Radiation Protection Chapters 1-5 Test

In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with

shorter wavelengths and higher energies.

X-rays are carriers of

manmade electromagnetic energy.

The front of the white paper packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter

may be color coded to facilitate correct usage and placement of the dosimeter on the body of occupationally exposed personnel.

Among physicians, cancer deaths attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as

1910

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose? 1. EfD = (D × WR)1 + (D × WR) 2 + (D × WR)32. EfD = D × WR × WT 3. EfD = D ÷ WR × WT

2 only

What do radiation weighting factors take into consideration? 1. The overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation 2. Both the internal and external dose measurements 3. The fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose.

3 only

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than

4 pCi/L.

If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose?

400x.25=100 person-Sv

Why is a question concerning the amount of radiation a patient will receive during a specific x-ray procedure difficult to answer? 1. Because the received dose is specified in a number of different units of measure 2. Because the scientific units for radiation dose are normally not comprehensible by a patient 3. Because the patient should not receive any information about radiation dose

1 and 2

Which of the following personnel monitoring devices can be used to provide an immediate exposure readout for a radiation worker? 1. Personnel digital ionization dosimeter 2. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter without an in-house reader 3. Pocket ionization chamber 4. Thermoluminesence dosimeter

1 and 3

Which of the following units of measure are not SI units? 1. Roentgens 2. Coulombs per kilogram, grays, sieverts 3. Rads and rems

1 and 3

Of the following, which are disadvantages of using pocket ionization chambers as personnel dosimeters? 1. They can discharge if they are subjected to mechanical shock. 2. Because these devices provide no permanent legal record of exposure, health care facilities that use this method to record personnel exposure must delegate someone to keep such a record. 3. If not read each day, the dosimeter may give an inaccurate reading because the electric charge tends to escape.

1, 2, 3

The cardinal principles of radiation protection include which of the following? 1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding

1, 2, 3

Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? 1. Crawl spaces under living areas 2. Floor drains and sump pumps 3. Porous cement block foundations

1, 2, 3

Diagnostic efficacy includes1. determining if an imaging procedure is justified.2. obtaining images with minimal radiation exposure.3. adhering to radiation safety guidelines.4. revealing the presence or absence of disease in a patient.

1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following are required by The Joint Commission for CT? 1. Annual education of staff in dose reduction techniques 2. Minimum qualifications for medical physicists 3. Documentation of CT radiation doses 4. Management of CT protocols to minimize radiation dose

1, 2, 3, 4

Consequences of ionization in human cells include 1. creation of unstable atoms. 2. production of free electrons. 3. creation of highly reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell. 4. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell. 5. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation? 1. Microwaves 2. Visible light 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays 5. Ultraviolet radiation

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Which of the following are early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation that were experienced by early radiation workers? 1. Diffuse redness of skin 2. Blood disorders 3. Organ atrophy 4. Intestinal disorders

1, 2, 4

The millisievert (mSv) is equal to

1/1000 of a sievert.

1 gray equals

100 cGy.

Since the density of air is approximately _________________ than that of soft tissue, a given volume of air will interact with far fewer x-ray photons than adjacent regions of soft tissue, thereby permitting more radiation to reach the image receptor.

1000 times smaller

What organization was founded in 2007 that continues their pursuit to raise awareness of the need for dose reduction protocols by promoting pediatric-specified scan protocols to be used for both radiology and nonradiology users of CT?

Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging.

Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller survey meter alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation?

An audio amplifier and speaker

When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instead of emerging from the atom as characteristic radiation. What is this electron called?

Auger electron

The digital ionization dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a (an)

USB

Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA?

Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.

Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom?

Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray

Who was the first American radiation worker to die from radiation-induced cancer in October of 1904?

Clarence Madison Dally

Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of small-angle scatter?

Coherent scattering and Compton scattering

Which of the following results in all-directional scatter?

Compton interaction

Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified?

Diagnostic efficacy

Acute melting of the uranium dioxide fuel of a nuclear reactor core requires how great a temperature?

Greater than 5000 degrees F

Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie?

Ionization chamber-type survey meter

Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?

Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose?

Millisievert

Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year?

Natural

Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector?

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter

When the sensing crystals contained in the thermoluminescent dosimeter are irradiated, which of the following occurs?

Some of the electrons in the crystalline lattice structure of the LiF molecule absorb energy and are excited to higher energy levels or bands.

Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge are

X-ray photons.

As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron-ion pairs produced

also increases

In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy

as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit.

Fluorescent radiation is also known as

characteristic radiation.

Because of the OSL dosimeter's sensitivity down to as low as 10 µSv for x-ray and gamma ray photons in the energy range 5 keV to 40 MeV, it is an excellent and practical monitoring device for

employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers.

Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an)

equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time.

The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________.

increases markedly; increases

Cataract formation, fibrosis, reduced fertility and sterility are classified as

late tissue reactions of ionizing radiation.

As a result of technologic advances since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered

negligible.

When spread over the inhabitants of the United States, fallout from nuclear weapons tests and other environmental sources along with other manmade radiations contributes

only a small portion of 0.1 mSv to the equivalent dose of each person.

If a patient asks a radiographer a question about how much radiation he or she will receive from a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer can

respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.