Quiz Seven

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

"In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether"

A presented stimulus is a word

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

"According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically ""privileged"" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience."

Basic

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically ""privileged"" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

Basic

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

Crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

Damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of ""chairs"" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Family resemblance

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category ""dog."" Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

Is a dog that does not bark

Rosch primed participants with colour names, followed by two colour patches that either matched or mismatched. She found that participants responded more rapidly in the matching task if the colour patches were "good" examples of colours like red and green than if they were "poor" examples like "pink" or "light green". Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with ""good"" examples of colors such as ""red"" and ""green"" than when they are presented with ""poor"" examples such as ""pink"" or ""light green."" The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

Prototype

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Semantic category

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

Sensory attributes; function

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

Superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify ""a canary is a bird"" is _____ the reaction time to verify ""an ostrich is a bird.

The same as

For the category ""fruit,"" people give a higher typicality rating to ""banana"" than to ""kiwi."" Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word ""fruit"" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.

Mirror

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

Definitional

According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. One day they go hiking and see many birds which they point out to each other. Which of the following is most likely?

Olin uses subordinate names and Bob uses basic level names

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

Subordinate; basic

People playing the parlor game ""20 Questions"" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: ""Is it an animal?"" ""Is it a vegetable?"" and ""Is it a mineral?"" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate