!-Radioactivity

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Radioisotopes

A Radioisotope (radionuclide) is an atom with an unstable nucleus.

Transmutation

Change of one element into another

Beta

Electrons Formed when a neutron decays into a proton and an electron Penetrate 5mm of aluminum Carbon-14 used in carbon-dating emits beta particles

Nuclear reactions

Emission of radioactive radiation In a nuclear reaction the nucleus forms a new element

Gamma

High energy electromagnetic radiation Not deflected by magnetic or electric fields Only stopped by several cms of lead. Cobalt-60 [used to treat cancer] emits gamma rays

Antoine Henri Becquerel

In 1896, while investigating uranium salts, Becquerel accidentally discovered radioactivity . Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed when in contact with radioactive salt.

Radioactivity

Is the spontaneous breaking up of unstable nuclei with the emission of one or more types of radiation There are three types alpha, beta and gamma

Alpha

Made of 2 protons + 2 neutrons Helium nucleus From unstable nuclei Low penetration; stopped by a sheet of paper Americum-241 [used in smoke detectors] emits alpha particles

Loss of an alpha particle

Mass decreases by 4 Atomic number decreases by 2 Radium-226 Radon-222 + alpha particle

Beta loss

Mass number stays the same Atomic number increases by 1 Carbon-14 --> nitrogen-14 + beta

Beta loss⁻>

Mass number stays the same Atomic number increases by 1 Carbon-14 --> nitrogen-14 + beta

Uses of radiation

Medical—.gamma rays kill cancerous cells and sterilises equipment Archaeological—after a living thing dies the amount of C-14 decreases. Used to determine the age of a plant/animal Food—gamma rays kill disease causing organisms

Pierre Curie

Pierre discovered nuclear energy, by identifying the continuous emission of heat from Radium particles. He also investigated the radiation emissions of radioactive substances, which lead to the discovery of Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation.

Half life

Time taken for half of the nuclei in any given sample to decay


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