Quizlet Live: CCOT East Asia

Zheng He

(1371-1433) An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864)The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. Indicative of the Qing Dynasty failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by U.S. admiral Matthew Perry

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became Japan's protectorate.

Terracotta Warriors

-Farmers accidentally discovered part of the tomb project while digging a well -8,00 warriors- 8th wonder of the ancient world -guarding the tomb of the first Chinese emperor. -lift size, warriors, chariots, horses, acrobats, musicians, and more no two are alike; not created out of one piece of stone

5 key relationships

1. Father to Son - There should be kindness in the father, and filial piety in the son. 2. Elder Brother to Younger Brother - There should be gentility (politeness) in the elder brother, and humility in the younger. 3. Husband to Wife - The husband should be benevolent, and the wife should listen. 4. Elder to Junior - There should be consideration among the elders and deference among the juniors. 5. Ruler to Subject - There should be benevolence among the rulers and loyalty among the subjects.

Opening of Japan

1. Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry 2. The United States wanted to find new markets following industrialization, and Japan offered new economic opportunities 3. The Treaty of Kanagawa signed by two nations, opened Japan to trade 4. Japanese isolation ended; the country focused on a new domestic policy of rapid modernization

East Asian Trade and Cultural Contacts with Outsiders 1450-1750

1. Trade contacts with westerners were limited to a few trading enterprises with the Dutch and Portuguese. 2. Initial tolerance of Christian Missionaries before instituting a ban on Christian proselytizing. 3. Ming/Qing emperor's court was curious about European science, technology, and practical mechanical inventions. 4. Still strong ethnocentric attitudes towards the West.

Confucius

1. lived by two ideals: wanted to produce excellent individuals who could be social leaders, and wanted to create a harmonious society 2. believed each human being was capable of being good 3. lived and wrote during the Era of Warring States.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan

Deng Xiaoping

1904-1997 The leader of China and the Communist party following Mao Zedong's death who implemented new policies that led China toward a mix of a socialist and market economy. Although his policies increased the living standards of many, he was known for brutality, like at Tiananmen Square.

extraterritorality

19th century Europeans who lived in China were subject their own laws but not Chinese laws.

Wu Wei

A chief value of Daoism is ______ - disengagement from the affairs of the world, and the ability to live simply, and in harmony with nature

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

red guards

A paramilitary social movement of young people, mobilized by Mao in 1966-67 during the cultural revolution. Tasked with rooting out the 'four olds' and hunting down capitalists within the Chinese communist party, they became increasingly violent towards those who opposed them.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

feudal

A political and social order that was created in the Middle Ages when governments weren't able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection to the people in exchange for land. The rise of centralized governments in Western Europe, Russia, and Japan mark the end of feudalism in the early modern era.

Treaty of Nanking

A. increased the number of ports open to foreigners from one (Canton) to five and the island of Hong Kong became a long-term British colony. B. British residents in China gained extraterritorial rights, which meant that they could live and conduct business under British laws rather than Chinese laws. C. The Qing government had to accept a low tariff of 5% on imports and had to pay a stiff penalty for "starting" the war.

Spheres of Influence

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

Five Year Plans

Any plan for national economic or industrial development specifying goals to be reached within a five year period.(Especially taken in by the Soviet Union and China)

Grand Canal

Built in 7th century during reign of Yangzi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

alternate attendance

By edict of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1635, the country's regional lords (daimyo) were required to reside in Edo during alternate years. This policy was known as "Sankin Kotai," and it helped the shoguns maintain control of the daimyo since adhering to the requirement was both time-consuming and costly, leaving the daimyo little money to raise armies or munitions.

cultural revolution: (1966-1976

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation

Economic Importance of the Grand Canal

China's Grand Canal facilitated trade between northern and southern China, fully integrating the economies of both regions into a network that allowed food crops to be transported easily across the empire.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.

Mao Zedong

Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. Heralded as an influential leader who transformed China into world power. Programs led to large unnecessary loss of life and damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations

Hundred Days of Reform

Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.

junks

Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.

active

Confucianism encourages ______relationships and a very ______ government as a fundamentally good force in the world.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Scholar-Gentry

Gov't workers (bureaucrats) appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. These men had earned academic degrees by passing the rigorous imperial examinations. The _____________ were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911.

Emperor Wu Di

Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform system of public education. Established an imperial university to educate government officials in 124 B.C.E. Enrollment began at 3,000 students and rose to more than 30,000 students during the later Han.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine

Mongol Rule in China (Impact)

In China, some Mongols sampled Daoism or Buddhism, though most remained true to their ancient animistic beliefs. While they adopted many Chinese luxuries, such as wearing silk, the Yuan dynasty did not attempt to assimilate into Chinese society.

Samurai

Japanese soldiers who served the land owned by the lords (daimyos).

Yellow River Valley Civilization

Named for its light colored loess soil, which made it appear yellow, the Yellow, or Huang He River plain was the site of China's earliest civilization, the Shang. The plain's fertile farmland sometimes suffered from such great flooding that the river became known as "China's Sorrow

legalism

One of the major philosophies that emerged from the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period. Strict laws with harsh punishments lessen number and severity of crimes. Government strength lies in its agriculture and military—therefore those two areas demanded the highest number of recruits; government discouraged other career paths. Used by the Qin dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, to end Warring States period.

Daimyos

Powerful territorial lords in Japan - Had a great deal of local control - Caused political power to fragment -Each maintained his own government and his own samurai loyal to him - Pledged allegiance to the shogun as an overlord - Acted independently and quarreled frequently

Meiji Restoration

Restoration of the Meiji Dynasty to the throne in Japan; beginning of industrialization in Japan; improved transportation, education and communication

ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281.

ren (Confucianism)

Confucius believed that the five basic relations should be characterized by ____, or kindness and benevolence. Outward behavior that reflects ___ includes courtesy, respect,diligence and loyalty.

passive

Daoism encourages a ______existence, and little government interference with this pursuit.

Oracle Bones

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. Bones that were used in divination rituals. Animal bones and tortoise shells on which priests scratched questions for the gods, or a dead ancestor who would answer questions.

Shang Dynasty

The history of China may be traced to the first written records that describe a distinctive culture with its own cuisine, beliefs, and practices that emerged between 1750 and 1500 B.C.E. The culture is known as the _____________, which conquered most of the other tribes, founded a kingdom that stretched north and south from the Huang He River Valley, and lasted about 700 years.

Industrial Revolution in Europe and Japan

The industrialization of Europe and Japan followed very similar paths, but Japan's was on fast forward. It managed to accomplish in a few decades what had taken Europe more than a century, in large part because it didn't have to invent everything itself-it just needed to implement the advances of Western industrialization. The difference is that industrialization in Japan was government-directed, not a slowly evolving process like in Great Britain.

Confucianism and merchants

The merchants are ranked the lowest in the Classical Chinese Confucian social order due to the fact that they do not produce anything, only profit from others' creations. The merchant class was often more affluent than farmers and artisans, but they are still on the bottom of the social order.

Tang and Song innovations

The technological, social, and cultural innovations from these dynasties included the first use of the compass; the invention of a water-powered clock,gunpowder, and printing press with movable type; the rise of densely populated urban areas; the growth of NeoConfucian thought; the use of stylized landscape painting; and the development of paper currency and flying cash, a form of credit.

Indian Ocean trade routes

These trade routes served as water-based counterparts to the silk roads and connected China, Southeast Asia,India, and the Middle East. Traders contributed to the spread of Buddhism and Hindu cults along these sea lanes.

Black Ships

These were the ships on which Commodore Perry travelled. They were known as black ships as they were fuelled by coal, and this coal let up thick black smoke (which also blackened the sails). Many Japanese at the time thought these ships were dragons.

mandate of heaven

This Chinese belief stated that the gods had granted power to the political ruler and also had the ability to revoke that power. This revocation could be seen through events such as floods. peasant uprisings, and nomadic invasions.

Sui Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty existed from 589 AD to 618 AD, and it ended what was known as the Age of Confusion. Under this dynasty, the Grand Canal was built and linked the Yangtze River with the Yellow River. The Great Wall of China was also rebuilt during this time.

Han Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty flourished between 206 B.C.E. and 220 C.E. The Han emphasized filial piety, or respect for one's parents, as part of a Confucian belief system. Among the Han's most important emperors was Wu Di, who built roads and canals, established a Confucian imperial university, and introduced civil service exams.

Song Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty ruled from 960 to 1279 C.E. Under the Song, Significant innovations in agriculture, trade, monetary practices, and manufacturing led to an economic revolution. The southern capital of Hangzhou became a powerful trade city and center of commerce. The Song navy became a major maritime power thanks to such technology as the magnetic compass and cotton sails.

Tokugawa Shogunate

This Japanese dynasty was established by Tokugawa leyasu in 1603 and lasted until 1867. Under the shogunate, Japan's contact with the rest of the world was strictly limited; Japanese citizens were forbidden to travel outside the country, and only a few foreign merchants were allowed to trade in Japanese ports. Nevertheless, the Japanese economy, agriculture, and population grew, and the country enjoyed peace

Kublai Khan

This Mongol military leader, the grandson of Genghis Khan, defeated the Chinese Song dynasty in 1279 and took control of the country. He established the Chinese-style Yuan dynasty, which legally separated Chinese and Mongol subjects.

ancestor veneration

This belief focuses on the worship of family ancestors and is fundamental to Confucian philosophy and other traditional belief systems.

Confucianism

This belief system (not a religion) was founded by the Chinese philosopher _____. According to ________, people should strive to have ren, or appropriate feelings, and Ii, or correct thoughts. _______ focuses on filial piety, or respect for one's parents, as well as the veneration of ancestors. _________ greatly influenced the development of Chinese culture and government, as well as the cultures of East Asia.

Daoism

This belief system emerged during the Era of Warring States in reaction to the conflict wracking China. ____ rejects political institutions and aggressive war in favor of individual oneness with nature.

imperial government

This centralized form of government practices military control of a territory using a variety of techniques including diplomacy, extensive supply lines, building fortifications, defensive roads and structures administrative hubs, bureaucracy, and the enlistment of local populations as officers or soldier.The Roman empire and the Qin and Han dynasties are examples of _______

Fall of Han Dynasty

This collapse occurred as the result of internal strife including political corruption, economic instability,and unsupportable population growth as well as external pressures including frequent invasions along China's northern borders. An extended period of civil war brought the Han Empire to its end by 220 CE

Yuan Dynasty

This dynasty, founded by Mongol conqueror Kublai Khan, reigned over China from 1279CE. to 1368 CE. Under the _____, foreigners and Mongolians made up the civil service and Chinese subjects were legally separated from Mongols. Despite this discrimination, China enjoyed relative stability and prosperity during this time.

Qin Dynasty

This dynasty, founded by Qin Shihuangdi, reunited China and ended the Era of Warring States through reliance on Legalism. Although the ________ dynasty only lasted for the duration of _______'s rule between 221 B.C.E. and 207 B C E it started China's tradition of centralized imperial rule by instituting a centralized bureaucracy. Emperor _____ also connected existing defensive walls in the north into a single system, which today is called the Great Wall.

cultural transfer

This exchange of knowledge, culture, and technology among differing cultures resulted from such interregional activities as trade and conquest during the Middle Ages. Some examples of cultural transfer took place between Tang China and the Abbasid Empire, between Western Europeans and Muslims during the Crusades, and among the conquered peoples of the Mongol Empire.

Japanese Feudalism

This form of government became prominent in Japan by the late 12th century and lasted until 1867. Under this system, a Shogun, or supreme general, ran a centralized military government with regional divisions based on military strength. A daimyo led each of these divisions, and a number samurai fought under the daimyos command.

Foot-binding

This practice, common in China for several centuries required the physical binding of women's feet to achieve a tiny, "lily-like" shape and size. Foot-binding originated with the upper classes and contributed to a girl's chance of making a good marriage. Foot-binding became popular in tandem with the rise of neo-Confucianism and the emphasis it placed on patriarchal gender roles..

spread of printing

This spread from East Asia to the Islamic world and then to Western Europe, exemplifying the scientific and technological diffusion that resulted from Eurasian trade routes and the cross-cultural interactions of traders, missionaries, and travelers.

spread of gunpowder

This spread from East Asia to the Islamic world and then to Western Europe,exemplifying the scientific and technological diffusion that resulted from Eurasian trade routes and the cross-cultural interactions of traders,missionaries, and travelers.

Han dynasty gender roles

Under the Han's patriarchal social organization, women were legally subordinate to their fathers or husbands. A woman's greatest goal was to marry well and thus help her family. Upper-class women were often educated in literature, music, and the arts.

tributary system of trade

Used by the Han Empire, this system of trade rested on the belief that the Han did not trade with inferior neighboring peoples but instead received tribute, or payments of goods or money, from them. When these groups brought tribute to the Han court, the Han gave them trade goods in return.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

filial piety (Confucianism)

__________ is the devotion of the individual to family and the strong ties that hold families together. _____obliges children to respect their parents and obey family elders, look after their welfare, support them in old age, and remember them as revered ancestors after their deaths. (Confucianism)

NeoConfucianism

____________ became an official state belief system during the Song dynasty as a result of an anti-Buddhism campaign and the increasing Mongol threat. ______ incorporated Buddhist ideas, combining them with a Confucian emphasis on traditional family rituals and gender roles. It also placed value on the civil service exam.

analects

a collection of sayings of Confucius compiled by his disciples; one of the four books.

Mccartney mission

a delegation headed by George Mccartney sent by the British government to open more trade between China and Britain.

Shimabara Rebellion

peasant uprising, protest against taxes but also religious persecution, defeated, led to end of Christianity in Japan, contact with foreigners restricted

li (Confucianism)

proper behavior, believed if _____ was followed then society would have order and peace

nationalism

the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination; the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Silk Road

trade route between China and the Roman Empire, named for the most important item traded

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

• An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence • The Boxers had imperial support for their efforts, which included attacking and killing foreigners and Chinese Christians • Following their attempt to gain control of foreign embassies in Beijing, foreign forces moved quickly to put down the rebellion

Fall of the Qing

• Despite the Qing's enacting a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China. • In 1912, the last Qing ruler abdicated, and Chinese nationalists called for a new government.

Period of Warring States

• Time of disunity for China (403-221 B.C.E.); many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for their rule • Legalism helped the State of Qin to gain control and unify China • Development of three significant schools of thought—Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism—this period is also referred to as the Hundred Schools of Thought

Shogun

(literally, "a commander of a force") was one of the (usually) hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the ____, were the real rulers of Japan though they were appointed by the emperor.

Manchus

Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).

Shoguns

Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration. From 1185 to 1868 the Shoguns were the real power in Japan, the emperor was little more than a figurehead.

Cultural Importance of the Grand Canal

More than just a technological achievement, the Grand Canal served as a basis for political and cultural unity as well, making it possible for China to maintain hegemony over east Asia for many years. The canal was the major conduit for internal trade in China until railroads were built in the 19th century, and even today it still serves vital trade functions.

Tiananmen Square: 1989

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness from the Communist government. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. Censorship was imposed and repressive policies were established with the army turning on civilians.

Slavery in classical China

Slavery did exist, but it was far less prominent than it was in Ancient Rome. During the Warring States Period, dependent peasants as well as slaves worked the large estates. The Qin government tried to abolish slavery, but it persisted into the Han era. However, only a small fraction of the population was enslaved, and most people that were slaves served as domestic servants

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Zhou Dynasty

Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang dynastic period in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.

Great Wall

The Han Dynasty improved this massive Chinese defensive structure during the Classical Age. The purpose of the _____ was to protect China from the frequent invasions of the nomadic Xiongnu people.

Christianity in Japan

The Jesuit priests (padres) tried to spread Christianity and Japan saw it as a threat from the outside world, especially since a lot of people were converting; so they banned Christianity in 1590's (also saw it as a threat after seeing the Philippines being taken over in the same way). Started punishing/torturing Christian worshippers, and crucified missionaries.