Quiz 5- Anatomy and physiology

Know which muscles the spinal flexors are

List the spinal flexor muscles: longus capitis, longus colli, quadratus lumborum 1. Quadratus lumborum: -lliac crest and iliolumbar ligament (origin) -Last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae (insertion) -Together, they depress rubs; alone, each side laterally flexes vertebral column -The iliac crest is the origin of the: quadratus lumborum 2. longus capities: -Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae(origin) -base of the occipital bone(insertion) -together, the two sides flex the neck; alone, each rotates head to that side (action) 3. longus colli: -Anterior surfaces of cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae (origin) -Transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae (insertion) -Flexes or rotates neck; limits hyperextension (Action)

accessory muscles of mastication and muscles that aid in swallowing (named by group, do not have to know each individual muscle)

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in: swallowing

common origin of wrist extensors and flexors

Are the wrist extensors located on the anterior surface or the posterior surface of the forearm? -posterior surface • Extensors -Originate on lateral epicondyle (off of humerus) -Tennis Elbow • Flexors -Originate on medial epicondyle -Golfer Elbow

actions of biceps brachii

-Flexion at elbow -Flexion at the shoulder -Supination

actions of extrinsic eye muscles

-Inferior rectus: (action) Eye looks inferiorly -medial rectus: (action) Eye looks medially -superior rectus: (action) Eye looks superiorly -lateral rectus: (action) Eye looks laterally -inferior oblique: (action) Eye rolls, looks superiorly and laterally -superior oblique: (action) Eye rolls, looks inferiorly and laterally -The eye muscles include all of the following muscles except: lateral oblique -The ______ muscle allows you to look down: Inferior rectus -The ______ allows you to look up: superior rectus -Medial rotation of the eyeball is performed by the ________ muscle: medial rectus

special term for plasma membrane and cytosol of the skeletal muscle

-Sarcolemma = plasma membrane of skeletal muscle -Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm of skeletal muscle

how do we move our phalanges?

-The bones that form the fingers are the: Phalanges -Bones that make up the fingers or toes. -No muscles originate on the phalanges.

structure of the neuromuscular junction

-The neuromuscular junction is where the axon terminals of a motor neuron interact with the skeletal muscle fiber midway along the fiberʹs length. -Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single: neuromuscular junction -Communication between axons & muscle fibers occurs at specialized synapses called: neuromuscular junctions

Trendelenburg sign and the primary muscle associated with preventing it

-When hips are uneven - Gluteus Medius -Gluteus minimus

Why we have very few spinal flexors

1. Many large trunk muscles flex vertebral column 2. Most body weight is anterior to vertebral column, so gravity tends to flex the spine

compartment syndrome

Compartment syndrome: -Trauma to a limb can cause bleeding -Elevates pressure; compressing blood vessels and nerves in that compartment -Lack of blood flow leads to "blood starvation" (ischemia) -Can lead to paralysis or death of the muscle if pressure is not relieved within 2-4 hours •If the anterior compartment of the lower limb was suffering from ʺcompartment syndrome,ʺ which of these structures would not be at risk of injury?: Answer: D A) tibialis anterior B) vastus lateralis C) rectus femoris D) biceps femoris E) femoral artery

Origin and insertion of intercostals

External Intercostal: - Origin: Inferior surface of superior rib - Insertion: Superior portion of inferior rib - Elevates rib Internal Intercostal: - Origin: Superior portion of inferior rib - Insertion: Inferior portion of superior rib - Depresses rib Damage to which of the following muscles would interfere most with the ability to breathe? -Intercostals

know different energy systems (anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic, etc). Know where and what is happening

Glycolysis: PYRUVATE -anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate -Occurs in cytosol -Anaerobic means oxygen is not required -Produces 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules for each glucose -1 molecule of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH -Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism: When ATP must be produced anaerobically. Aerobic Metabolism: -A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by: aerobic metabolism of fatty acids. -Provides 95% of ATP demands of resting cell -Occurs in mitochondria -Most ATP comes from electron transport chain activity -Produces 15 ATP for each pyruvate Muscle metabolism at rest: -Low ATP demand -Mitochondria produce surplus ATP -Fatty acids and glucose absorbed from bloodstream -Make ATP to convert creatine to creatine phosphate and glucose to glycogen Muscle metabolism at moderate activity levels: -ATP demand increases -Relies on aerobic metabolism of pyruvate (from glycolysis) to make ATP -Increased consumption of oxygen -No fatigue until glycogen, lipid, amino acid reserves exhausted Muscle metabolism at peak activity levels: -Enormous ATP demands -Mitochondria at maximum production provides ~1/3 ATP needs -Rest produced by glycolysis -Excess pyruvate converts to lactate -Lactate and H+ increase, drops pH (lactic acidosis); causes muscle fatigue -Muscle fibers produce lactate when there is a lack of oxygen.

Different types of muscle contraction

Muscle contractions may be isotonic or isometric; isotonic contractions may be concentric or eccentric Isotonic contraction: -Tension rises and skeletal muscle length changes - Examples: lifting an object, walking, running Two types of isotonic contractions: Concentric contraction: -Muscle tension rises until exceeds load -As muscle shortens, tension remains constant (isotonic) Example: flexing elbow while holding a dumbbell -Speed of contraction inversely related to load Eccentric contraction: -Peak tension produced is less than the load -Muscle elongates -Example: returning dumbbell from flexed position to extended -When contraction ends, load stretches muscle until: • Muscle tears • Tendon breaks • Elastic recoil opposes load Isometric contraction: -Muscle length does not change -Tension never exceeds load -Contraction muscle bulges but not as much as during isotonic contraction -Example: postural muscle contraction •Compare concentric and eccentric contractions: -Concentric contractions occur when the muscle tension exceeds the load, and the muscle shortens. Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle tension is less than the load, and the muscle elongates.

Name the muscles of the rotator cuff

Rotator cuff = common name for a collection of four muscles and associated tendons that are involved in arm movements such as throwing a ball -Often injured in sports such as football and baseball Acronym SITS assists in remembering them - Supraspinatus - Infraspinatus - Teres minor - Subscapularis - Rotor cuff stabilizes humerus head

actions of muscles that blend into the Achilles tendon, answer a functional question

attaches to the: calcaneus

axial vs. appendicular muscles

• Axial: -Axial muscles position the head and spinal column and also move the rib cage for breathing -The axial muscles stabilize and position the head, neck, and trunk -Support and position axial skeleton -Arise on axial skeleton -Position head and spinal column -Move rib cage, assist in breathing -sternocleidomastoid • Appendicular: -The function of the appendicular muscles is to: support, move, and brace the limbs. -Support, move, and brace the limbs -Remaining 40% of all skeletal muscles -Stabilize or move appendicular skeleton -hamstring group •Identify to which division, axial or appendicular, the following muscles belong: deltoid, external oblique, gluteus maximus, pectoralis major, platysma, and rectus femoris: -deltoid = appendicular; external oblique = axial; gluteus maximus = appendicular; pectoralis major = appendicular; platysma = axial; rectus femoris = appendicular •Identify the division (axial or appendicular) to which each of the following muscles belongs: biceps brachii, external oblique, temporalis, and vastus medialis: -biceps brachii = appendicular; external oblique = axial; temporalis = axial; vastus medialis = appendicular

actions of biceps femoris

• Flexion at knee • Extension and lateral rotation at hip Which of the following muscles belongs to the flexors of the knee muscle group? (D) A) biceps femoris B) semimembranosus C) semitendinosus D) All of the answers are correct.

terms used for growth of muscle tissue as well as decreases size of muscle tissue

• Hypertrophy = muscle enlargement: -From repeated exhaustive stimulation -Size increase due to: -More mitochondria -More glycogen/glycolytic enzyme -More/wider myofibrils (stronger) -More myofilaments -Steroid hormones -In pregnancy, expansion of the uterus results from: hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells. • Atrophy = decreased muscle size, tone, and power: -From decreased stimulation -Normal aging -Paralysis/nervous system damage -Reduced use (cast after fracture) -Initially reversible; if prolonged muscle fibers can die and not be replaced • Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle cells and muscle atrophy is a decrease in the size of the muscle cells.

actions of muscles of mastication

• Masseter • Temporalis • Pterygoids (medial and lateral)