QUIZ ANSWERS unit 2

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? (can be multiple) A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A. interpersonal; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal; naturalist C. logical-mathematical; interpersonal D. musical; linguistic

A. interpersonal; intrapersonal

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. A. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." B. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." C. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." D. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

D. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

The continuous development approach views development as a ________. A. biological imperative B. cumulative process C. series of accidents D. unique progress

B. cumulative process

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? (can be multiple) A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. A. artificial B. event C. mental D. role

B. event

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A. concept B. language C. prototype D. schemata

B. language

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. A. model B. natural C. prototype D. unnatural

B. natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. (can be multiple) A. known; unknown B. natural; artificial C. realizable; unrealizable D. unnatural; unidentified

B. natural; artificial

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? A. fluid reasoning B. processing memory C. verbal comprehension D. working memory

B. processing memory

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences." (can be multiple) A. The word "category" should be changed to the word "type." B. The word "linguistic" should be changed to the word "emotional." C. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept." D. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "schema."

C. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. conditioning B. extinction C. acquisition D. neutral stimulate

C. acquisition

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? (can be multiple) A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? (can be multiple) A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C. emotion can be a conditioned response

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

C. genes and biology

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. (can be multiple) A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. A. experiments B. FASD C. schemata D. teratogens

D. teratogens

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

D. trust vs. mistrust

Learning is defined as: A. an relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. B. those experiences, direct or indirect, that shape the behavior of an individual C. the associations formed between stimulus and response as a result of conditioning D. changes in behavior that are permanent and functional

A. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. A. abused B. born addicted to cocaine C. with ADHD D. separated from their parents

A. abused

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? A. assimilation B. conservation C. egocentrism D. reversibility

A. assimilation

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

A. babbling

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. concrete operational B. formal operations C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

A. concrete operational

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? (can be multiple) A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A. fixed interval

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. A. a pound of feather weighs the same as a pound of dirt B. hidden objects are still there C. others have false beliefs D. what goes up must come down

C. others have false beliefs

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. (can be multiple) A. determining B. processing C. thinking D. understanding

C. thinking

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. A. ability to communicate B. ability to speak C. lexicon D. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

D. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Joe tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

D. operant conditioning