Radiology Chapters 9-16

List 4 things you could tell the patient in response to his/her concerns regarding the necessity of dental x-rays and the reduction of excess radiation exposure?

(Listed in several paragraphs in chapter 12) The dose of radiation required for dental x-rays is extremely small compared to that used for radiation therapy. There are several ways we minimize the amount of radiation that you receive. Only necessary radiographs are taken. We use the fastest type of xray film to shorten the length of exposure. The lead apron and thyroid collar will be placed on you during the exposure. We are exposed to radiation every day from various places including outer space, minerals in the soil, and appliances in our homes.

List five items regarding the radiographic procedure that should be documented in the patient's record.

1. The patients informed consent 2. The number and type of radiographs, including retakes. 3. The date the radiographs are taken and the name of the radiographer who took them 4. The reason for taking the radiographs 5. The interpretive and diagnostic results

List 5 aspects of informed consent

1. The purpose of taking radiographs 2. The benefits the radiographs will supply 3. The possible risks of radiation exposure 4. The possible risks of refusing the radiographs 5. The person who will perform the procedure

List 5 contraindications for using the patient's finger to hold a film packet in position during exposure

1. potential to bend image receptor 2. radiation exposure to pt's fingers 3. potential to move the image receptor from the correct position 4. increased patient instruction and cooperation required 5. potential to be viewed by the patient as unprofessional and unsanitary

Which radiograph is used most often to detect proximal surface dental decay? a. Bitewing b. Occlusal c. Panoramic d. Periapical

A. Bitewing

Each of the following is a shadow casting principle EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. Object and image receptor should be perpendicular to each other b. Object and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other c. Object should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation) d. Radiation should strike the object and image receptor perpendicularly

A. Object and image receptor should be perpendicular to each other

List 4 aspects of patient relations that help to gain confidence:

Appearance, attitude, interpersonal skills, and communication

Patient Education is radiography is necessary to a. Increase the demand for oral health services b. Increase acceptance of oral health care recommendations c. Assure the patient that the radiographer is licensed d. Meet legally required mandates for it

B. Increase acceptance of oral health care recommendations

Which intraoral technique satisfies more shadow casting principles? a. Bisecting b. Paralleling

B. Paralleling

A digital radiographic image exists as bits of information in a computer file. The computer converts this information into an image that appears on the computer monitor. A. The first statement is true, the second is false. B. The first statement is false, the second is true. C. Both statements are true. D. Both statements are false.

C. Both statements are true

The ability to share in the pt's emotions and feelings is called: a. Chairside manner b. Attitude c. Empathy d. Verbal communication

C. Empathy

Which of these is NOT an intraoral radiograph? a. Bitewing b. Occlusal c. Panoramic d. Perapical

C. Panoramic

What is the value of patient education regarding dental radiographs? a. Radiographer is more likely to spend less time exposing radiographs b. Radiographer is more likely to develop a positive attitude c. Patient is more likely to accept the treatment plan d. Patient is more likely to request radiographs at each appointments

C. Patient is more likely to accept the treatment plan

Which of these factors does NOT need to be considered when deciding which image receptor size to use when exposing a full mouth series? a. Age of patient b. Shape of dental arches c. Previous accumulated exposure d. Patient's ability to tolerate the image receptor

C. Previous accumulated exposure

Each of the following is a digital image receptor EXECPT one. Which is the exception? A. CCD B. CMOS C. XCP D. PSP

C. XCP

Digital radiography can be used for which of the following A. to detect caries B. To monitor an endodontic procedure C. To detect dental disease D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Digital radiography systems can be used for which of the following? A. Bitewing images B. Periapical images C. Panoramic images D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The method of show-tell-do is a beneficial way of communicating with a. Someone who speaks a different language b. Children c. Hearing impaired pts d. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following stores the x-ray energy until later stimulation by a laser beam reads the electric signal and converts it into a digital image? A. CCD B. CMOS C. XCP D. PSP

D. PSP

When a transparency scanner or digital camera is used to convert an existing film-base radiograph to a digital file, the process is called ________. A. digital radiography B. digital subtraction C. direct digital imaging D. digitization

D. digitization

Each of the following is necessary for digital radiography EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? A. x-ray machine B. solid-state sensor or phosphor coated plate C. Computer or monitor D. special software E. darkroom

E. darkroom

Who is the coolest crew in all of the land?

Maddie, Olivia, and Becca

True or false? Dental radiographers with a positive attitude are more likely to produce high quality radiographs

True

True or false? The use of highly technical words may confuse the pt and result in miscommunication

True

True or false? When a patient trusts the radiographer, the patient is more likely to cooperate with the radiographic procedures

True

Which of the following target-image receptor distances is recommended for use with the bisecting technique? a. 8 in (20.5 cm) b. 12 in (30 cm) c. 16 in (41 cm)

a. 8 in (20.5 cm)

Which intraoral technique is based on the rule of isometry? a. Bisecting b. Paralleling

a. Bisecting

Which of these agencies develops and provides recommendations for adoption for infection control guidelines, but does not act as an enforcer of those guidelines? a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) c. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Each of the following is a goal of the radiographer EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Increasing the demand for dental x-ray services b. Reducing the radiation does used during an exposure c. Professional improvement and advancement d. Presenting confidence to gain patient acceptance

a. Increasing the demand for dental x-ray services

Which of the following is the correct seating position for the patient during radiographic examinations when an image receptor without an external aiming device is used? a. occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor b. occlusal plane perpendicular and midsaggital plane parallel to the floor c. occlusal and midsaggital planes parallel to the floor d. occlusal and midsaggital planes perpendicular to the floor

a. Occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor

Which of the following is an example of a holder that can be used with both the paralleling and the bisecting techniques? a. SUPA b. Uni-GripAR c. XCP d. Flip Ray

a. SUPA

Both the dentist and the dental radiographer are liable for procedures performed by the dental radiographer. a. True b. False

a. True

The laws allowing individuals to place and expose dental radiographs vary from state to state. a. True b. False

a. True

Lining the image receptor up behind the right and left central and lateral incisors to include the mesial half of the right and left canines describes the image receptor placement for which of the following periapical radiographs? a. central incisors b. canines c. premolars d. molars

a. central incisors

To determine the horizontal angulation for the maxillary molar periapical radiograph, the central rays of the x-ray beam should be directed at the image receptor perpendicularly through the embrasures of the a. first and second molars b. second premolar and first molar c. first and second premolars d. canine and first premolar

a. first and second molars

To compensate for the increased object - image receptor distance needed to achieve parallelism, the target-image receptor distance should be a. increased b. decreased

a. increased

When utilizing the bisecting technique, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed a. perpendicular to the bisector b. parallel to the bisector c. perpendicular to the image receptor d. parallel to the image receptor

a. perpendicular to the bisector

Each of the following is true regarding digital radiography in comparison to film-based radiography EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? a. provides a more legal document b. less time is required to obtain a diagnostic image c. eliminates film and chemical wastes d. patient radiation is reduced 0 to 50 percent e. software features enhance interpretation

a. provides a more legal document

Which of the following is the correct order for maintaining infection control after the radiographic procedure? a. remove patient treatment gloves, remove lead/lead equivalent apron, put on utility gloves, clean and disinfect b. remove lead/lead equivalent apron, remove patient treatment gloves, put on utility gloves, clean and disinfect c. remove lead/lead equivalent apron, clean and disinfect, remove patient treatment gloves, put on utility gloves d. put on utility gloves, remove lead/lead equivalent apron, clean and disinfect, remove patient treatment gloves

a. remove patient treatment gloves, remove lead/lead equivalent apron, put on utility gloves, clean and disinfect

Which of the following best fits this description: "Disposable, may be used for placing both horizontal and vertical bitewings, and provides increased imaging of the alveolar bone"? a. stick-on bitetabs b. manufacturer preattached bitetabs c. bite loops d. holder with external aiming device

a. stick-on bitetabs

Which of the following is the suggested point of entry for directing the central ray of the x-ray beam when exposing the maxillary incisors radiograph using the bisecting technique? a. the tip of the nose b. the ala of the nose c. a point on the ala-tragus line below the pupil of the eye d. a point on the ala-tragus line below the outer canthus of the eye

a. the tip of the nose

An error in vertical angulation will result in a. unequal distribution of the arches b. overlapping c. overexposure to the patient d. conecut

a. unequal distribution of the arches

Each of the following will break the chain of infection EXECPT one. Which is the exception a. use of a digital sensor b. use of personal protective equipment c. sterilization of radiographic equipment d. immunization of oral health care practitioners

a. use of a digital sensor

Anterior periapical image receptors are placed _____ in the oral cavity, posterior periapical image receptors are placed ____ in the oral cavity a. vertically; horizontally b. horizontally; vertically c. vertically; vertically d. horizontally; horizontally

a. vertically; horizontally

When utilizing the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angle setting for the maxillary premolar periapical radiograph is a. +45 degrees b. +30 degrees c. -10 degrees d. -5 degrees

b. +30 degrees

What is the minimum image receptor requirement for an adult full mouth series of periapical radiographs? a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18

b. 14

How many standard-sized #2 image receptors are recommended for a posterior horizontal bitewing survey of an adult patient? a. 2 b. 4 c. 7 d. 8

b. 4

The courts have ruled that radiographs are the property of the? a. Patient b. Dentist c. Dental Radiographer d. State

b. Dentist

When utilizing the bisecting technique, the image receptor is placed a. parallel to the tooth b. as close as possible to the tooth c. as close as possible to the bisector d. parallel to the bisector

b. as close as possible to the tooth

Each of the following is a disadvantage of digital radiography when compared to film-based radiography EXECPT one. Which is the exception? a. initial cost of setting up the system b. being able to magnify the image for diagnosis c. risk of computer crashes and lost files d. learning curve required to transfer interpretation skills e. management of infection control

b. being able to magnify the image for diagnosis

When taking a premolar horizontal bitewing radiograph, the anterior edge of the image receptor should be positioned behind the distal edge of the maxillary canine when presented with which occlusal relationship? a. class I b. class II c. class III

b. class II

To determine the horizontal angulation for the mandibular premolar periapical radiograph, the central rays of the x-ray beam should be directed at the image receptor perpendicularly through the embrasures of the a. canine and first molar b. first and second premolar c. second premolar and first molar d. first and second molar

b. first and second premolar

In which of the following situations would using a size #3 image receptor be acceptable? a. horizontal bitewings on a child patient who presented a need for them b. horizontal bitewings on an adult patient for caries detection c. horizontal bitewings on an adult patient with periodontal disease d. vertical bitewings on any patient who presented with a need for them

b. horizontal bitewings on an adult patient for caries detection

Each of the following may be protected with a plastic barrier to maintain infection control during the radiographic procedure EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? a. image receptor b. image receptor holder c. exposure button d. PID and tube head

b. image receptor holder

Film holders designed for use with paralleling technique should have a a. short biteblock and L-shaped backing b. long biteblock and L-shaped backing c. short biteblock and no backing d. long biteblock and no backing

b. long biteblock and L-shaped backing

Which of the following is the best sequencing for exposing a full mouth series of periapical radiographs? a. Mandibular anteriors, maxillary anteriors, mandibular posteriors, maxillary posteriors b. Maxillary anteriors, mandibular anteriors, maxillary posteriors, mandibular posteriors c. Mandibular posteriors, maxillary posteriors, mandibular anteriors, maxillary anteriors d. Maxillary posteriors, mandibular posteriors, maxillary anteriors, mandibular anteriors

b. maxillary anteriors, mandibular anteriors, maxillary posteriors, mandibular posteriors.

What shadow casting principle is most likely to be met when utilizing the bisecting technique? a. object (tooth) and image receptor should be parallel to each other b. object (tooth) and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other c. object (tooth) should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation) d. radiation should strike the object (tooth) and image receptor perpendicularly

b. object (tooth) and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other

What should be done with the image receptor immediately after removing it from a patient's mouth? a. remove and reapply a clean plastic barrier b. remove excess saliva with a dry or disinfectant soaked paper towel c. drop it into a containment cup or box without touching the sides d. rinse briefly with plain water, do not use soap

b. remove excess saliva with a dry or disinfectant soaked paper towel

Radiographic image receptor holders are classified as a. critical instruments b. semicritical instruments c. noncritical instruments d. clinical contact surfaces

b. semicritical instruments

An approach to infection control that states that the body fluids (except sweat) of all patients should be treated as if infect is a. universal precautions b. standard precautions c. protective barriers d. cross-contaminations

b. standard precautions

The bisecting technique satisfies more shadow casting rules than the paralleling technique a. the first statement is true, second is false b. the first statement is false, second is true c. both statements are true d. both statements are false

b. the first statement is false, second is true

Where should the embossed identification dot be positioned when taking periapical radiographs? a. toward the midline of the oral cavity b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth c. toward the palate or floor of the mouth d. toward the distal or back of the arch

b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth

Directing the central rays perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor of the image receptor and perpendicular to the long axes of the teeth describes which step of the paralleling technique? a. placement b. vertical angulation c. horizontal angulation d. point of entry

b. vertical angulation

Which of the following words should be avoided when discussing the radiographic procedure? a. Picture b. Zap c. X-ray d. Radiograph

b. zap

What is the approximate vertical angulation for adult bitewing radiographs? a. -10 degrees b. 0 degrees c. +10 degrees d. +20 degrees

c. +10 degrees

At which of the following settings would the PID be pointing to the floor? a. -30 b. 0 c. +20

c. +20

A professional code of ethics a. Makes the laws that govern the use of dental radiographs b. Establishes the time frame for taking dental radiographs c. Helps to define the rules of conduct for its members d. Protects the dental radiographer in cases of legal action.

c. Helps to define the rules of conduct for its members

Every patient has the legal right to make choices about the oral health care they receive. This is called? a. Disclosure b. Informed Consent c. Self-determination d. Liability

c. Self-determination

Legally dental radiographs should be retained for an individual who ceases to be a patient for? a. Three years b. Five years c. Seven years d. Nine years

c. Seven years

The image receptor placement for an adult vertical premolar bitewing is to align the receptor so that the a. central and lateral incisors are centered b. canine is centered c. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the canine d. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the second premolar

c. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the canine

Which of these conditions would NOT be visible on a bitewing radiograph? a. proximal surface caries b. overhanging restoration c. apical abscess d. alveolar crest resorption

c. apical abscess

The smaller the number of pixels in the image the sharper the spatial resolution. Each pixel stores a number representing a different shade of gray. a. the first statement is true, the second is false b. the first statement is false, the second is true c. both statements are true d. both statements are false

c. both statements are true

Which of the following point 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the lower border of the mandible is the suggested landmark for directing the central ray of the x-ray beam when exposing the mandibular premolar radiograph using the bisecting technique? a. the middle (symphysis) of the chin b. the center of the root of the canine c. directly inferior to the pupil of the eye d. directly inferior to the outer canthus of the eye

c. directly inferior to the pupil of the eye

The use of a chemical or physical procedure to reduce the disease-producing microorganisms to an acceptable level on inanimate objects is the definition of a. asepsis b. antiseptic c. disinfection d. sterilization

c. disinfection

Which of the following is recommended for use with an automatic processor with the daylight loader attachment? a. digital sensors that used plastic barrier sheaths b. phosphor plates that used plastic barrier envelopes c. film packets that used plastic barrier envelopes d. film packets that did not use plastic barrier envelopes

c. film packets that used plastic barrier envelopes

To determine the horizontal angulation for the mandibular premolar periapical radiograph, the central rays of the x-ray beam should be directed at the image receptor perpendicularly through the embrasures of the a. first and second molars b. second premolar and first molar c. first and second premolars d. canine and first premolar

c. first and second premolars

Digital radiography requires less radiation exposure to produce an image than film-based radiography because the ________________. a. chemical processing steps are eliminated b. radiation used for digital imagining is different than radiation used for film-based imaging c. image receptor (CCD or CMOS) is more sensitive to x-rays than film d. computer can control the amount of radiation output better than the radiographer

c. image receptor (CCD or CMOS) is more sensitive to x-rays than film

The lead/lead equivalent apron and thyroid collar is classified as a. critical object b. semicritical object c. noncritical object d. cross-contaminated object

c. noncritical object

The most important reason for using a holder when utilizing the paralleling technique is to stabilize the image receptor in a position a. at a right angle to the teeth b. perpendicular to the teeth c. parallel to the teeth d. parallel to the bisector

c. parallel to the teeth

Lining the image receptor up behind the distal half of the canine to include the first and second premolars and mesial half of the first molar describes the placement for which of the following periapical radiographs? a. central incisors b. canine c. premolar d. molar

c. premolar

Which of the following is aseptically correct after using the tab to open an exposed, contaminated film packet without a plastic barrier? a. grasp the film holding by the edges between the index finger and thumb b. remove the lead foil first to get it out of the way to allow for easier removal of the film c. pull the black paper tab to allow the film to drop out onto the paper towel d. continue peeling back the outer plastic/paper wrap until all contents of the packet are readily accessable

c. pull the black paper tab to allow the film to drop out onto the paper towel

When taking a set of eight vertical bitewing radiographs, which of the following should be exposed first? a. left molar bitewing b. left premolar bitewing c. right canine bitewing d. right premolar bitewing

c. right canine bitewing

Image receptor holders designed for use with the bisecting technique should have a a. short biteblock and L-shaped backing b. long biteblock and L-shaped backing c. short biteblock and 105-degree backing d. long biteblock and 105-degree backing

c. short biteblock and 105-degree backing

Which size image receptor is used, and how is it positioned for exposure of an anterior bitewing radiograph of a small and narrow adult arch? a. size #3 placed vertically b. size #2 placed horizontally c. size #1 placed vertically d. size #0 placed horizontally

c. size #1 placed vertically

Spraying disinfectant directly on which of these should be avoided? a. digital sensor b. lead/lead equivalent apron and thyroid collar c. x-ray machine exposure switch d. bracket table or countertop

c. x-ray machine exposure switch

Which of these comments should be avoided when talking to the patient? a. "We have switched to a fast-speed film." b. "This exposure button stick sometimes." c. "You must stay still during the exposure." d. "I'm certified to take your radiographs."

d. "This exposure button sticks sometimes."

When utilizing the bisecting technique, the recommended vertical angle setting for the mandibular canine periapical radiograph is a. +40 degrees b. +20 degrees c. -15 degrees d. -20 degrees

d. -20 degrees

Each of the following is a part of the assembled XCP holder EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Metal arm b. Indicator ring c. Long biteblock d. 105-degree angled backing

d. 105-degree angled backing

How many size #2 image receptors are required by most health care practices for the exposure of posterior radiographs of a full mouth series? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8

d. 8

Which of the following is a risk management strategy? a. The use of fast-speed film, film-holding devices, and collimation. b. Monitoring the dental radiographer with radiation dosimeters. c. Obtaining a copy of a new patient's radiographs from a previous dentist d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Registration and inspection of x-ray machines is regulated by the? a. Federal Government b. State Government c. Local Government d. Any of the above

d. Any of the above

When patients express opposition to having dental radiographs taken, the radiographer should? a. Ask the patient to sign a document to release the dentist of liability b. Consult the professional code of ethics about what to do next. c. Postpone the procedure and ask the patient to return at a later date. d. Explain why the radiographs are needed and what the benefits will be.

d. Explain why the radiographs are needed and what the benefits will be.

Failure to use a reasonable amount of care that results in injury is termed? a. Risk b. Liability c. Confidentiality d. Negligence

d. Negligence

Each of the following will enhance verbal communication EXCEPT one. Which is the exception? a. Face the patient b. Make eye contact c. Use clear commands d. Use slang words

d. Slang words

Which of the following is NOT an image receptor holder that can be used with the bisecting technique? a. Snap-A-Ray b. SUPA c. BAI d. XCP

d. XCP

In which of the following conditions would vertical bitewing radiographs be recommended over horizontal bitewing radiographs? a. child with rampant caries b. adolescent with suspected third molar impactions c. adult with malaligned teeth d. adult with periodontal disease

d. adult with periodontal disease

The key to producing a quality radiographic images is a. Gaining pt trust and cooperation b. Presenting a confident, caring image c. Communicating effectively d. All of the above

d. all of the above

The purpose of infection control is to prevent the transmission of disease between a. patients b. patient and operator c. operator and patient d. all of the above

d. all of the above

An image receptor positioner/holder must be used with a. the paralleling technique b. the bisecting technique c. the bitewing technique d. all of the above techniques

d. all of the above techniques

The image receptor placement for an adult horizontal molar bitewing is to align the receptor so that the a. central and lateral incisors are centered b. canine is centered c. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the canine d. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the second premolar

d. anterior portion of the receptor lines up behind the distal half of the second premolar

Through which interproximal space should the central ray of the x-ray beam be perpendicularly directed when exposing a molar bitewing on a child with primary teeth? a. between the central and lateral incisors b. between the lateral incisor and canine c. between the canine and first molar d. between the first and second molars

d. between the first and second molars

Through which interproximal space should the central ray of the x-ray beam be perpendicularly directed when exposing a premolar bitewing on an adolescent with permanent teeth? a. between the central and lateral incisors b. between the lateral incisor and canine c. between the canine and first premolar d. between the first and second premolars

d. between the first and second premolars

What term describes the imaginary line between the long axis of the tooth and the plane of the image receptor? a. tangent b. median c. midsagittal d. bisector

d. bisector

An incorrect point of entry will result in a. overlapping b. foreshortening c. cutting off root apices d. conecutting

d. conecutting

Which of the following is correct infection control for digital image receptors such as phosphor plates and solid state sensors? a. protect with a plastic barrier prior to use. Sterilize following use b. protect with a plastic barrier prior to use. Disinfect following use c. disinfect prior to use. Protect with a plastic barrier prior to use. Sterilize following use d. disinfect prior to use. Protect with a plastic barrier prior to use. Disinfect following use.

d. disinfect prior to use. Protect with a plastic barrier prior to use. Disinfect following use.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the paralleling technique? a. produces images with minimal dimensional distortion b. minimizes superimposition of adjacent structures c. satisfies more shadow casting principles d. easy technique for children

d. easy technique for children

With the bisecting technique, what is the effect on the radiographic image if the vertical angulation is significantly greater than necessary? a. overlapping b. conecutting c. elongating d. foreshortening

d. foreshortening

An error in which of these results in overlapping? a. placement of image receptor b. point of entry c. vertical angulation d. horizontal angulation

d. horizontal angulation

Which of the following can be hear-sterilized following use? a. digital sensor b. phosphor plate c. film packet d. image receptor holder

d. image receptor holder

Cutting off the root apex portion on of the image on a peri-apical radiograph results from a. excessive horizontal angulation b. inadequate horizontal angulation c. excessive vertical angulation d. inadequate vertical angulation

d. inadequate vertical angulation

Elongation results from a. excessive horizontal angulation b. inadequate horizontal angulation c. excessive vertical angulation d. inadequate vertical angulation

d. inadequate vertical angulation

Each of the following is a disadvantage of the bisecting technique EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. produces images with dimensional distortion b. often superimposes adjacent structures c. estimating the location of the bisector may be difficult d. may not be used with children or adults with small oral cavities

d. may not be used with children or adults with small oral cavities

Lining the image receptor up behind the distal half of the second premolar to include the first, second, and third molars describes the placement for which of the following periapical radiographs? a. central incisors b. canine c. premolar d. molar

d. molar

What shadow casting principle is NOT likely to be met when utilizing the paralleling technique? a. radiation should strike the object (tooth) and image receptor perpendicularly b. object (tooth) should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation) c. object (tooth) and image receptor should be parallel to each other d. object (tooth) and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other

d. object (tooth) and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other

The xray tube head must be swiveled from side to side to adjust the vertical angulation of the central ray. To avoid overlap error the central ray must be directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch through the contact points of the teeth. a. both statements are true b. both statements are false c. The first statement is true. The second statement is false. d. The first statement is false. The second statement is true.

d. the first statement is false. The second statement is true.

Following the radiographic procedure, the patient treatment area should be cleaned and disinfected using a. clean, dry hands b. patient treatment gloves c. plastic overgloves d. utility gloves

d. utility gloves

To maintain infection control, most manufacturers recommend that the sensor used in digital radiography be a. packaged for steam sterilization and autoclaved b. disposed of after use, with biohazard wastes c. decontaminated with soap and water and disinfected with a high-level disinfectant d. wiped with an intermediate-level disinfectant and covered with a plastic barrier e. sanitized and immersed in a chemical sterilant

d. wiped with an intermediate-level disinfectant and covered with a plastic barrier

List 5 features offered by digital software that can be used to enhance the radiographic image

magnification, density and contrast, measurement tools, charting, and digital subtraction

Discrete units of information that together constitute an image The discernable separation of closely adjacent image details Refers to the number of paired lines visible in 1 mm of an image Relating to a mechanism in which data is represented by continuously variable physical quantities Refers to the total number of shades of gray visible in an image

pixel, spatial resolution, line pair, analog, gray scale (respectively)

List 4 items of PPE recommended for the dental radiographer

protective clothing, masks, protective eyewear, and gloves