameter = 10 mm, increasing to 20 mm
: Flow ΔP/R and R 1/r4. A. Radius changes from 4 to 3, 44 = 256, 34 = 81, 256/81 = 3.16, so flow decreases by a factor of 3.16. B. Flow increases by a factor of 5.06. C. Flow decreases by a factor of 16. D. Flow increases by a factor of 16. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 72) A. Ernie, an experienced batter, steps up to the plate, looks off into the distance, and plans where to hit the baseball. He then swings the bat, connects with the ball, sends it into the air, and follows through the swing with his arms, hips, and knees, and shifts his weight from one leg to the other. He watches the ball fly away, and takes off for first base. Explain what areas of the central nervous system are working during each phase of the action outlined, and which step is controlled by each part. B. Continue to integrate this with information from other topics as the action continues: Ernie hears the umpire yell "Infield fly! Batter's out!" He remembers the rules of the game, slows his pace, and leaves the baseline before arriving at first base.
: For part A, see "The Integrated Control of Body Movement" section of the chapter. For part B, students can include information learned in Chapters 9 and 10. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 113) The rule that states "Within limits, the heart pumps all of the blood that returns to it" is known as the ________.
: Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 20) several neurons involved in a pathway; can be complex
: G Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 164) Explain why a heart can keep beating after it has been removed from a living body.
: Heart tissue is autorhythmic; thus it does not require stimulation by nerves. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 108) An individual who becomes dehydrated will have an elevated hematocrit. Explain how dehydration leads to an elevated hematocrit although blood cell production is normal.
: Hematocrit = packed red blood cell volume/total blood volume. A dehydrated person will have a lower plasma volume, but red blood cell volume will remain constant. This results in an elevated hematocrit and the condition known as relative polycythemia. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 75) Do the factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen have the same impact on loading and unloading in lungs and tissues? Explain your answer, and indicate if this presents a conflict in remedying hypoxia. Assuming a medical team has treatments available for changing all the factors affecting hemoglobin's oxygen affinity, how should they manipulate pH, temperature, PCO2, and 2,3-DPG content in a hypoxic patient?
: Hemoglobin affinity changes in the same way in the lungs and tissues, thus increasing unloading in the tissues does decrease loading in the lungs, which seems as if one cancels out the other. But from the oxygen dissociation curves it is evident that the impact is greater in the tissues; thus increased unloading can remedy hypoxia. The medical team should decrease pH, increase temperature, increase PCO2, and increase 2,3-DPG. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 98) What is the difference between hemostasis and homeostasis, or are they the same?
: Hemostasis is the process that minimizes blood loss from the body. Homeostasis is the process that maintains normal physiology. Hemostasis is a type of homeostasis. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 119) While a nurse takes a blood pressure measurement on a patient, what determines how much the pressure cuff should be inflated? How would the nurse determine if he inflated the cuff too much? Too little?
: How much to inflate the cuff is determined from what systolic pressure is expected. Therefore, factors such as age and weight, BP history, and suspected cardiovascular pathology are relevant. The higher the cuff pressure, the greater the chance of causing a patient pain. The nurse would not know for certain he had inflated the cuff too much until he opened the valve to reduce pressure, and determined the systolic blood pressure, at which point he could conclude that he inflated the cuff more than necessary. If he had inflated the cuff insufficiently, he would hear sounds associated with flowing blood as soon as he begins to listen through the stethoscope. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 83) Cary deliberately hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool. Shortly after he enters the water and begins swimming, he blacks out and almost drowns. What caused this to happen?
: Hyperventilation causes a decrease in the alveolar PCO2, and more carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body than during normal breathing. The loss of large amounts of carbon dioxide upsets the body's normal drive for ventilation, and Cary does not feel the urge to breathe as he swims. As the exercising muscles use oxygen, a state of hypoxia develops. This results in insufficient amounts of oxygen reaching the brain, causing Cary to lose consciousness. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.17
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 84) Define hyperventilation and explain what may cause it. Is the increased ventilation that occurs while exercising an example of hyperventilation? Explain your answer. How are PO2 and PCO2 affected by hyperventilation? Can breathing into a paper bag remedy hyperventilation or is this just unfounded folk medicine? Explain.
: Hyperventilation is an increase in alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demand. A person can deliberately hyperventilate, or it may occur as a result of emotional stress or high altitude. Strictly speaking, the increase in ventilation during exercise is necessary to meet increased metabolism and is therefore not hyperventilation. PO2 is increased and PCO2 is decreased during hyperventilation, because more O2 is inhaled and more CO2 is exhaled; this produces abnormally low PCO2. Hyperventilation can be remedied by a paper bag treatment, because rebreathing exhaled air will increase PCO2 in the body back to normal. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.17
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 150) In the autorhythmic cells, the ________ channels open when the cell membrane potential is -60 mV. These channels are permeable to ________ and ________.
: If ; K+, Na+ Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 168) Why is it necessary to direct the electrical signals in the heart through the AV node instead of allowing them to spread directly from the atria to the ventricles?
: If electrical signals from the atria were conducted directly into the ventricles, the ventricles would start contraction at the top. The blood would be squeezed downward and would be trapped in the bottom of the ventricles. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 67) Explain how an animal with a paralyzing spinal injury can be induced to walk, though it can't walk on its own. Diagram and label the structures involved. (Hint: Keep it simple; for example, you could draw a rectangle and label it "right leg muscle" and another for the left, and don't worry about drawing all neurons involved, just enough to show you understand the basics. You may wish to start with a simple sketch of a muscle reflex then add on to it as necessary.)
: If the animal is supported on a moving treadmill, the central pattern generators involved in walking will become active and will produce coordinated contraction and relaxation of limb muscles. Diagram should include a cross section of the spinal cord with an area labeled "central pattern generator," a sensory afferent, and a motor efferent as in any sketch of a reflex. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 113) Millie's grandfather suffers from congestive heart failure. Whenever she visits him, she notices that his ankles and feet appear to be quite swollen. She knows that you are an avid student of anatomy and physiology, and she asks you why this occurs. What would you tell her?
: In heart failure, the heart is not able to produce enough force to circulate the blood properly. The blood tends to pool in the extremities and as more and more fluid accumulates in the capillaries, the blood hydraulic pressure increases. This results in a fluid shift from the blood to the interstitial space. The fluid accumulation exceeds the ability of the lymphatics to drain it and as a result, edema occurs and produces the obvious swelling. Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 85) Oxygen consumption increases with exercise due to the fact that the contracting muscles are doing work and require ATP to produce the contractions. A) How does the body meet the increased demand for oxygen? B) Calculate the oxygen consumption of a runner using the following information: Heart Rate: 130 bpm; Stroke Volume: 270 mL/beat; Arterial oxygen content: 250 mL O2/L blood, and Venous oxygen content: 100 O2/L blood.
: In order to meet the increased oxygen usage, more blood needs to be delivered to the working muscles. This is accomplished by increasing cardiac output and by vasodilation of blood vessels to the exercising muscles thus increasing flow and delivering more oxygen rich blood. Oxygen consumption can be calculated using the Fick equation. Qo2 = CO × (arterial oxygen content - venous oxygen content) However, CO must be calculated first: CO = SV × HR = 130 x 250 = 32.5 L/min Then Qo2 = 32.5 × (0.250 - 0.100) = 4.875 L O2/min Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 112) Tom loves to soak in hot tubs and whirlpools. One day he decides to raise the temperature in his hot tub as high as it will go. After a few minutes in the very warm water, he feels faint, passes out, and nearly drowns. Luckily he is saved by an observant bystander. Explain what happened.
: In response to the high temperature of the water, Tom's body shunted more blood to the superficial veins to decrease body temperature. The dilation of the superficial veins caused a shift in blood to the arms and legs and resulted in a decreased venous return. Because of the decreased venous return, the cardiac output decreased and less blood (and less oxygen) was delivered to the brain. This caused Tom to feel light-headed and faint, nearly causing his demise. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) Blood clotting is considered to be an example of a positive feedback situation. Explain why this is so, and demonstrate the appropriate steps or areas of hemostasis as part of your explanation.
: In the blood clotting process, each step triggers a new step(s), by activating enzymes or putting components together that were previously separated. Some of the products formed "feed back" to enhance earlier reactions, sustaining the cascade until some components are completely consumed. See Figure 16.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Why is there a loss of blood volume when a patient is confined to bed for two or three days? What symptoms commonly follow this confinement?
: Inactivity causes edema, because of the lack of skeletal muscle pump. The accumulated fluid of edema represents loss from the blood capillaries. This decreased blood volume causes decreased blood pressure, which may give the patient a sense of light-headedness upon standing. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 175) A chronotropic agent is one that affects the heart rate. Compare and contrast this term with an inotropic agent. Give specific examples of each.
: Inotropic agents affect contractility. Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) and drugs such as digitalis are positive inotropic agents, meaning they increase contractility. Heart rate is increased by epinephrine (a positive chronotropic agent) and decreased by acetylcholine (a negative chronotropic agent); there is also a variety of drugs that affect heart rate. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) List the muscles of inspiration and expiration.
: Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoids. Expiration: internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 97) Distinguish between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure.
: Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. Intrapleural pressure variation drives variation inside the alveoli, but is always lower than atmospheric pressure, where pressure inside the alveoli equilibrates with atmospheric pressure during the respiratory cycle. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) Define and explain the difference between isotonic, isometric and eccentric contractions and give an example of a specific movement for each. What is the role of series elastic elements in muscle contraction?
: Isotonic means same tension, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involves movement with a constant tension or force. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when flexing the elbow-once tension increases enough to move the weight of the forearm, the forearm moves steadily without further increase in tension. Isometric means same length, that is, a type of muscle contraction that involves development of force without the muscle actually shortening and moving a load. An example is what the biceps brachii muscle does when trying to hold an object without changing length. Tension is exactly equal to load, which is why length does not change. In an eccentric muscle contraction, the load applied to the muscle is more than the tension that muscle can generate causing the muscle to lengthen. For example, the biceps brachii muscle is flexed and you have in your hands a weight that is greater than you can lift. Thus, you slowly allow the biceps muscle to lengthen resisting movement of that heavy weight. The series elastic elements are composed of the connective tissue of the tendons and that, which is between muscle cells. Before force would be detected at the tendon (latent period), some shortening of the contractile elements occurs that pulls on the series elastic elements. Once stretched, the force can now be detected at the tendon. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.13
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 101) What is jaundice? What substance is present in abnormal levels? What can cause jaundice to occur? What difference may impede a doctor's ability to diagnose jaundice between people of European compared to African ancestry?
: Jaundice simply means yellowing of skin and the whites of the eyes. It results when bilirubin levels in the blood become elevated (hyperbilirubinemia); superficial blood vessels allow the imparting of yellow color to skin and eyes. During erythrocyte breakdown, the heme is converted in the spleen and liver to a colored pigment called bilirubin. Bilirubin is carried by plasma albumin to the liver where it is metabolized and incorporated into bile (see Fig. 16.8 in the chapter). Bile is secreted into the digestive tract, and the bilirubin metabolites leave the body in the feces. Small amounts of other bilirubin metabolites are filtered from the blood into the kidneys, where they contribute to the yellow color of the urine. The accumulation of bilirubin can occur from multiple causes. Newborns, whose fetal hemoglobin is degraded and replaced with adult hemoglobin, are particularly susceptible to jaundice, so doctors closely monitor bilirubin levels in the first weeks of life. Another common cause of jaundice is liver disease, where the liver is unable to process and/or excrete bilirubin. People with darker skin don't display the yellowing to the same extent as lighter-skinned people, but the yellowing in the eyes should be about the same. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The turbulent flow of blood causes a noise called a ________ that can be heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure.
: Korotkoff sound Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Give two morphological characteristics of erythrocytes. Why is each advantageous to the cell?
: Lack of a nucleus and the biconcave shape contribute to flexibility for moving through narrow capillaries and disk shape which aides in responding to osmotic changes. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 163) Draw a diagram of the excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscles.
: See Figure 14.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 89) A person who goes from sea level to a city that is 5000 feet above sea level will show an increased hematocrit within 2 to 3 days. Draw the reflex pathway that links the hypoxia of high altitude to increased red blood cell production.
: Low atmospheric at high altitude → low arterial → sensed by kidney → erythropoietin synthesized and released → acts on bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells. Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 62) Compare and contrast the three categories of movement described in the text and give an example of each.
: See Table 13.2 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) The ________ circuit carries blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs.
: pulmonary Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 124) Place these organs in order of descending percentage of blood flow received at rest: bones and other connective, brain, digestive organs and liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, skeletal muscle, skin.
: Lungs (100%) > liver and digestive (27%) > skeletal muscle (21%) > kidneys (20%) > brain (14%) > bone and other (9%) > skin (5%) > heart (4%). Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 121) Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for each example listed. A. a person with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg B. a person with a blood pressure of 130/95 mm Hg
: MAP = diastolic P + 1/3 (systolic P - diastolic P) A. MAP = 80 + 1/3 (40) = 93 mm Hg B. MAP = 95 + 1/3 (35) = 107 mm Hg Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 122) Arthur's peripheral resistance has increased by 10%. To prevent his mean arterial pressure from changing, what factor must change to compensate, and by how much?
: MAP CO × R Arthur's cardiac output will have to decline by 10%. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) Make a map using the following terms: bile, bilirubin, ferritin, heme, hemoglobin, intestine, iron in diet, kidney, plasma, spleen, transferrin. You may also add additional terms.
: Maps will vary. See Figure 16.6c in the chapter. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 110) Many drugs used to treat migraine headaches contain caffeine. What mechanism does caffeine have that can help with migraine headaches?
: Migraine headaches are caused by dilation of blood vessels in the brain. Caffeine is a drug that mimics the sympathetic nervous system. Since the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction in the brain, it will counteract the effects of migraine headaches. Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 91) Define and describe the mechanism of myogenic autoregulation.
: Myogenic autoregulation is the self-regulation by the vascular smooth muscle in response to an increase in blood pressure. The mechanism responsible for the intrinsic response of vascular smooth muscle is stretch that opens mechanically gated Ca2+ channels in the muscle membrane. Calcium entering the smooth muscle cell combines with calmodulin and activates myosin light chain kinase, which in turn increases myosin ATPase activity and crossbridge activity. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 104) Smooth muscle cells of blood vessels are described as integrating centers. Outline the various inputs that affect smooth muscle cells and how those are integrated.
: Myogenic responses, autonomic neurotransmitters, and paracrine mediators all affect smooth muscle cells. Myogenic responses involve alterations in stretch of the overlying smooth muscle cells in blood vessels when the pressure inside of them is altered. The autonomic neurotransmitters bind to receptors that affect second messenger signaling through intracellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) or cAMP concentration to increase or decrease (respectively) the force generation by the smooth muscle cells. Paracrine and endocrine mediators also bind to receptors on smooth muscle cells to alter second messenger signaling. In the end, it is the balance of myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase activity that determines how much force a smooth muscle generates and thereby how it will respond to the various signals that it is receiving. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 152) The rising phase of the action potential is a result of ________ for skeletal muscle, ________ for contractile myocardium, and ________ for autorhythmic myocardium.
: Na+ entry, Na+ entry, calcium entry Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 98) Myasthenia gravis is a disease characterized by reduction in the number of acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles. Which physiological process would be affected? What would someone afflicted by this disease experience? How may this disease be treated?
: Neuromuscular transmission would be affected, and therefore excitation-contraction coupling. Skeletal muscles would be less excitable, and muscle tone and strength would decrease. A treatment that could increase the amount of acetylcholine released or prolong its action, such as a treatment interfering with acetylcholine breakdown, would offer some improvement. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 108) Nitroglycerine is a medication taken by people who experience chest pain known as angina. One of the major side effects of the medication is that the patient will notice a severe headache. What causes this side effect?
: Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator that is non-specific (the nitric oxide content causes all blood vessels it contacts to dilate). When it is ingested it will cause dilation of the coronary arteries, reliving the chest pain and preventing myocardial infarction, but it will also cause dilation of cerebral blood vessels, causing a headache. Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Are relaxation of a muscle and inhibition of a muscle the same thing? Explain your answer.
: No. Relaxation is a passive process that normally follows contraction and occurs in the absence of further activity in the motor neurons. Inhibition involves prevention of muscle stimulation and consequent contraction by activity in interneurons that inhibit motor neurons. While in both cases the motor neuron is not producing signals, the reason is lack of stimulation in one case, inhibition in the other. Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 155) List and explain the three types of substances transported by the blood. What is the source of each type?
: Nutrients, water, and gases from the external environment, substances moving from cell to cell, and waste products to be eliminated from the body. Nutrients and water are absorbed from the digestive tract, gases are absorbed from the lungs, cells secrete substances such as hormones to communicate with other cells, and cells produce waste products as a consequence of metabolism. Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 106) Mike has classical hemophilia, a clotting disorder, but his case is considered "mild." Contrary to popular belief, Mike doesn't usually have problematic bleeding episodes related to cutting himself; a more severe problem for him would be brought on by a sprained ankle or by having a full body impact, like falling off a horse and landing hard on the ground, injuries considered "closed." With what you have learned about blood coagulation, can you explain how this could be so? Assuming Mike is lacking factor VIII, which pathways does he depend on?
: Only the intrinsic pathway requires factor VIII for activation; the extrinsic pathway and the common pathway are unaffected by the lack of factor VIII. The extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue damage, so even in a person with hemophilia, these may function at close to normal levels. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 54) List and explain the factors that influence the presence of gases in liquids.
: Pressure, solubility, and temperature are three factors. This is discussed in "The Solubility of Gases in Liquids Depends on Pressure, Solubility, and Temperature" section of the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 101) List the steps and briefly explain what happens in orthostatic hypotension. What reflex counteracts it?
: Orthostatic hypotension is the decrease in blood pressure upon moving rapidly from a stable reclining position to standing. While reclining flat, gravity is distributed equally and so is blood. When moving to a standing position, blood initially pools in the lower extremities and cardiac output drops from about 5 L/min to about 3 L/min. Arterial blood pressure then decreases. The baroreceptor reflex should counteract orthostatic hypotension. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. How does the means of transport relate to the solubility and chemical reactivity of these gases in plasma?
: Oxygen is not highly soluble in water, which is the main component of plasma. Less than 2% is dissolved in plasma, with the remainder bound to hemoglobin. The iron in the heme portion of the molecule can bind up to four oxygen atoms. Oxygen is not chemically reactive in the body. Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen, at about 7% dissolved. Carbon dioxide is chemically reactive, combining with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ion. Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate, about 70%, and the remaining 23% binds to amino acids on hemoglobin. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.3
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 81) Which is typically more important in regulating the respiratory system, PO2 or PCO2? Explain your answer and briefly discuss the receptors involved. Give examples of situations in which each of those factors changes enough to stimulate a reflex. How and why are these factors related to each other?
: PCO2 is the more important factor. For PCO2, there are central and peripheral receptors that respond to CO2 as well as to CO2-related pH. These receptors are very sensitive to routine changes in PCO2 and pH, such as those associated with an increase in physical activity. Peripheral chemoreceptors have been identified for O2, but these respond only to dramatic changes in PO2, such as those associated with high altitude or disease. Because CO2 is produced as a by-product of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) metabolism, an increase in CO2 is associated with a corresponding decrease in O2. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 184) Atropine inhibits parasympathetic activity. Discuss the effects of atropine on the heart and describe common expected side effects.
: Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart has an inhibitory effect, slowing the heart rate. This inhibition is constant under normal circumstances, and without it the heart beats at the rate set by the pacemaker cells, which is higher than normal. Thus atropine, by removing the inhibition, increases heart rate. Other organs affected by atropine include any with muscarinic receptors. For example, atropine would inhibit intestinal motility, resulting in constipation. Atropine also inhibits the pupillary reflex, resulting in dilated pupils. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 115) There is a mixture of gases in dry air, with an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas for the examples below: A. 20.7% oxygen, 78.2% nitrogen, 0.4% carbon dioxide B. 45% oxygen, 41% nitrogen, 3% carbon dioxide, 11% hydrogen C. 79% oxygen, 15% nitrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, 1% argon
: Partial pressure = Patm × % gas in atmosphere. A. 157.32 mm Hg oxygen, 594.32 mm Hg nitrogen, 3.04 mm Hg carbon dioxide B. 342 mm Hg oxygen, 311.6 mm Hg nitrogen, 22.8 mm Hg carbon dioxide, 83.6 mm Hg hydrogen C. 600.4 mm Hg oxygen, 114 mm Hg nitrogen, 38 mm Hg carbon dioxide, 7.6 mm Hg argon Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) Draw a flow chart that shows the components of the reflex in which an increase in blood PCO2 leads to increased ventilation.
: Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in PCO2 and pH. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata monitor CO2 in CSF. Either an increase in PCO2 or decrease in pH will stimulate the receptors, which project to a control center in the medulla oblongata. The control center stimulates somatic motor neurons that control the skeletal muscles involved in ventilation. The effect is increased ventilation, which lowers PCO2 by eliminating CO2, so blood pH increases because of this shift. See Figure 18.17 in the chapter. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) List, compare, and contrast the locations and stimuli for respiratory chemoreceptors.
: Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies sense changes in oxygen concentration, pH, and PCO2 of the plasma. Central chemoreceptors monitor cerebrospinal fluid composition and respond to changes in the concentration of CO2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 56) Design a concept map that shows the types of reflexes, the basis for their classification, and their functions.
: See Table 13.1 and Figure 13.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 156) What are the primary components of a cardiovascular system? What diffusion-related problem is solved by having a cardiovascular system?
: Primary components are the heart (a pump), the blood, and the vessels, which include arteries, capillaries, and veins. The cardiovascular system solves the problem of inefficient diffusion over large distances by providing a force for the blood and a system of vessels leading to capillaries, which are distributed at a high density throughout all the organs. No living cell is more than a short distance from a capillary. Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 96) Name the process of red blood cell production, the hormone that controls it, the source of that hormone, and the stimulus for its production. Why was the hormone so difficult to isolate and identify?
: Production of red blood cells is called erythropoeisis. It is stimulated by the kidney-produced hormone erythropoietin, in response to hypoxia. It was difficult to isolate and identify because it is made on demand rather than stored, and thus is not present all the time. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 38) ________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.
: Proprioceptors Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 97) Children who suffer from protein starvation have bloated bellies of ascites (an accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the abdomen). How would a shortage of protein in the diet cause this condition?
: Protein is needed by the body for proper growth, maintenance, and reproduction. If there is a shortage of protein in the diet, the body must turn to itself for a source of amino acids. One of the first proteins to be dismantled for amino acids is plasma albumin. As the level of albumin in the plasma decreases, so does the osmotic pressure. Fluid that has leaked from the capillaries to the interstitial spaces does not return to the blood because of the decreased plasma osmotic pressure; because of the large vascular network in the abdominal viscera, the majority pools in this region. Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 125) Colloid osmotic pressure in plasma is fairly constant in a healthy person. How would protein starvation affect this pressure? How may a very high-protein diet affect this pressure? Suppose a person is suffering from an imbalance that causes an increase in colloid osmotic pressure from the typical 25 mm Hg to 30 mm Hg. Calculate the effect on net fluid flow across the capillary. What negative health consequences could result?
: Protein starvation would reduce this pressure whereas excess protein would increase this pressure. Absorption would be affected in this way: πin = πIF - πcap. Assuming πIF = 0 mm Hg, πin = -30 mm Hg, favoring absorption. This is a 20% increase in absorption pressure. This would raise blood volume and blood pressure over normal. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 120) Calculate the pulse pressure for each example listed. A. a person with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg B. a person with a blood pressure of 130/95 mm Hg
: Pulse pressure is systolic P minus diastolic P. A. 40 mm Hg B. 35 mm Hg Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 186) Compare the flow rates (Q) of tubes one and two, assuming the following parameters: Tube one: ΔP = 30, r = 3, L = 20. Tube two: ΔP = 60, r = 4, L = 10.
: Q ΔP/(L/r4) ∙ Q1 30/(20/34) = 121. Q2 60/(10/44) = 1535. Flow rate in the second tube is about 12 times higher than that in the first tube. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) How would the process of red blood cell production be affected by constricting the arteries that supply blood to the kidney? Explain your answer. Name three other situations that would similarly affect the process of red blood cell production.
: Red blood cell production would be increased. Constricting arteries would reduce blood flow; thus, the kidney would experience hypoxia. The kidney produces the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, in response to hypoxia. Increased red blood cell production would also result from anemia, extended presence at high altitude, and following hemorrhage. Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 94) Describe the process of relaxation of a skeletal muscle fiber.
: Relaxation is an active process, resulting from loss of acetylcholine from the receptors as ACh is broken down and there is no further release. This allows the muscle cell to repolarize, which stops the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The pumping of calcium back into the SR causes the troponin to move the tropomyosin into a position that it allows only a low force crossbridge to form and the cell to relax. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) List, compare, and contrast the brain's centers for monitoring and controlling respiration.
: Respiratory neurons in the medulla control inspiration and expiration. Neurons in the pons modulate ventilation. The rhythmic pattern of breathing arises from a network of spontaneously discharging neurons. Ventilation is subject to modulation by various chemical factors and by higher brain centers. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 161) What are ryanodine receptors? What type of tissue are they present in? Are all ryanodine receptors regulated in the same way? Explain your answer.
: Ryanodine receptors are calcium channels, present in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. In cardiac muscle they are regulated by calcium, resulting in calcium-induced calcium release from the SR. In skeletal muscle, they are regulated by mechanical linkage to voltage-sensing receptors in SR, thus they are indirectly voltage-regulated. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 176) Explain how Ca2+ levels inside myocardial cells are important to cell function.
: See Figs. 14.9 and 14.21 in the chapter. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 93) Explain the events leading up to a skeletal muscle twitch, starting with the arrival of neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction.
: See Figure 12.10 in the chapter. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor (nicotinic cholinergic) on the skeletal muscle cell membrane. This increases in flux of cations across the membrane of which the influx of Na is greater than the efflux of K, which causes the membrane to depolarize (end-plate potential). This depolarization activates the voltage gated Na channels responsible for an action potential and the action potential travels along the sarcolemma. In addition to the sarcolemma, the action potential travels along the T-tubule causing change in the L-type Ca channel (dihydropyridine receptor) that is linked to a ryanodine receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This opens the ryanodine receptor causing calcium to diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium binds to troponin and moves the tropomyosin out of the way such that a high force crossbridge can form between actin and myosin. The myosin head is then able to undergo its power stroke and force is generated. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 177) Diagram at least seven different factors that affect the components of the equation that relates cardiac output to heart rate and stroke volume. Explain each factor involved.
: See Figure 14.22 in the chapter. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Outline and explain the cellular event that affects the force generated by smooth muscle cells. What are the initiating events, and how do these events affect force production by the smooth muscle cell? How can this process be activated without changes in membrane potential?
: See Figure 12.26 in the chapter. Describe how myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase are regulated as it is the interaction between two proteins that determines the extent of phosphorylation of the myosin light chain and thereby the amount of force generated by the smooth muscle cells. While responses in smooth muscle cells can be initiated by changes in membrane potential that increase intracellular calcium by altering calcium channel activity (electromechanical coupling) in the cell membrane, receptors that are activated by chemical signals can also stimulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum without changes in membrane potential that can also affect force of contraction of smooth muscle cells (pharmacomechanical coupling). Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 96) Define and explain the differences between slow wave potentials and pacemaker potentials in smooth muscle cells.
: See Figure 12.28 in the chapter. Slow wave potential describes the cyclic depolarization of smooth muscle cells that can lead to the generation of action potentials. When that depolarization is above threshold, action potentials are generated at a level consistent with the magnitude of that depolarization. For pacemaker potentials, some smooth muscle cells have oscillating membrane potentials that always reach threshold and generate an action potential. This causes the generation of a regular rhythm of action potentials within these cells. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 58) Name the components of a reflex pathway, and describe generally how a reflex works.
: See Figure 13.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 65) Draw a monosynaptic reflex and a polysynaptic reflex. Label each part of the reflex pathway. Briefly explain how the two reflexes differ.
: See Figure 13.1 in the chapter. The answer should include each component of the reflex pathway as in Figure 13.1. Monosynaptic reflex has a single synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons; polysynaptic reflexes have two or more synapses. Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 75) Draw two graphs that represent the alpha-gamma coactivation: 1. muscle length as a function of time 2. action potentials of spindle sensory neuron as a function of time
: See Figure 13.4 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 59) Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the Golgi tendon organ and the muscle spindle.
: See Figure 13.5 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 63) Make a map of the integration of muscle reflexes. Include the following terms: brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, feedback, muscle contraction and movement, sensory receptors, signal, spinal cord, and thalamus.
: See Figure 13.8 in the chapter. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 172) Compare and contrast the effects of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers on the heart. Include a comparison of the various types of receptors they interact with, and their location on the heart.
: See Figure 14.19 in the chapter. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 93) Draw a map of the baroreceptor reflex, starting with decrease in blood pressure. Indicate on the map the following: stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector, tissue response, systemic response.
: See Figure 15.14 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 95) Diagram the components and interactions of the baroreceptor reflex.
: See Figure 15.14 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 92) Compare and contrast the structure and location of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins. How do these differences contribute to the differences in function of each?
: See Figure 15.2 in the chapter for a summary of structural differences in vessel walls. Arteries contain relatively more smooth muscle, for active regulation of vessel diameter. Large, elastic arteries have more elastic fibers, so that the vessel can stretch and recoil with ventricular contraction and relaxation, thereby minimizing fluctuation in blood pressure. Capillaries are thin and porous, reflecting their role in exchange of substances with the interstitial fluid. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood, which is especially important in leg veins. Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 89) Map the following terms: blood distribution, blood volume, cardiac output, diameter of the arterioles, diameter of the veins, fluid intake, fluid loss, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, passive, regulated at kidneys, resistance to blood flow, and stroke volume.
: See Figure 15.8 in the chapter. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 92) Summarize the steps of the coagulation cascade.
: See Figure 16.10 in the chapter. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Summarize the steps of hemostasis.
: See Figure 16.8 in the chapter. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 117) Draw three graphs depicting how the following change during normal inspiration and expiration: A. alveolar pressure B. intrapleural pressure C. volume of air moved
: See Figure 17.9 in the chapter. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 56) What are the PO2 and PCO2 in the alveoli, artery, peripheral tissue, and veins? Explain why the PO2 and PCO2 change.
: See Figure 18.2 and the "Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues" section of the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) Compare and contrast the pulmonary pathologies that affect alveolar ventilation and gas exchange.
: See Figure 18.3c in the chapter, which discusses emphysema, fibrotic lung disease, pulmonary edema, and asthma. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 95) List, compare, and contrast the types of skeletal muscle fibers based on their speed of contraction and resistance to fatigue. Give examples of where each type might be found, and why it is advantageous for each type to occur there.
: See Table 12.2 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 91) Briefly compare and contrast the structure and behavior of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles.
: See Table 12.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 165) Compare and contrast the appearance of cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells under the microscope. Continue with an explanation of their similarities and differences in the initiation of their excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms. Finally, end your discussion by comparing their metabolic needs.
: See Table 14.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 167) Compare and contrast the action potentials in the skeletal muscle, contractile myocardium, and autorhythmic myocardium.
: See Table 14.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) Name two cytokines involved in hematopoiesis. What is the name of the cytokine that plays an important role in the immune system?
: See Table 16.2 in the chapter. Interleukins play an important role in the immune system. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) Describe the different causes of hypoxia, and give specific examples of the associated conditions.
: See Table 18.1 in the chapter. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 166) Compare and contrast cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
: See the "Cardiac Muscle and the Heart" section and Table 14.3 in the chapter. Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 112) Sharon "gets the wind knocked out of her" during a skiing accident in which she attempted a jump and landed hard on her feet before tumbling over. She is conscious but breathing is labored, and she complains of pain and shortness of breath. The first aid-trained ski patrolman that comes to her aid determines that Sharon has no broken bones, nor is CNS injury likely. He places tiny tubes at her nostrils that blow air (with higher than normal percentage of oxygen) into her nose then places her on the snowmobile, and takes her to the first aid tent. Why is Sharon's breathing labored? How does the high-oxygen air help her condition?
: Sharon suffered an impact that increased her intrapleural pressure above normal, possibly by pushing her diaphragm upward, forcing her to expel some of her residual volume. With her alveoli smaller than normal, they are very difficult to inflate. The lack of broken ribs suggests that she does not have a pneumothorax. The air being blown into her nostrils has a higher PO2, which will increase the diffusion into her blood and compensate for her temporarily decreased tidal volume. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 107) Cancer chemotherapy is designed to destroy cancer cells, but adversely affects healthy tissues as well; thus the oncologist has the difficult task of killing the cancer without killing the patient. What side effects are expected from destruction of blood cells?
: Side effects include anemia from loss of red blood cells, impaired immune function from loss of white blood cells, and impaired coagulation from loss of megakaryocytes. Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 105) Nicotine stimulates cholinergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. Based on this information, how would cigarette smoking affect the cardiovascular system?
: Since cholinergic receptors are found in all of the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, you would expect nicotine to stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses in the cardiovascular target tissues. In response to increased sympathetic stimulation the heart would beat faster and more forcefully. At the same time, however, increased parasympathetic stimulation would decrease the blood flow to the heart muscle. The increased heart rate and force of contraction would contribute to increased blood pressure as would vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels as a result of sympathetic stimulation. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 104) During the winter, Brad sleeps in a dorm room that lacks a humidifier for the heated air. In the mornings he notices that his nose is "stuffy," similar to when he has a cold, but after showering and drinking some water, the stuffiness disappears until the next morning. What might be the cause of Brad's nasal condition?
: Since the air that Brad is breathing is not humidified (thus dry), large amounts of moisture are leaving the mucus to humidify the air that is being respired. This makes the mucus tacky and the cilia have difficulty moving. As more mucus is produced, it builds up, forming the nasal congestion in the morning. As Brad showers and drinks fluid, the moisture is replaced and the mucus loosens up and is moved along the proper route as usual. The reason this happens mostly at night is because Brad is probably not getting up frequently to drink water to replace what is being lost to humidify the air. Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 90) Compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle fibers, particularly in regard to their ability to vary their force of contraction.
: Single-unit characteristics: all smooth muscle cells contract as a unit due to presence of gap junctions; found in walls of hollow organs; strength depends upon amount of calcium that enters the cell. Multi-unit characteristics: each smooth muscle cell is controlled independently; found in few locations, including iris and ciliary body; strength depends upon fiber recruitment. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.16
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 64) Make a map of the following terms: alpha motor neurons, CNS, contractile fibers, extrafusual muscle fibers, Golgi tendon organs, integrating center, joint receptors, muscle spindles, proprioreceptors, sensory neurons, sensory receptors and somatic motor neurons.
: Skeletal muscle reflexes have the following components: Sensory receptors known as proprioreceptors-the three types are: muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors. Sensory neurons carry input from proprioreceptors to the CNS, the integrating center. Somatic motor neurons carry the output signal from the CNS; alpha motor neurons are somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle contractile fibers, known as extrafusual muscle fibers. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) A certain drug is known to block monovalent cation channels. This drug is used as a "muscle relaxer." Would it affect both smooth and skeletal muscles or only skeletal muscles? Defend your answer.
: Skeletal muscle relies on monovalent cation channels for the generation of action potentials to trigger contraction, whereas smooth muscle cells have more "routes" available to trigger contraction. Blocking one route would not be sufficient to cause relaxation; hence, this drug would be more likely to be effective on skeletal muscle. Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) ________ and ________ are striated muscles. Why are these muscles classified as striated muscles?
: Skeletal, cardiac muscle; they are called this because of their alternating light and dark bands (See Figures 12.1a and 12.1b in the chapter.) Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 105) Sketch a graph of the length-tension relationship in a contracting skeletal muscle, and explain its shape in terms of events in the sarcomere.
: Sketch should resemble Figure 12.16 in the chapter. At optimal length, the extent of overlap between thick and thin filaments at onset of contraction is the greatest. Thus, the number of actin and myosin crossbridges is the greatest. On either side of optimum, the extent of interaction between actin and myosin is reduced thereby decreasing the number of crossbridges that can form, which reduces the force of contraction of skeletal muscle cells. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 87) Sketch and label a relaxed sarcomere, then draw the same sarcomere in a contracted state. The myofilaments may be represented as simple lines.
: Sketch should resemble Figure 12.8 in the chapter. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 40) ________ reflexes involve skeletal muscles.
: Somatic Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.13
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 109) Explain how anticoagulant drugs can be useful to heart attack or stroke patients.
: The ischemia that accompanies a "heart attack" or stroke may be prevented by the administration of anticoagulants, which prevent clot formation. Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 104) Erythropoietin (EPO) was first isolated from the urine of anemic patients who had high circulating levels of the hormone. Despite the presence of the hormone that stimulates red cell production, however, these patients were unable to produce adequate amounts of hemoglobin or red cells. Give some possible reasons that the patients' own EPO was unable to correct their anemia.
: Some other factor that is essential for red blood cell synthesis must be lacking. These would include iron for hemoglobin production, folic acid, and vitamin B12. Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 111) How does altitude affect blood composition and why? How would athletes' performance be affected if they live, train, and compete at different altitudes? Explain your answer, using different scenarios. Is such training a type of doping? Explain.
: Spending several days at higher than normal altitude will stimulate erythropoiesis, due to the lower oxygen concentration in the air, which when breathed would result in hypoxemia. Athletes would be less competitive if they competed at a higher altitude than that in which they lived or trained, and more competitive if they lived and trained at a higher altitude than that in which they competed, at least in theory. While students may not know this, experimental results support the best regimen for maximizing performance at a low-altitude competition to be living at high altitude but training at low altitude. Neither living and training high nor living and training low achieved the same results. High-altitude training is necessary, however, for high-altitude competition. This is a matter of opinion, but most people would probably argue that these training regimens are natural, and therefore not a type of doping. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 108) A package insert for a medication states that "this medicine is a beta receptor stimulant used to treat symptoms of asthma, emphysema and other breathing conditions. Possible side effects include fast heart rate, nervousness, tremors or nausea." Why would these symptoms be expected?
: Stimulation of beta receptors activates the sympathetic division, overriding the parasympathetic division. Increased heart rate, nervousness, nausea, and tremors all accompany sympathetic stimulation. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 57) How does the stretch reflex protect a muscle?
: Stretching activates the stretch reflex, which in turn contracts the muscle, thereby preventing overstretching. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 107) Sherry is not able to produce surfactant. In order to inhale a normal tidal volume, does her intrapleural pressure have to be higher or lower than for a healthy individual? Explain.
: Surfactant is necessary to reduce surface tension sufficient to prevent small or collapsed alveoli. Sherry needs to inhale more forcefully to get the same tidal volume, so lower intrapleural pressure would help. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 98) What is surfactant? Why is it important?
: Surfactant, made by the type II alveolar cells, reduces the surface tension in the fluid in the alveoli, thereby facilitating inflation and inhibiting collapse of the alveoli. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 116) Compare and contrast the types of pressure and flow in systemic, pulmonary, glomerular, and peritubular capillaries using simple diagrams or tables. Be as complete and specific as possible. You do not need to provide values for the pressures, but you should indicate the relative strength of the different pressures.
: Systemic and pulmonary blood flow is equal to the cardiac output, which is about 720 L/day, or 0.5 L/min. The glomerular and peritubular capillaries receive about 180 L/day, or 0.13 L/min, which represents about 25% of the cardiac output. Blood pressure (in mm Hg) is highest in the systemic circulation (120/80). Blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation is 25/8, in glomerular circulation is 55, and in peritubular capillaries is 10. Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 97) List any five nutrients important for blood cell synthesis and briefly explain the role of each.
: Table 16.3 in the chapter lists B12, folic acid, and iron and a brief explanation of each one's role. The student savvy in metabolism will also note the need for the amino acids for the protein chain synthesis, and energy nutrients in order to supply adequate ATP for these synthetic reactions to occur, as well as the vitamins necessary for the TCA cycle and other aspects of metabolism, including niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 100) Describe the muscle condition called tetanus. Is this a normal or a pathological event? If it is normal, what is the function? If it is pathological, what is the cause? The bacterium Clostridium tetani causes a disease called tetanus or lockjaw; you may have been vaccinated against tetanus, especially if you ever had hospital treatment for a skin wound. Speculate on whether or not the name of this disease is related to the muscle condition and why the disease can be fatal.
: Tetanus is a state of maintained contraction that occurs as a result of increased frequency of stimulation by the nerve that does not allow enough time between twitches for the muscle to relax. Tetanus is a normal event, which allows a muscle to develop its maximal force. The bacterial disease results in maintained contraction that is similar in charter to the tetanus that can result from high frequency muscle stimulation. The disease is fatal if respiratory muscles are unable to relax because then breathing would stop. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.11
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 101) You and your lab partner use a living nerve and muscle preparation to study muscle contraction. When you stimulate the nerve electrically, the muscle contracts; why? When you turn off the stimulator but add a high concentration of caffeine to the fluid surrounding the tissues, the muscle contracts; why (speculate on possible sites/mechanisms of action)? When curare (which blocks neuromuscular transmission) is added with caffeine, contraction occurs; why (speculate, and how does this alter your previous answer)? Can you identify a single site of action from this information? If not, what additional experiment would narrow your choices?
: The applied electrical current opens voltage-gated ion channels in the nerve, causing an action potential, which leads to the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to stimulate an action potential in the skeletal muscle. This activates excitation contraction coupling to increase intracellular calcium and thereby allow actin and myosin to interact. If the muscle contracts to caffeine, then it must have done so by increasing intracellular calcium as that is required to generate force. How caffeine increases intracellular calcium can not be determined yet. However, since the addition of curare does not affect contraction, then caffeine must be acting directly on the skeletal muscle as the affect of acetylcholine on the muscle cell is blocked by curare. Whether caffeine can increase intracellular calcium by stimulating an action potential or some other way is not clear from the experiments. To determine whether the action potential is required, tetrodotoxin could be used to block the action potential. In this case, the cell would still be generating force which indicates that the site of action of caffeine is somewhere between the L type calcium channel and the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (caffeine opens ryanodine receptor in the sarcoplasmic reticulum). Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.4
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 111) With what you have learned about pulmonary ventilation, how would you design an artificial respirator to keep patients with paralyzed respiratory muscles alive? How does artificial respiration by a machine compare to mouth-to-mouth respiration?
: The artificial respirator needs to alternate the pressure it generates between slightly higher than atmospheric pressure and slightly lower than atmospheric pressure. These pressure fluctuations are what the respiratory system normally produces; thus they should be safe for the respiratory structures. The lungs of the patient will passively inflate and deflate in response, and gas exchange at the alveoli will occur. The principle is the same with mouth-to-mouth respiration. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 103) While you study blood vessel structure in your dorm room, your roommate prepares to bike to his favorite fishing hole. You absent-mindedly watch as he puts on his bike shorts, which look absurdly small in his hands but stretch easily then snap back to fit tightly. His fishing shirt is a nonstretchy cotton weave that fits loosely, with open mesh panels across the back and armpits for ventilation. Considering only the basic structural differences in arteries, veins, and capillaries, which of the types of fabrics resemble which vessels, and why?
: The bike shorts stretch and recoil like elastic arteries, the cotton weave is floppy and nonstretchy like veins, and the mesh is porous like capillaries. Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 80) You are a scientist who has been hired to write a screenplay for a popular TV series. The plot involves the discovery by a rogue botanist of a plant toxin that interferes with the function of the exchange pump responsible for the chloride shift. This scientist provides the toxin to bioterrorists. What should you write for the coroner to say about symptoms in the poisoning victims?
: The chloride shift is the transport process that occurs in red blood cells and is necessary for normal carbon dioxide transport. In this process, a bicarbonate ion is exchanged for a chloride ion. As a result, the red blood cell loses bicarbonate, which carries a negative charge, but gains a chloride ion, thus maintaining its membrane potential. Losing the bicarbonate prevents the chemical reaction that produces bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water from reaching equilibrium. Bicarbonate is the most important extracellular buffer in the body. Without the transporter function, bicarbonate will build up inside the red blood cell and will not be maintained in the plasma. With a reduction in plasma bicarbonate, acidosis will result. An increase in pulmonary ventilation is triggered by acidosis and can help reverse this process, but it may be unable to compensate fully for the lack of bicarbonate buffer. Chapter 20 covers some of the physiological consequences of acidosis. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.12
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) The graph below was generated by students in a physiology lab. The top trace (myogram) shows contraction force, the bottom (EMG) shows the electrical stimulus. On the graph, label a muscle twitch. What property of muscle is being tested here? What caused the increase in force (and subsequent decrease)?
: The clearest single twitches are the first few and last few peaks on the myogram. The muscle is being stimulated at an increasing rate (frequency), as evidenced by the decreasing time between subsequent stimulus pulses. This caused fusion of the twitches (summation), producing partial then complete tetanus, as well as an increase in peak force produced. Though the stimulus is maintained, the peak force starts to fall as the muscle fatigues. The students then decreased the stimulus frequency, allowing recovery from fatigue. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.11
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 114) A study was done in 1998 by Dr. Benjamin Levine to explore the role of altitude training in athletic performance. First he trained athletes at low altitude, then measured their finish times in a 5 kilometer run. Then the athletes were placed into one of the following groups: I, living and training at high altitude; II, living at high altitude and training at low; or III, living and training at low altitude. The athletes were then retested in another low-altitude 5 K race. In this study, what are the control and experimental data? What are the dependent and independent variables? The results are expressed as average change in speed of each group. I: -3.4 sec., II: +13.4 sec., III: -26.7 sec. Graph and interpret the results. Did the results surprise you? Why or why not? Propose some explanations for the lower performance by the live high-train high group. Why wasn't there a live low-train high group?
: The control data are the running times of the athletes after baseline training at low altitude. The experimental data are the running times of the athletes after the additional training at various altitudes. The independent variable is altitude; the dependent variable is running time. A bar graph showing the baseline and postaltitude training results as a pair of bars for each group would be appropriate. The best training regimen was living high and training low, and the worst was living low and training low. Many would probably predict the best performance by the group that both lived and trained high, because they were constantly in a relatively hypoxic environment, which may have produced the greatest increase in hematocrit. Training at high altitude clearly did not allow for the best performance, possibly because the lower oxygen environment limited the ability to train at maximum potential. Living low and training high would likely show the worst performance, because even sedentary living at high altitudes produces an increase in hematocrit; only training at high altitude would be insufficient to produce an altitude-related increase. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) Premature babies frequently need to be put on a respirator to help them breathe. Why does this become a necessary treatment for many premature babies?
: The lungs are one of the last organs to develop during pregnancy and the type II alveolar cells are particularly late in developing. Since the type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant, premature babies may not make enough surfactant to reduce the resistance to breathing and may need positive pressure oxygen to be given along with surfactant to help them breathe on their own. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 69) Draw a diagram of the cerebral motor cortex and descending input to spinal motor neurons. Voluntary suppression of the knee jerk reflex originates in the motor cortex, which can send inhibitory signals to the motor neurons. If the left motor cortex is active, is the left or right knee jerk reflex suppressed or are both suppressed? Explain your answer. If the left side of the spinal cord at the level of leg muscle control is damaged, is it the left or right knee jerk reflex that is suppressed or are both suppressed?
: The diagram should resemble Figure 13.11 in the chapter. The left motor cortex controls the right spinal motor neurons and therefore the right knee reflex. The left side of the spinal cord controls the reflex on the left side. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 68) Diagram and label the knee jerk reflex. What is the physiological function of this reflex? Explain how this reflex may be important during walking, if you didn't notice a dip in the sidewalk and stepped into it. What is the role of reciprocal inhibition? How would the reflex be affected if reciprocal inhibition failed? Describe the effects on the reflex of severing each structure involved in the reflex, considering one structure at a time. Describe the effects of damaging the opposite side of the spinal cord, or areas higher or lower on the spinal cord.
: The diagram should resemble Figure 13.6 in the chapter. The function of the reflex is to control movement at the knee joint. If you stepped down farther than you expected, your opposite knee may bend more than it would have, activating the reflex and straightening that leg to prevent you from falling. Reciprocal inhibition allows muscles opposing extension of the leg to be inhibited. If this inhibition failed, leg extension would not occur; instead, the knee would be "locked." Severing the afferent or efferent nerve, the spinal cord at the level of the reflex, or the muscle would all prevent the reflex from occurring. Damage to the opposite side of the spinal cord or areas above or below the cells involved in the reflex should have no effect on the basic reflex. (Note to instructor: In reality, it is not so simple, but the point is to get the students to consider the basic mechanics of the reflex.) Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 94) Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting inspiration? Which single muscle contributes most to normal, resting expiration?
: The diaphragm muscle provides most of the force for inspiration. Normal expiration is primarily a result of the diaphragm relaxing, and expiratory muscles do not contribute. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 111) Josie is in her last weeks of pregnancy. During a routine check-up, she asks why she is suddenly experiencing swollen feet when she wears knee-high stockings (with a tight elastic band just below the knee). She is confused because an elderly relative wears support stockings to prevent swollen feet, an apparent contradiction. Speculate on a logical explanation for her swelling feet and the difference between support hose and knee-high stockings.
: The elastic band in one of Josie's stocking is so tight that it constantly compresses her veins just in the area under the elastic. This reduces venous return, increasing pressure below that area and causing fluid to exit her blood. Support stockings are medical devices that apply uniform pressure along their entire length, and so produce no constriction. They increase pressure slightly, continuously aiding venous return much like a muscle pump does intermittently. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 169) List the four types of autorhythmic cells that drive the heartbeat. Draw a sketch of the heart and indicate the location of each type of cell.
: The four areas for the autorhythmic cells are SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, and Purkinje Fibers. See Figure 14.14 in the chapter. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 99) A construction worker entered the emergency room after an accident in which his leg was crushed by falling beams. A color of the urine sample is noticeably reddish brown. Assuming that color is related to the accident, what molecule could have been released from the damaged muscle cells that colored the urine? What is the function of this molecule?
: The molecule is likely to be the pigment myoglobin. This molecule binds to oxygen in muscle cells to supplement the oxygen supplied by the blood. Section Title: Mechanics of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 71) Bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex pathways that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord. In both instances, two sphincter muscles, an inner sphincter of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle, control the passage of waste out of the body. How would completely severing the spinal cord at the lumbar level affect an individual's bowel and bladder control?
: The person would still exhibit a defecation (bowel) and micturition (bladder) reflex because the spinal reflex is processed at the local sacral level of the spinal cord, which is intact at that level. Efferent impulses from the organs would stimulate specific interneurons in the sacral region that would synapse with the motor neurons controlling the sphincters, thus bringing about emptying when organs began to fill. This is the same situation that exists in a newborn infant who has not yet fully developed the descending tracts necessary for conscious control. The individual with the spinal cord transection would lose voluntary control of the bowel and bladder because these functions rely on impulses carried by motor neurons in the brain that must travel down the cord and synapse with the interneurons and motor neurons that are involved in the reflex. With a lumbar transection, these impulses no longer reach the reflex control center. Section Title: Control of Movement in Visceral Muscles Learning Outcome: 13.13
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 79) A chemistry student accidentally spills chlorine bleach into a dilute acid. The mixture reacts and produces fumes that are inhaled by the student and that reduce his ventilation. Assume that the gaseous chemical produced is a base (i.e., it releases OH- in an aqueous solution), and that the chemical is absorbed into the bloodstream at the alveoli. Explain why ventilation is reduced in the patient.
: The physiological response is opposite that for acidosis. A decreased ventilation would reduce loss of CO2. By maintaining higher PCO2 in the blood, the resulting acidity would help to counteract the alkalinity resulting from the inhalation of a base. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 96) Describe the pleura and explain its role in respiration.
: The pleura is a double-walled sac that surrounds each lung. One wall clings to the lung surface, the other to the wall of the thoracic cavity. The pleura secretes and contains pleural fluid, which is a lubricant. Pleural fluid also keeps the wall of the lung in close proximity to the wall of the thoracic cavity, which is critical in the process of pulmonary ventilation. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.7
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 118) Given what you know about blood pressure at various locations in the circulatory system, what pressure is actually determined during a standard blood pressure measurement? Why is the arm the chosen location for determining blood pressure? Is there a more accurate way to determine blood pressure?
: The pressure in the brachial artery is what is determined, but it is assumed to be very close to the pressure in the aorta, which is the desired information. The arm is chosen for proximity to the heart and convenience; farther from the heart in linear distance, the systolic pressure will be lower and the difference between systolic and diastolic will be less. A more accurate way to determine blood pressure in the aorta would be to place pressure sensors inside the vessel, though this is an invasive and unnecessary procedure given the reliability of the brachial pressure. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and little ________. They are distinguished from capillaries by ________.
: a thin exchange, connective tissue (Fig. 15.2); their convergent pattern of flow Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 74) You are a technician in a neuroanatomy lab, and it's your first day of training to learn a technique of labeling neurons. Your boss tells you that you will fill individual motor neurons, by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to tetanus toxin, into a skeletal muscle. How could this possibly label the neurons?
: The process of labeling neurons by HRP was introduced in Chapter 9; this enzyme is taken up by axon terminals and transported retrogradely, filling most or perhaps all dendrites, as well as the axon and soma. When the substrate of the enzyme is added to tissue slices, a dark reaction product is formed, and this is how the details of the cell are visualized. Toxins such as tetanus and cholera toxin, which are also taken up and transported by axon terminals, enhance the uptake of HRP, if they are attached (conjugated) to the HRP. Section Title: Control of Movement in Visceral Muscles Learning Outcome: 13.13
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) An industrious 10-year-old swimmer has attached an extension to his snorkel tube, so that he can sit on the bottom of the ocean for a longer period of time, watching the fish of the coral reef. What problems would you expect him to have? Assuming he is successful in breathing this way for a little while, what are some of the differences he will experience compared to normal breathing?
: The resistance to air flow increases as a result of adding the extension to the snorkel tube. Assuming he has used an extension of sufficiently large diameter, he is in a shallow location where the total length isn't excessive, and he has the strength and endurance in his respiratory muscles, he may be able to breathe this way for a few seconds longer than he could have held his breath. He will probably notice that he is breathing more deeply and at a higher rate, to maintain ventilation against the higher resistance. After a few exchanges he will start to hypoventilate, despite his efforts to increase pulmonary ventilation, because the presence of dead airspace in the tube will result in decreasing PO2 in the alveoli. Dead airspace is a problem if the total volume of air in the tube is greater than the volume exchanged with each breath. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 116) Draw and label a spirogram showing respiratory activity in a resting person. Draw and label a spirogram in this same person during exercise.
: The resting graph should resemble Figure 17.7. During exercise, the only things that change are the size of the tidal volume curve, which will become larger as it enters into the inspiratory and expiratory reserve capacities, and these reserve capacities will have the same extreme values but will be smaller. Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 86) The graph below shows an oxygen dissociation curve, with the normal curve in the center. What is the name of the phenomenon that shifts the curve to the right? What causes this change in oxygen dissociation? Is the shift beneficial or detrimental? Explain.
: The shift in the dissociation curve is called the Bohr effect. The decrease in pH may be due to an increase in CO2 and lactic acid during vigorous physical activity, or to metabolic acidosis. The Bohr effect is beneficial, because the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin increases under such conditions. If the decrease in pH is due to exercise, then the skeletal muscles have an increased demand for oxygen, and thus increased unloading is desirable. Section Title: Gas Transport in the Blood Learning Outcome: 18.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 66) List and describe the three categories of movement. Explain why these categories are NOT always distinct.
: The three categories are reflex, voluntary, and rhythmic. Reflex movements are initiated by sensory input and are integrated primarily in the spinal cord. Voluntary movements are integrated in the cerebral cortex and require no external stimuli. Rhythmic movements are a combination of reflex and voluntary. Voluntary movements improve with practice as do reflexive, voluntary movements can become reflexive once learned, and voluntary movements depend upon input from postural reflexes. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 106) The condition known as shock is characterized by a decreased return of venous blood to the heart. How could an upsetting situation such as the sight of a tragic accident or very bad news produce shock?
: The upsetting stimuli would be processed by the higher centers of the central nervous system and relayed to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus could suppress the vasomotor center of the medulla, resulting in fewer sympathetic impulses to peripheral blood vessels. This would cause a decrease in sympathetic tone in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation. The vasodilation would cause blood to pool in the extremities, decreasing the amount of blood returning to the heart and producing shock. Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 185) How many liters of blood are distributed between the pulmonary and systemic circuits in a "typical" person? Assume 20% of the blood is in the lungs at any moment. If the cardiac output is 5 L/min, how long will it take a drop of blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle?
: There are about 5 liters of blood in a 70 kg man. If 20% of the blood is in the lungs, then 5 × 0.2 = 1 liter of blood in the lungs. 1 L × 1 min/5 L × 60 sec/1 min × 1 min/60 sec = 12 seconds. Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 100) Outline the relationship between hypertension and the development of congestive heart failure.
: This is discussed in the "Cardiovascular Disease" section of the chapter. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) What are some dangers of having coronary artery disease? What are some dangers of having hypertension?
: This is discussed in the "Cardiovascular Disease" section of the chapter. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) Describe the problems that result in low arterial oxygen content.
: Three categories of problems are inadequacies in oxygen reaching alveoli, oxygen exchange between the alveoli and blood, and transport of oxygen in the blood. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) What are the three types of muscle tissues in the human body? What are the two common functions of muscles?
: Three types of tissues are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The two common functions are to generate motion and to generate force. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 82) Timmy is a cantankerous toddler who has just threatened that he will hold his breath until Mom gives him some chocolate. His mother refuses to be manipulated and watches in amusement as Timmy stubbornly refuses to breathe. To her horror, Timmy loses consciousness and collapses onto the floor. Her cousin, who is enrolled in a course for emergency medical technical (EMT) training, is visiting, and tells her there is no need to call for an ambulance. Why did Timmy lose consciousness? Should his mother trust her instincts and call for help and begin CPR, or should she listen to her well-meaning but young and inexperienced cousin? Explain.
: Timmy loses consciousness due to hypoxia in his brain. There is no need for alarm, because the loss of consciousness indicates mainly that cerebral activity has decreased. The parts of the brain involved in respiratory control are in the brain stem. As long as Timmy was awake and determined, his cerebral signals were able to inhibit brain stem control of pulmonary ventilation. Once he loses consciousness, however, the respiratory control areas are released from inhibition and he starts breathing again. Soon normal oxygen content in the brain will be restored, and Timmy will wake up. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.17
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 88) List and explain the functions of the regulatory molecules in a sarcomere, specifying how the on and off positions are controlled and its impact on the crossbridges formed.
: Troponin and tropomyosin and the primary regulatory proteins. Tropomyosin wraps around the actin of the thin filament to restrict access of the myosin to its binding site on the actin molecule. When intracellular calcium concentration is low such that troponin is not bound by calcium (resting muscle), the tropomyosin is in the off position and myosin is weakly bound to actin (low force crossbridge). When muscle is stimulated, the increasing calcium binds to the troponin (C subunit) to shift the tropomyosin into the on position. In the on position, the crossbridges that are formed are high force. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 32) The motor neurons that innervate the normal contractile fibers of the muscle are the ________.
: alpha motor neurons Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.6
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 105) A newborn infant is found dead, abandoned by the road. Among the many questions that the police would like to have answers to is whether the infant was born dead or alive. After an autopsy, the medical examiner tells them that the infant was dead at birth. How could the medical examiner determine this?
: Unless the infant was suffocated immediately at birth, the first breath that it took would start to inflate the lungs and some of the air would be trapped in the lungs. By placing the lungs in water to see if they float or not, the medical examiner can determine whether or not there is any air in the lungs. Other measurements and tests could also be used to determine if the infant had breathed at all (air in the lungs) or was dead at birth (lungs collapsed and a small amount of fluid in the alveoli). Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 80) ________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
: Veins Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 158) Veins are said to carry deoxygenated blood. Does this mean that there is no oxygen in venous blood? Explain your answer. Are there veins that carry highly oxygenated blood? Again, explain your answer. What color is most venous blood compared to most arterial blood?
: Venous blood has some oxygen, but usually less that arterial blood, so it is only relatively deoxygenated. Pulmonary veins are an example of veins carrying highly oxygenated blood. Venous blood is usually dark red, arterial blood is usually bright red. Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 73) Drowning is often the introduction of outside water into the alveoli, yet some water is normally present in alveoli. Why is water normally present in the alveoli? What is present in alveolar fluid, besides water, that aids in respiration? What properties of water are detrimental to respiration? What causes drowning? While extremely rare, there have even been documented cases of people walking away from recreational swimming only to die later, on dry land, as a result of drowning (termed "delayed" or "secondary" drowning). Propose an explanation for delayed drowning.
: Water is present everywhere in living tissues, because all living cells require water as a diffusion medium for solutes. Alveolar fluid is present in only a thin layer because it contains surfactant, preventing it from collapsing the alveoli due to surface tension. Oxygen has low solubility in water, but the large total surface area of alveoli combined with the thinness of the water layer in the alveoli allows for sufficient oxygen to enter the blood. Inhalation of water increases the amount of water and decreases the relative amount of surfactant. Less oxygen will reach the alveolar membranes, and alveoli will collapse. Alveolar collapse combined with the low solubility of oxygen in water will lead to hypoxemia and will trigger cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes. Delayed drowning likely results from tissue damage in the lungs and malfunction in other organs resulting from hypoxemia and reflexes related to the water inhalation. Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.2
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 70) While watching Olympic weight lifters on television, Carl notices that on several occasions an athlete would lift the weight to his chest and then suddenly drop it. Can you offer an explanation for what might be happening?
: What Carl is observing is an example of the stretch reflex in action. As the weight lifter lifts the weight, he is contracting the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles and at the same time stretching the triceps brachii muscle. If the mass is great, the amount of flexion necessary to move the mass could begin to overstretch the triceps that is being relaxed so as not to interfere with flexion. Stimulation of the muscle spindles in the triceps produces a reflex arc that brings about the relaxation of some of the motor units in the muscles involved in flexion, like the biceps. When the tension produced by the flexing muscles decreases to a point where they can no longer work against the resistance of the mass, the weight lifter will drop the weights involuntarily. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 91) The inferior point of the heart is called the ________.
: apex Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 106) Ralph is taking SCUBA diving classes and is confused as to why he should not hold his breath under water while ascending-his instructor told him he must exhale continuously. What would you tell him?
: When breathing the compressed air from a SCUBA tank, the lungs are virtually completely inflated. Problems would arise if he held his breath and began to ascend. On ascending, the decrease in pressure would cause the gas in his lungs to expand (Boyle's law). Since the lungs are already fully inflated, this would cause over-inflation and possible rupturing of the lung. If this occurred, air would leak from the lungs into the pleural cavity, resulting in a pneumothorax and a collapsed lung. Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.4
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 60) You are studying for your physiology test with your lab partner. She insists that the purpose of the knee jerk reflex is to test for neural or muscular damage. State whether or not you agree with her, and why.
: While reflexes can be exploited by medical personnel as a means to assess neural and muscular function, that is not their "purpose" in the sense of why they occur. Each reflex has a function; for example, the knee jerk reflex helps control movement at the knee joint. Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 189) If the stroke volume of the left ventricle is 65 mL/beat and the stroke volume of the right ventricle is 68 mL/beat, what will happen to the relative distribution of blood in the systemic and pulmonary circulation after 15 beats?
: With each heartbeat, the left side will get "behind" by 3 mL, with this volume contributing to congestion in the pulmonary circuit; after 15 beats, the deficit will total 45 mL of extra fluid in the pulmonary circuit. This could be the beginning of congestion that sets the stage for congestive heart failure. Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 76) Two of your physiology classmates are trying to figure out if cross country skiing is a voluntary activity or a rhythmic activity. They come to you to determine who is correct. What do you tell them?
: You explain that they are, to some degree, both correct. While learning to cross country ski, you would set up central pattern generators that would help you repeat predictable orders of movement. Since those movements would be automatic with your brain being responsible for starting and stopping the central pattern generators, it would be a rhythmic activity. However if there is a change in terrain or slope where you are skiing, your brain would have to alter the patterns and adapt to the changing terrain, requiring voluntary motions. Most athletic endeavors would involve a combination of voluntary and rhythmic movements. Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 54) A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________.
: a cerebral hemorrhage, a stroke Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) Capillaries lack smooth muscle and elastic or fibrous tissue reinforcement. Instead, their walls consist of ________, supported on a cellular matrix called ________.
: a flat layer of endothelium, the basal lamina. Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) Blood pressure is highest in the ________ and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system, due to ________.
: arteries, the energy lost as a result of the resistance to flow offered by the vessels. Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) The chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins are the ________.
: atria Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 95) The opening between each atrium and its ventricle is guarded by the ________, which connects the ventricular side to collagenous tendons, called ________. ________ muscles provide stability for these tendons.
: atrioventricular valve, chordae tendineae; Papillary Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 109) Listening to the heart through the chest wall is called ________.
: auscultation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) Receptors that monitor blood pressure are called ________.
: baroreceptors Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 90) The superior portion of the heart where the major blood vessels enter and exit is the ________.
: base Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 68) The condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear slightly yellow is due to high blood levels of the substance ________.
: bilirubin Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 104) A resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is identified as ________.
: bradycardia Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 56) Because of their smooth muscle component, the structures of the lower respiratory system that can most alter airway resistance are the ________.
: bronchioles Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 74) In smooth muscle cells, Ca2+ binds to ________ which activates the enzyme ________ to phosphorylate myosin and increase force.
: calmodulin, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) Too little oxygen in cells is often accompanied by too much ________, which is called ________.
: carbon dioxide, hypercapnia Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 102) The period of time from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next is termed the ________.
: cardiac cycle Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Plasma consists of blood minus ________ and ________.
: cells, platelets Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) Rhythmic reflexive motor activities, such as breathing or walking, are controlled by networks of neurons in the central nervous system called ________.
: central pattern generators Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 58) Ongoing diseases in which air flow during expiration is diminished are known as ________.
: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 58) The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is (higher/lower) in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.
: colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure, higher Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.
: colony-stimulating factors Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 50) The ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure is termed ________.
: compliance Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 82) The most proximal arteries to branch from the aorta are the ________.
: coronary arteries Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 87) The term for reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle is ________.
: coronary ischemia Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 44) The ________ is essentially a group of interneurons that run from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.
: corticospinal tract Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) The reductions in muscle force generation at lengths different from optimal are a result of a(n) ________.
: decrease in crossbridge formation Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 75) Store-operated calcium channels open in response to ________.
: depleted intracellular stores of calcium Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.18
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease ________.
: diabetic retinopathy Section Title: Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) The T-tubular membrane contains ________ receptors that are ________ and therefore respond to action potentials. This receptor is mechanically linked to ________ receptors in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum.
: dihydropyridine (DHP) or L-type calcium channel, voltage-sensing, ryanodine (RyR) or calcium release channel Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 55) Mean arterial pressure is (indirectly/directly) proportional to ________ and (indirectly/directly) proportional to ________.
: directly, cardiac output, directly, resistance of arterioles Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) The output of the ________ group of inspiratory neurons controls the ________ muscle(s) by way of the ________ nerve.
: dorsal respiratory, diaphragm (or internal intercostal), phrenic (or intercostal) Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The ________ group of neurons contains mostly inspiratory neurons. The ________ group of neurons controls muscles used for active expiration and some inspiratory muscles.
: dorsal respiratory; ventral respiratory Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 86) The pressure created in the ventricles is called the ________ pressure because ________.
: driving, it is the force that drives blood through the blood vessels Section Title: Pressure, Volume, Flow, and Resistance Learning Outcome: 14.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 66) The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called ________.
: edema Section Title: The Lymphatic System Learning Outcome: 15.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 51) The ability of a lung to recoil, or recover from stretch, is called ________.
: elastance Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.
: elastic recoil Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 101) A tracing of the electrical activity of the heart, monitored by electrodes placed on the skin, is called a(n) ________.
: electrocardiogram Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Some have a congenital alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. If the job of alpha-1 antitrypsin is to inhibit trypsin and elastase, what condition are people with this genetic deficiency likely to develop?
: emphysema Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) In the disease ________, many symptoms are due to destruction of elastic fibers in the lung.
: emphysema Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 111) The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.
: end-diastolic volume Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 112) The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.
: end-systolic volume Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 88) During the fight-or-flight reaction, ________ is released from the adrenal medulla and binds to ________ receptors, found on the vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver, and skeletal muscle arterioles and results in (increased/decreased) blood flow to these organs; the same hormone binds to ________ receptors on other tissues, causing (increased/decreased) blood flow to these organs.
: epinephrine, β2, increased, α, decreased Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) The hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells is ________.
: erythropoietin Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) The volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs following a normal exhalation is called the ________.
: expiratory reserve volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 153) The duration of the action potential is ________ in contractile myocardium, ________ in autorhythmic contractile, and ________ in skeletal muscle.
: extended: 200+ msec, variable: generally 150+ msec, short: 1-2 msec Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 61) Groups of adjacent fibers bundled together into units are called ________. These bundles are surrounded by the proteins ________ and elastin as well as ________ that deliver nutrients to the muscle cells.
: fascicles; Collagen, blood vessels Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 100) A heart with cells contracting rapidly in a disorganized manner, with no effective pumping action, is said to be in ________.
: fibrillation Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) The dissolution of fibrin by plasmin is known as ________.
: fibrinolysis Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 33) The motor neurons associated with intrafusal muscle fibers are referred to as ________ motor neurons.
: gamma Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) The carotid and aortic bodies contain specialized ________ cells, which can increase ventilation in response to changes in PO2, PCO2, or pH.
: glomus Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 48) Specialized ________ in the carotid and aortic bodies are activated by a decrease in PO2 and pH or an increase in PCO2. What do they trigger?
: glomus cells; they trigger a reflex increase in ventilation. Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) Fatigue that occurs in response to extended submaximal exertion is usually due to ________ whereas fatigue to a short duration of maximal exertion involves ________.
: glycogen depletion, elevated inorganic phosphate (Pi) or ion imbalance Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) Active bone marrow is red because of the presence of ________ whereas inactive marrow is ________ because of an abundance of adipocytes.
: hemoglobin, yellow Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 37) PCO2 tends to be ________ in tissues than in systemic capillaries.
: higher Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Generally, PO2 in arterial blood is ________ than PO2 in venous blood.
: higher Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 57) A powerful bronchoconstrictor released by mast cells is ________.
: histamine Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is ________.
: hypertension Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.10
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) An increase in the rate and depth of breathing is known as ________.
: hyperventilation Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.15
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) Too little oxygen in cells is called ________.
: hypoxia Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) As a muscle cell undergoes an eccentric contraction, sarcomere length will ________ as the length of the A band ________.
: increase, does not change Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 154) Sympathetic stimulation to the pacemaker cells ________ heart rate by ________ ion flow through ________ and ________ channels.
: increases, increasing, If , calcium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled on top of a normal inspiration is called the ________.
: inspiratory reserve volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 76) The gap junctions in cardiac muscle are part of specialized cell junctions that are localized to the ________.
: intercalated disks Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.21
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 96) Cell junctions in contractile cells are called ________, which consist of two components: ________ and ________.
: intercalated disks, desmosomes, gap junctions Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) The term used for a cytokine that is released by one white blood cell that acts on another is ________.
: interleukin Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 67) The condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear slightly yellow is called ________.
: jaundice Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the ________.
: latch state Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.17
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Fear and excitement may affect the pace and depth of respiration by stimulation of portions of the ________.
: limbic system Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.17
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Generally, PCO2 in arterial blood is ________ than PCO2 in venous blood.
: lower Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) The ________ consist of light, spongy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces.
: lungs Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Diffusion rate is indirectly proportional to ________.
: membrane thickness Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 41) In a ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.
: monosynaptic Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 47) Inappropriate relaxation of the ________ muscles during sleep contributes to ________, a sleep disorder associated with snoring.
: mouth and throat (larynx, pharynx, and tongue), obstructive sleep apnea Section Title: Regulation of Ventilation Learning Outcome: 18.14
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 48) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a ________.
: mucociliary escalator Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 34) The tension maintained in a muscle at rest is known as ________.
: muscle tone Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 93) The muscle layer of the heart wall is the ________.
: myocardium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 77) A(n) ________ contraction describes the opening of stretch-activated channels in smooth muscle cells in response to a distortion of the cell membrane that is commonly observed in ________.
: myogenic, blood vessels Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.19
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) In fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fibers, their rapid increases in force rely on the ________ activity where rapid relaxation requires ________ activity.
: myosin ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) The thick filament of the myofibril is composed of ________ molecules whereas ________ is a protein that makes up the thin filaments.
: myosin, actin Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.2
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) The collection of pathways controlling a single joint is known as ________. The simplest reflex in this collection of pathways is the ________, which involves only two neurons: ________ neuron from the ________ and the ________ neuron to the muscle.
: myotatic unit; monosynaptic stretch reflex, sensory, muscle spindle, somatic Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 43) Most reflexes are regulated by ________.
: negative feedback Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 99) The cells responsible for establishing the rate of a cardiac contraction are the ________.
: nodal cells Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ________.
: orthostatic hypotension Section Title: Resistance in Arterioles Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) Capillary exchange involving movement between the endothelial cells is called the ________ pathway.
: paracellular Section Title: Exchange at the Capillaries Learning Outcome: 15.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases is known as ________.
: partial pressure Section Title: Gas Laws Learning Outcome: 17.13
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 94) The heart is encased in a tough membranous sac called the ________. The heart is composed mostly of ________ muscle tissue, called the ________.
: pericardium, cardiac, myocardium Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 49) Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________.
: pericytes, blood-brain barrier Section Title: The Blood Vessels Learning Outcome: 15.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 70) In hemostasis, vasoconstriction is rapidly followed by mechanical blockage of the hole by a ________.
: platelet plug Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of ________.
: pleural fluid Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 42) A ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neuron.
: polysynaptic Section Title: Neural Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 65) The structures that regulate blood flow into single capillaries within a tissue are ________.
: precapillary sphincters Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) Air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.
: pressure gradients, pumps Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 71) Asynchronous activation of motor units is important because it functions to ________.
: prevent fatigue Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.12
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) In ________, fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces of the lungs, slowing gas exchange.
: pulmonary edema Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 88) The ________ directs blood from the ________ of the heart to the lungs. Backflow of blood to the heart is prevented by ________. Blood from the lungs returns to the heart via ________.
: pulmonary trunk, right ventricle; pulmonary valves; pulmonary veins Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 52) The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as ________.
: pulse Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 35) In order to flex a limb, the extensors must first be relaxed and vice versa. This is done by a process called ________.
: reciprocal innervation Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 62) In healthy adults, blood cell production occurs only in the ________.
: red bone marrow Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 63) The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration is called the ________.
: residual volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) List and describe the lung volumes.
: residual volume (quantity of air that cannot be expelled), expiratory reserve volume (quantity of air that is expelled only with forced expiration), tidal volume (quantity of air that is inhaled and exhaled under a specific condition, usually normal resting breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (quantity of air that can be inhaled with a forceful inspiration) Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 97) The ________ are calcium channels in cardiac contractile cells. Opening them causes ________.
: ryanodine receptors; calcium-induced calcium release Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 92) The ________ is a wall that separates the two sides of the heart.
: septum Section Title: Cardiac Muscle and the Heart Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) A ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath.
: spirometer Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 110) Narrowing of the opening of a heart valve is referred to as ________.
: stenosis Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.7
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 51) Muscle spindles are ________ receptors and cause reflex ________, whereas Golgi tendon organs respond primarily to ________ and cause a ________ reflex.
: stretch, contraction, tension, relaxation (Golgi tendon organs are relatively insensitive to muscle stretch.) Section Title: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Learning Outcome: 13.7
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) Diffusion rate is directly proportional to ________ and ________.
: surface area, concentration gradient Section Title: Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues Learning Outcome: 18.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 54) The substance produced by the lungs to reduce surface tension is called ________.
: surfactant Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 85) The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the alveoli of the lungs.
: systemic Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 107) The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is termed ________.
: systole Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 105) A resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute is identified as ________.
: tachycardia Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.9
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 36) Relaxation of skeletal muscle results from ________ input by the somatic motor neuron.
: the absence of excitatory Section Title: The Integrated Control of Body Movement Learning Outcome: 13.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 98) The AV node delays the transmission of action potentials slightly to allow ________.
: the atria to complete their contraction before ventricular contraction begins Section Title: The Heart as a Pump Learning Outcome: 14.8
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 86) Three tissues-________, ________, and ________-do NOT have traditional capillaries. Instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are (wider/narrower) than a capillary.
: the bone marrow, the liver, the spleen; sinusoids, wider Section Title: Distribution of the Blood to the Tissues Learning Outcome: 15.11
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) The primary function of the alveoli is ________.
: the exchange of gases between themselves and the blood Section Title: The Respiratory System Learning Outcome: 17.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 81) The cardiovascular system is made up of ________, ________, and ________.
: the heart, blood vessels, blood (Answers can be in any order.) Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 53) Venous return to the heart is aided by ________ and the ________.
: the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump Section Title: Blood Pressure Learning Outcome: 15.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 64) The growth and maturation of megakaryocytes is regulated by the glycoprotein ________.
: thrombopoietin (TPO) Section Title: Blood Cell Production Learning Outcome: 16.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 60) The volume of air moved in a single respiration is called the ________.
: tidal volume Section Title: Ventilation Learning Outcome: 17.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 69) Plasminogen is activated by an enzyme called ________.
: tissue plasminogen activator Section Title: Platelets and Coagulation Learning Outcome: 16.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 78) The primary function of the cardiovascular system is ________.
: to transport material to and from all parts of the body Section Title: Overview of the Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome: 14.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) The two main components of plasma are ________ and ________. Name two other components found in plasma.
: water, proteins; other components found in plasma include: dissolved organic molecules, ions, trace elements and vitamins, and dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Section Title: Plasma and the Cellular Elements of Blood Learning Outcome: 16.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 72) In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells function over a ________ range of muscle lengths and exhibit a speed of contraction that is ________ than skeletal muscle.
: wider, slower Section Title: Smooth Muscle Learning Outcome: 12.15