Quiz 9

The "law of effect" states:

any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated

The technical definition of a reinforcer is:

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?

best friends

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally?

conditioned

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error ______

declines

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following?

ability to sort or arrange different items into classes

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the response is ______ by a stimulus that comes ________ it.

elicited; before

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?

in classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of:

positive punishment

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called _____

preparedness

Effects that increase behaviors are _____ effects that decrease them are ______

reinforcers; punishers

Pin-ya raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under control.

stimulus

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

the tone, but not the light