Quizzes exam review, AP EXAM REVIEW

What will cause activation of RAAS?

-Hemorrhage - Dehydration - Drop in BP

Which of the pressures below represent normal systolic pressure in the PA?

15-30

Normal cardiac output is????

4-8 liters per minute

Which of the pressures below represent normal diastolic pressure in the LV?

6-12

What is the Normal Ejection Fraction?

60 - 70 %

What mean arterial pressure is the lowest required to perfuse the organs without ischemia?

70 mmHg

At the end of diastole, the ventricles contain about ______ ml of blood. A. 120 - 130 B. 0-10 C. 200-300 D. 50-60

A. 120 - 130

Calculate the left ventricular ejection fraction using the following data: EDV = 175 ml, ESV =145 ml, HR = 67 beats/min. A. 17% B. 21% C. 29% D. 71%

A. 17%

From the following hemodynamic parameters, determine the patient's stroke volume: ESV = 67 ml. EDV = 143 ml. HR = 59 beats/min. A. 76 ml B. 219 ml C. 2,4884 ml D. 70 ml

A. 76 ml

One treatment for hypertension is the use of a medication class called ______________ that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. A. Ace Inhibitors B. Beta blockers C. Calcium channel blockers D. Angiotensin receptor blockers

A. Ace Inhibitors

The endocrine gland that secretes the hormone epinephrine is the: A. Adrenal B. Kidney C. Liver D. Pancreas

A. Adrenal

If all other factors are held constant, increasing _________ will decrease cardiac output. A. Afterload B. Heart Rate C. Preload D. Contractility

A. Afterload

Choose all that apply.Which of the phases of the cardiac cycle occur during diastole? A. Atrial contraction B. Diastasis C. Rapid ventricular filling D. Isovolumetric contraction

A. Atrial contraction B. Diastasis C. Rapid ventricular filling

In the cardiac embryology ______ looping of the cardiac tube results in ____ A. D, levocardia B. L, levocardia C. D, dextrocardia D. D, dextrocardia

A. D, levocardia

The Frank-Starling law of the heart says that the heart has the capacity to vary its _____ as a function of ______. A. Force of contraction, preload B. Force of contraction, afterload C. End diastolic pressure, preload D. End systolic pressure, afterload

A. Force of contraction, preload

The effect of increasing a patient's peripheral (systemic) vascular resistance during vasoconstriction is to: A. Increase BP B. Increase HR C. Decrease HR D. Decrease BP

A. Increase BP

Concentric hypertrophy of the myocardium is a response to which of the following? A. Pressure overload B. Decreased resistance C. Volume overload D. Valvular regurgitation

A. Pressure overload

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the pressure in the ventricles increase and force the semilunar valves open? A. Rapid ventricular ejection B. Isovolumetric relaxation C. Isovolumetric contraction D. Ventricular filling

A. Rapid ventricular ejection

In a normal heart, the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure is equal to the: A. Systolic pressure of the RV B. Systolic pressure of the right atrium C. Diastolic pressure of the aorta D. Diastolic pressure of the RV

A. Systolic pressure of the RV

Cardiac pressures are normally read and recorded at 3 points. How is ventricular pressure normally reported? A. Systolic/Beginning diastolic/End diastolic B. a wave, v wave, mean C. Systolic/Diastolic/Mean D. a wave, c wave, v wave

A. Systolic/Beginning diastolic/End diastolic

What causes angiotensin 1 to convert to angiotensin 2?

ACE

Abnormal communication between right and left atrium

ASD

Muscarinic receptors bind to which neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the _____ nervous system

Autonomic

Identify Bowman's capsule

B

What percentage of cardiac output is attributed to atrial kick? A. 5% B. 20% C. 30% D. 55%

B. 20%

From the following hemodynamic parameters, determine the patient's cardiac output: ESV = 48 ml. EDV = 129 ml. HR = 62 beats/min. A. 81 ml/beat B. 5.0 L/min C. 5.0 ml/beat D. 81 L/min

B. 5.0 L/min

The amount of wall stress the ventricle has to overcome to increase its pressure to eject its contents is called: A. Preload B. Afterload C. Inotropy D. Contractility

B. Afterload

Stimulation of what autonomic receptor sites primarily results in cardiac stimulation? A. Alpha adrenergic B. Beta-1 adrenergic C. Beta-2 adrenergic D. Cholinergic

B. Beta-1 adrenergic

Stimulation of what autonomic receptor sites primarily results in increased inotropy? A. Alpha adrenergic B. Beta-1 adrenergic C. Beta=2 adrenergic D. Cholinergic

B. Beta-1 adrenergic

Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron? A. Proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule B. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule C. Bowman's capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule D. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

B. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

The S1 heart sound is caused by the sound of: A. Opening of the AV valves B. Closing of the AV valves C. Opening of the semilunar valves D. Closing of the semilunar valves

B. Closing of the AV valves

In which area can the term urine be correctly used? A. Bowman's capsule B. Collecting duct C. Nephron D. Loop of Henle

B. Collecting duct

A small flap of tissue at the junction of the IVC and RA normally found in the fetal heart is A. Tricuspid valve B. Eustachian valve C. Pyloric valve D. Bjork- Shirley valve

B. Eustachian valve

On the atrial pressure waveform, the "v" wave corresponds to what event? A. Passive emptying B. Filling of the atria C. Atrial relaxation D. Atrial systole

B. Filling of the atria

What phase of the cardiac cycle immediately follows closure of the AV valves and precedes opening of the semilunar valves? A. Atrial contraction B. Isovolumetric contraction C. Isovolumetric relaxation D. Rapid ejection period

B. Isovolumetric contraction

What would be the effect of pressing down on the neck at the junction of the internal and external carotid arteries? A. Positive chronotropic B. Negative chronotropic C. Positive inotropic D. Negative inotropic

B. Negative chronotropic

End diastolic filling or stretching of the ventricle is termed: A. Inotropism B. Preload C. Afterload D. Chronotropism

B. Preload

Most tubular reabsorption of required nutrients occurs in the: A. Distal convoluted tubule B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Collecting duct D. Loop of Henle

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the ventricle contract, raising intraventricular pressure and thus, closing the AV valves? A. Isovolumetric contraction B. Rapid ventricular ejection C. Isovolumetric relaxation D. Ventricular filling

B. Rapid ventricular ejection

Reduced preload can be caused by all except which of the following? A. Dehydration B. SNS activation C. Venous pooling D. Diuresis

B. SNS activation

Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the kidneys. A. The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally B. The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one C. The kidney is padded by two layers of fat D. Atop each kidney is an adrenal gland

B. The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one

Stroke Volume is defined as: A. The volume of blood the heart pumps out per minute B. The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat C. The pressure of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one heart beat D. The amount of blood pumped by both ventricles in each minute

B. The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Balances out the sympathetic system

Define ejection fraction

Blood Volume/ total LV blood

When a baby is born and takes its first breath what changes occur to prevent further blood shunting between the atria

Blood in the left atrium pushes the valve of the foramen ovale against the septum secundum, functionally closing off the foramen ovale

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Both the AV and semilunar valves are closed

What is NOT a part of a Nephron of a Kidney? A) Bowmans Capsule B) Loop of Henle C) Minor Calyx D) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

C) Minor Calyx

With a pulmonary artery BP of 35/12, what would the mean arterial pressure be? A. 3 mmHg B. 27 mmHg C. 20 mmHg D. 8 mmHg

C. 20 mmHg

Which valves are open or closed during isovolumetric relaxation? A. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open B. AV valves are open, semilunar valves are open C. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed D. AV valves are open, semilunar valves are closed

C. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

The naturally occurring neurotransmitter liberated at the parasympathetic nerve junction is: A. Adenosine diphosphate B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Adrenaline

C. Acetylcholine

Within the renal tubule, which two hormones determine whether or not water and sodium are retained or excreted? A. Antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin II B. Angiotensin I, renin C. Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone D. Angiotensin II, renin

C. Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone

Renin is the enzyme that causes _____________ to convert to ______________. A. Angiotensin I, Angiotensin II B. Angiotensin I, ACE C. Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I D. Angiotensin II, Aldosterone

C. Angiotensinogen, angiotensin I

Elevated blood Angiotensin II levels cause: A. Capillary vasoconstriction B. Capillary vasodilation C. Arteriolar vasoconstriction D. Arteriolar vasodilation

C. Arteriolar vasoconstriction

Information about blood pressure is collected by: A. Endothelial cells B. Chemoreceptors C. Baroreceptors D. Tunica media

C. Baroreceptors

Stimulation of what autonomic receptor sites primarily results in lung bronchodilation? A. Alpha adrenergic B. Beta 1 adrenergic C. Beta 2 adrenergic D. Cholinergic

C. Beta 2 adrenergic

With respect to the embryologic cardiac tube, the ________ evolves into the _______ A. Truncus arteriosus, smooth left and right atrium B. Truncus arteriosus, trabeculated left and right ventricle C. Bulbus cordis, left and right ventricular outflow tracts D. Bulbus cordis, aorta and pulmonary artery

C. Bulbus cordis, left and right ventricular outflow tracts

The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure waveform represents: A. Opening of the aortic valve B. Isovolumetric relaxation C. Closing of the aortic valve D. Isovolumetric contraction

C. Closing of the aortic valve

The fetal heart at 32 days of gestation is the cardiac tube with & primitive chambers, The pulmonary artery is termed the ______ and it moves blood in a ______ direction before birth A. Foramen ovale, right to left sided B. Ductus arteriosus, left to right sided C. Ductus arteriosus. right to left sided D. Foramen ovale, left to right side

C. Ductus arteriosus, right to left sided

Which vessel helps direct blood into the glomerulus through its high level of vasoconstriction? A. Renal artery B. Afferent arteriole C. Efferent arteriole D. Peritubular capillaries

C. Efferent arteriole

When the sympathetic nervous system senses high blood pressure, it stimulates the kidneys to: A. Decrease the appetite for salt and depress thirst B. Increase the appetite for salt and stimulate thirst C. Increase its excretion of salt and water into the urine D. Decrease its excretion of salt and water into the urine

C. Increase its excretion of salt and water into the urine

The ureter directly receives urine from the _________ of the kidney. A. Cortex B. Medulla C. Pelvis D. Calix

C. Pelvis

How many nephrons does the average human kidney contain? A. Exactly 1 B. Roughly 100,000 C. Roughly 1,000,000 D. Roughly 1,000,000,000

C. Roughly 1,000,000

What are the baroreceptors responsible for sensing?

Change in arterial pressure

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta

Wiggers diagram shows: A) Relationship between electrocardiogram B) Relationship in heart sounds C) Relationship in pressure and volume changes in the heart D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Normal ventricular looping with levocardia is described as....

D-Looping

Calculate the cardiac output of a patient whose LV angiography yields the following data: EDV = 100 ml, ESV = 25 ml, Heart rate = 80 beats/min. A. 7.5 L/min B. 8.0 L/min C. 4.8 L/min D. 6.0 L/min

D. 6.0L/min

Which valves are open or closed during isovolumetric relaxation? A. AV valves are open, semilunar valves are closed B. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open C. AV valves are open, semilunar valves are open D. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

D. AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

The primitive heart valve develops from the____ A. cardiac ridges B. Mesodermal cells C. endocardial cushion's D. Cardiac jelly

D. Cardiac jelly

In which choice below is the factor on the left NOT correctly matched with its effect on the right? A. Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure B. Decreased stroke volume, decreased cardiac output C. Increased blood volume, increased blood pressure D. Decreased vascular resistance, increased blood pressure

D. Decreased vascular resistance, increased blood pressure

The majority of ventricular filling results from: A. Closure of the AV valves B. Opening of the SL valves C. Active atrial contraction D. Initial rapid inflow

D. Initial rapid inflow

Which phases of the cardiac cycle occur during diastole? A. Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, reduced ventricular filling B. Atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling C. Reduced ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, reduced ventricular filling D. Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, reduced ventricular filling, atrial contraction

D. Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling, reduced ventricular filling, atrial contraction

Renin is manufactured, stored, and secreted by the: A. Macula densa B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Pituitary gland D. Juxtaglomerular cells

D. Juxtaglomerular cells

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is termed "cholinergic" and when stimulated, how does it affect the heart? A. Sympathetic - speeds it up B. Sympathetic - slows it down C.Parasympathetic - speeds it up D. Parasympathetic - slows it down

D. Parasympathetic - slows it down

The two primary cardiac responses associated with parasympathetic nervous system stimulation are _________ heart rate and ___________ AV conduction. A. Increased HR, Increased AV conduction B. Increased HR, Reduced AV conduction C. Reduced HR, Increased AV conduction D. Reduced HR, Reduced AV conduction

D. Reduced HR, Reduced AV conduction

The gallop heart sound associated with atrial contraction is the: A. S1 B. S2 C. S3 D. S4

D. S4

During the period of isovolumetric contraction in early systole, the AV valves are pushed back towards the atria. This causes: A. The "a" wave on the atrial pressure waveform B. The "p" wave on the arterial pressure waveform C. The "v" wave on the atrial pressure waveform D. The "c" wave on the atrial pressure waveform

D. The "c" wave on the atrial pressure waveform

A newborn infant has a VSD. which of the statements below most accurately describes the blood flow in the heart due to this congenital defect? A. The flow in the heart is shunting from the right ventricle to the left ventricle, which is increasing pulmonary blood flow. B. The blood in the heart is shunting from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, which is decreasing pulmonary blood flow C. The blood in the heart is bypassing the left ventricle and is being shunted to the right ventricle which is decreasing pulmonary blood flow D. The blood in the heart is shunting from the left ventricle to the right ventricle which is increasing pulmonary blood flow

D. The blood in the heart is shunting from the left ventricle to the right ventricle which is increasing pulmonary blood flow

A type of medication used to reduce the amount of circulating volume by making patients pass more urine is called a _______________.

Diuretic

How can the ejection fraction be calculated?

Dividing the stroke volume by the end-diastolic volume

This defect is characterized by the aorta & pulmonary artery arising from the right ventricle

Double- outlet right ventricle

In the fetus which vessel allows blood to bypass the liver?

Ductus venosus

Which normal fetal adaptation carries the most oxygen rich blood?

Ductus venosus

Downward displacement of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle is called

Ebstein's anomaly

Which of the following parameters will decrease if the cardiac ejection fraction increases?

End-systolic volume

This shunts highly oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium

Foramen Ovale

This feature of the fetal circulatory system allows blood to bypass the nonfunctional lungs...

Foramen ovale

Which 2 fetal adaptations allow blood to bypass the lungs before birth?

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

The first organ to begin functioning in the embryo is the

Heart

Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, usually resulting in an absent or nonfunctional left ventricle and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

What will not cause activation of RAAS?

IV fluid infusion

When the umbilical cord is clamped the aortic pressure_____ and the PA Pressure ____

Increases, decreases

In RAAS, what does aldosterone do?

Inhibits water and sodium release from kidney

The ball of capillaries associated with each nephron

Is called the glomerulus

Excessively high heart rate (>180) can reduce cardiac output because:

It reduces the time for ventricular filling

Where does the renin that initiates the RAAS mechanism originate?

Juxtaglomerular cells

patient with situs solitus will have a chest x-ray showing abdominal contents with:

Left sided stomach bubble and right hepatic (liver) shadow

What does the dustus venosus bypass?

Liver

Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

Lungs

Preload is the:

Muscle fiber stretch ventricle & blood volume end diastole

Levocardia means

Normal heart position

After the newborn takes its first breath and the umbilical cord is tied the right side pressure will drop this drop in pressure normally causes the immediate closure of the_______

Ostium secundum

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA):

Positions of the pulmonary artery and the aorta are switched

When the placenta is removed, levels of this hormone fall which causes the ductus arteriosus to to vasoconstrict and close over a period of days

Prostaglandin

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the

Pulmonary artery to aorta

What allows blood to enter the nephron ?

Renal artery

What causes angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I?

Renin

Eisenmenger syndrome or reaction occurs when

Right sided pressure exceeds left sided pressure

What heart sound is also referred to as "ventricular gallop"

S3

What is the abnormal heart sound heard most commonly in systolic heart failure?

S3

In the primitive heart tube, blood first flows through which structure?

Sinus Venosus

Proximal convoluted tubule:

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

What does inotropy refer to?

Strength of cardiac muscle contraction

When stimulated beta 1 receptors cause

Tachycardia

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

Tetralogy of Fallot

What is a cardiac cycle?

The complete sequence of events in a heartbeat

What causes the sound of the heartbeat?

The valves closing

What is CO?

The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute

a congenital abnormallity where the aorta is attached to the righ ventricle and the pulmonary artery to the left ventricle (this is backwards and leads to two separate blood routes)

Transposition of the great arteries

A lack of communication between the right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid Atresia

Absence of tricuspid valve and hypoplastic RV; requires both ASD and VSD for viability.

Tricuspid atresia

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Truncus arteriosus fails to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta due to lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation; most patients have accompanying VSD.

When stimulated alpha -1 adrenergic receptors cause

Vasoconstriction

In RAAS, what does angiotensin 2 do?

Vasoconstricts blood vessels

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the AV valves open?

Ventricular filling

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

eccentric hypertrophy is ______ and concentric hypertrophy is ______

Volume overload; pressure overload

What does situs inversus with levocardia mean?

all abdominal organ reversal, heart normal

Baroreceptors that sense low blood pressure are found in the

aortic arch and carotid sinus

First heart sound (S1) is produced by the

closure of the AV valve

Define Dromotropy

conduction velocity

How is RAAS stimulated?

drop in blood volume and pressure

What do you expect to see in an infant with coarctation of the aorta?

elevated BP in upper extremities

Cardiac output =

heart rate x stroke volume

(NOT A NEED TO KNOW) CORRECT comparison of normal kidney anatomy:

left kidney larger & higher than right

In atrial fibrillation patients might have decreased cardiac output because:

loss of atrial kick

What does the ductus arteriosus bypass

lungs

Where is the adrenal gland found?

on top of the kidneys

RAAS stands for

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system