Quiz Questions Midterm

Whether the substance or content of a measure adequately represents the universe of content of the attribute being measured

Construct validity refers to ____.

Having experts review the test

Content-related evidence of validity would be provided by:

Comparing scores on an instrument with scores on another instrument given to the same sample

Criterion-related evidence of validity would be provided by:

Construct

The ______ validity refers to the extent a test or questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure.

Whether or not independent variable was ultimately responsible for any change in the dependent variable

"Internal validity" refers to:

There is a different group of participants for each of the different treatment conditions.

A between-subjects design differs from a within-subjects design in that in a between-subjects design:

are homogenous

A fixed-effects model is most appropriate in a meta-analysis when study findings:

randomized controlled trial

A group of researchers are interested in investigating whether it is possible to teach phoneme awareness skills to pre-literate children with speech disorders. 42 children with speech disorder, aged 4;0-4;6, were randomly allocated to either a phonological awareness or a language stimulation program. Children were assessed on four measures of phoneme awareness (alliteration awareness, phoneme isolation, word segmentation, and phoneme addition/deletion) immediately before and after the program and categorized as 'improved' or 'not improved' according to predetermined criteria. What type of research did the perform?

External validity

A group of researchers want to make sure that any results they find in a particular group of participants would also be true for other people, in other places, in studies with other researchers. If a study can do this, we can say that the study has a high level of ___.

An evaluative overview of what is known about a topic based on published research and theoretical accounts, which serves as a basis for future research or policy decisions

A literature review is best described as:

correlational research

A research team measures the relationship between severity of stroke and speech intelligibility. This is an example of what?

Independent: Palatography, Dependent: speech intelligibility

A researcher is interested in identifying the effect of Palatography on improving speech intelligibility in patients with dysarthria. What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?

using a control group; random assignment of subjects; blinding

A researcher would like to investigate the effect of biofeedback vs. traditional articulation therapy on speech errors in children. Previous studies have shown that dental occlusion is also related to articulation error. How can she control this variable? (Select all that apply)

qualitative

A study was completed using ethnographic and conversation analysis methodologies to explore characteristics and functions of feedback in traditional aphasia treatment sessions. The investigators identified and described multiple functions of clinician feedback based on analysis of 15 aphasia treatment sessions. Feedback not only provided general motivation and shaped targeted language behavior but also assisted in managing important interactional aspects of the exchange. What type of study have these researchers conducted?

e. both A and B

A summary of a critical review of the best evidence on a specific topic is known as: a. a critical appraisal topic b. a critical appraisal paper c. a critical discussion d. introduction e. both A and B

a. excessive critical appraisal can lead to adoption of most effective treatments

All the following are among the critics of critical appraisals EXCEPT: a. excessive critical appraisal can lead to adoption of most effective treatments b. critical appraisal can harm if valid evidence is rejected c. critical appraisal lacks systematic application d. critical appraisals are time-consuming

c. lacking the objectivity, rigor, and comprehensiveness

All the following are limitations of meta-analysis EXCEPT: a. invalid primary studies b. overemphasis on statistical significance c. lacking the objectivity, rigor, and comprehensiveness d. heterogenous data e. overestimate of treatment effectiveness

a. It puts us in a superior position relative to other researchers.

All the following are valid reasons for evaluating research EXCEPT: a. It puts us in a superior position relative to other researchers. b. The quality of clinical services rely on the way evidence was obtained and presented. c. Application of research to clinical practice is related to the level of evidence. d. The use of high-level evidence in making clinical devisions in an ethical responsibility.

What are the independent and dependent variables?

All the following questions are related to the feasibility of a research project EXCEPT: a. What previous experience does the researcher have with this topic? b. What are the independent and dependent variables? c. What is the duration of the project? d. How much funds will be necessary to conduct the project?

ABAB

An SLP wants to know if using a metronome can temporarily reduce the speech rate for a patient with Parkinson's Disease. If the therapist decided to evaluate the technique with a single-subject design, which design would be appropriate?

Counterbalancing

An attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measures design: half the participants experience the conditions in one order, and the other half in the opposite order.

Institutional Review Board

At any institution in the United States that does research with human participants, researchers are required to get approval to conduct research from which establishment?

Clinical experiences and opinions of colleagues

Based on the study conducted by Zipoli and Kennedy (2005), which level of evidence most frequently used by SLPs to make clinical decisions?

elderly adults, with no cognitive impairments

Ethical considerations for the treatment of human participants now has guidelines implemented to protect vulnerable populations. Of the following, which would not be considered a vulnerable population?

there is consistency or correlation among repeated measures or observations

If a study is "reliable," this means that:

a conflict of interest

Imagine that you are approached by a company to develop a research paradigm testing their product. The company tells you that if you find positive results that their product works, then they will give you a bonus of $10,000. The acceptance of such an offer would be considered a...

pick up the file, hold on to it until she finishes, then remind her that leaving it out in the open would be considered a HIPAA violation

Imagine that you are in the restroom in the clinic. You come out of the bathroom stall and see that one of the members of your cohort leaves a patient file sitting on the edge of the sink -- she probably did this so she would minimize damage to the file. If you saw this happen, what should you do?

Within-subjects

In an experiment examining the effects of running on stress levels, one group of participants is tested after resting on a bed for 30 minutes. This is an example of a ____ design.

are capable of determining cause and effect relationships.

Like most other experimental designs, single-subject designs:

Randomized/controlled trials with >100 participants, Randomized/controlled trials with <100 participants, well-conducted cohort studies, well-conducted case-control studies

Rank the following studies from the highest to the lowest level of evidence.

Meta-analysis, systematic reviews, narrative reviews

Rank the studies from most rigorous to least rigorous (Meta-analysis, narrative reviews, systematic reviews)

between-subjects

Read the following abstract and indicate the type of research design: Purpose: Webcam treatment is potentially useful for health care in cases of early stuttering in which clients are isolated from specialized treatment services for geographic and other reasons. The purpose of the present trial was to compare outcomes of clinic and webcam deliveries of the Lidcombe Program treatment for early stuttering. Methods: Participants were 49 children aged 3 years 0 months to 5 years 11 months at the start of treatment that were divided into two groups: the standard Lidcombe Program treatment and the experimental webcam Lidcombe Program treatment. The primary outcome was the percentage of syllables stuttered at 9 months post-randomization. Findings: No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of typical stuttering severity. This trial confirmed the viability of the webcam Lidcombe Program Intervention. It appears to be as efficacious and economically viable as the standard clinic Lidcombe Program treatment.

d. randomization

Steps in a meta-analysis include all of the following EXCEPT: a. analysis b. definition c. selection d. randomization

c. only studies related to clinical social work are included in systematic reviews

Systematic reviews have all of the following in common except: a. systematic reviews are focused on a single topic b. the author(s) of a systematic review must document the criteria used to include or exclude studies from the review c. only studies related to clinical social work are included in systematic reviews d. systematic reviews differ from narrative reviews in that they attend to the rigor of the research design

manual searches

The best way to review landmark and classical studies is through:

scores on this variable are hypothesized to depend on, and vary with, the value of the independent variable

The dependent variable is so called because...

coercive

The federal government passed a law indicating that researchers were no longer allowed to penalize participants for not showing up to experiments, and also required researchers to provide alternative opportunities if research was required for the course. Failure to provide an alternative assignment or penalizing participants for not showing up would be considered unlawful because it is...

completing a thorough literature review

The first step in formulating a research question is...

meta-analysis

The most rigorous and methodologically complex kind of review article a(n):

PubMed

This database is produced by the National Library of Medicine and is primarily covering journals in Health Sciences:

have a true zero in their measurement scale

Variables with ratio measurement...

increase the number of our own citations on google, even if our citation doesn't belong

We cite research articles in our own writing for a number of reasons. Of the following, which would not be considered a reason to provide a citation? a. intellectual freedom b. supporting evidence c. increase the number of our own citations on google, even if our citation doesn't belong d. give credit where credit is due

e. all of the above

What (is) are great advantage(s) of systematic reviews? a. summarize large amounts of info b. provide decision-makers with synthesized info c. explain consistency and inconsistency of data d. identify conflicts e. all of the above

d. All of the above

What can you do if specific literature is not available at your home library? a. using the ILLiad system b. reaching out to the author directly via ResearchGate or email c. Asking your library to buy the publication d. All of the above

The precise distance between values is unknown

What is one drawback to variables with ordinal mesurement?

All participants experience both conditions of the experiment - the experimental condition and the control condition.

What is repeated measures design?

ASHAWire

What is the online platform for searching within ASHA journals?

Systematic reviews are based on systematic critical appraisals

When you compare narrative reviews with systematic reviews, which statement is correct?

Falsification occurs when a researcher enters random numbers for analysis to finish the research paper on time because the submission deadline for a conference is approaching, and there is not time to analyze the retrieved data properly.

Which of the following descriptions of falsification is incorrect?

An experiment where a skill that will improve with practice is being tested.

Which of the following experiments would warrant a within-subject design?

A scale from 1 to 4 measuring life satisfaction

Which of the following is an example of ordinal measurement?

clear indication of the variables involved

Which of the following is likely to be of greatest value in formulating hypotheses for a scientific investigation?

What is the clinical effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy on dysphagia in patients with chronic stroke?

Which of the following is the best formulated research question?

SLP graduate students who have taken the AAC course have better clinical skills than those who have not taken this course.

Which of the following statements can be checked using scientific inquiry?

All options are examples of ethical rights violations.

Which of the following would be considered an ethical human rights violation in a research context? a. preventing participants to freely leave an experiment before you have finished collecting data b. causing undue harm without informing the participant of harm (e.g., not fully explaining known side effects of a treatment) c. allowing a seventeen year old to participate in an experiment after obtaining informed consent d. all options are examples of ethical rights violations

Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment.

Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design?

No statistically significant relationship exists between phonological errors and hearing loss.

Which statement is an example of the "null" hypothesis?

Due to a lack of peer review or regulation, the information might be inaccurate and misleading.

Which statement is correct regarding locating information on the WWW?