R&D Chapter 1

30) Pluralist advocates criticize __________. A) Afrocentrism B) social identity theory C) Marxism D) cultural relativism

A) Afrocentrism

33) Arguing Western civilization derives from the black African influence on Egyptian civilization is a bolder form of __________. A) Afrocentrism B) categoric knowing C) false consciousness D) interactionist theory

A) Afrocentrism

18) An __________ is a person who is a member of both dominant and minority groups. A) American white woman who is a Buddhist B) African American man born in Texas who lives in New York City C) American citizen who visited Tanzania D) African American woman with disabilities

A) American white woman who is a Buddhist

14) Aristotle said we like "those like ourselves ... of our own race or country or age or family, and generally those who are on our own level." Which of the following concepts best represents Aristotle's statement? A) Similarity and attraction B) Identical preferences C) Opposites attract D) Group identification preference

A) Similarity and attraction

10) The adjustment from stranger to neighbor is __________. A) a process B) instantaneous C) impossible D) rare

A) a process

37) An ethnic group held up as a role model for a newly arrived group was probably __________. A) an object of scorn and condemnation itself at one time B) the beneficiary of governmental assistance C) a political force from the time they first immigrated D) quick to learn English and assimilate

A) an object of scorn and condemnation itself at one time

4) The __________ describes Parrillo's idea of the adjustment from stranger to neighbor. A) concept of a continuum with friction B) idea that assimilation is not inevitable C) centrality of shared religious beliefs leading to social cohesion D) fact that economic conditions are of paramount importance

A) concept of a continuum with friction

42) Karl Marx believed that the elite exploited the masses and that this exploitation created tensions and disagreements. Marx's theory is best known as __________. A) conflict perspective B) functionalist perspective C) interactionist perspective D) unfair perspective

A) conflict perspective

49) Matt believes that the frustrations and struggles between social groups and classes are what structure and determine society. He is a __________. A) conflict theorist B) functionalist C) symbolic interactionist D) racist

A) conflict theorist

13) Jose, who is Mexican, moves to San Antonio from Mexico City. This is an example of __________. A) emigration B) immigration C) naturalization D) nationalization

A) emigration

44) When marrying, members of a minority group usually practice __________. A) endogamy B) exogamy C) polyandry D) polygamy

A) endogamy

50) Bill believes that assimilation is the key to understanding racial and ethnic differences and that economic equality will follow. His views are in line with __________ theory. A) functionalist B) conflict C) interactionist D) feminist

A) functionalist

The main focus or unit of analysis for sociologists is the __________. A) group B) individual C) stranger D) upper class

A) group

7) A 2001 study of social distance found __________. A) increased diversity in society B) decreasing levels of acceptance of diverse groups among college students C) that social distance continues to rise D) an increased acceptance of diversity for all groups except whites

A) increased diversity in society

23) Racism __________. A) is a human invention B) supports the superiority of the human race C) forces the majority group to experience prejudice and discrimination D) prevails when people believe that a small group of races is superior in some aspects to others

A) is a human invention

48) A 2001 study showed that more than 50 percent of newlyweds met their spouses in the workplace. Sociologically, meeting a spouse at work would be considered a __________. A) latent function of workplaces B) manifest function of workplaces C) latent dysfunction of workplaces D) a manifest dysfunction of workplaces

A) latent function of workplaces

21) According to Parrillo, a category of people who share visible biological characteristics and are regarded as a single group is a(n) __________. A) race B) ethnic group C) social deviant D) status

A) race

47) Even though women make up a statistical majority, they do not have equal representation in government and face significant economic inequalities. This illustrates the idea that minority groups __________. A) receive unequal treatment as a group B) are easily identifiable because of distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics that are held in high esteem C) are biologically similar D) are rare in modern societies

A) receive unequal treatment as a group

41) Functionalist theory emphasizes __________. A) social equilibrium B) the importance of social class C) imbalance of power D) the power of symbols in constructing social life

A) social equilibrium

25) Melissa has been referring to the Japanese as a race because they stand out as an identifiable group to her. She is __________. A) using the term "race" incorrectly B) applying a more modern usage of the term "race" C) using the term "race" correctly D) applying a more traditional usage of the term "race"

A) using the term "race" incorrectly

27) Underrepresenting non-European material in textbooks and classes exemplifies __________. A) Afrocentrism B) Eurocentrism C) categoric knowing D) reciprocal typification

B) Eurocentrism

32) __________ is a historical example of ethnocentrism. A) Manifest Destiny in China B) The "white man's burden" in England C) the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations in Austria D) the African Crusaders of the thirteenth century

B) The "white man's burden" in England

5) Social distance studies have found __________. A) an erratic pattern, depending on world or economic situations B) a fairly consistent pattern over the decades C) greater distance only between racial groups D) elimination of social distance between groups after two generations

B) a fairly consistent pattern over the decades

19) Jessica is a woman who lives in the United States where females outnumber males. She is __________. A) a member of a majority group B) a member of a minority group C) a stranger D) a neighbor

B) a member of a minority group

6) Social distance studies capture social acceptance of groups __________. A) over a period of ten years B) at a given moment in time C) only in the bottom rankings D) as they immigrate into the United States

B) at a given moment in time

9) When a visiting Korean asks for pizza rather than sushi, the host may conclude that all Koreans like pizza. This is an example of __________. A) prejudice B) categoric knowing C) discrimination D) intersubjective understanding

B) categoric knowing

43) A __________ perspective focuses on who benefits from a particular situation. A) functionalist B) conflict C) interactionist D) societist

B) conflict

35) Susan, a Texas cattle rancher, thinks the Japanese custom of eating raw fish is disgusting. This is an example of __________. A) ethnicity B) ethnocentrism C) poor taste D) cultural relativism

B) ethnocentrism

16) A minority group __________. A) can still be treated equally in society B) is characterized by a feeling of group identity C) is not often easily identifiable D) usually practices exogamy

B) is characterized by a feeling of group identity

15) A minority group __________. A) is determined by a group's numerical representation B) is determined by a group's relative power in society C) is not tied to social status at all D) can never achieve power in society

B) is determined by a group's relative power in society

3) In a new social setting, strangers __________. A) experience very few situations as potentially problematic B) lack the natives' knowledge of shared realities C) are not aware of things unnoticed by the natives D) are typically treated as equals with natives

B) lack the natives' knowledge of shared realities

29) Social identity theory explains that __________. A) the assumption that "we" are better than "they" does not often result in ridicule, contempt, or hatred toward the outgroup B) the ingroup almost automatically views the outgroup as inferior C) groups rarely retain their values and standards while recognizing the superiority of another group D) countless people reject their own ingroup by becoming voluntary exiles, expatriates, and so on

B) the ingroup almost automatically views the outgroup as inferior

11) As acculturation takes place, __________. A) strangers' consciousness increases as the freshness of their perception is lost B) the natives' abstract typification about the strangers become more concrete through social interaction C) the stranger begins questioning daily activities D) there is more conflict between the natives and the strangers

B) the natives' abstract typification about the strangers become more concrete through social interaction

38) __________ illustrates the Dillingham Flaw. A) An emphasis on preserving one's culture B) A distrust of political solutions to end discrimination C) Criticism of a new immigrant group, compared to an earlier one D) The assumption that a minority group is lazy or immoral

C) Criticism of a new immigrant group, compared to an earlier one

17) Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? A) Writer B) Mormon convert C) Female D) New immigrant

C) Female

2) Natives usually perceive strangers __________. A) objectively B) hospitably C) categorically D) indifferently

C) categorically

31) Studying race and ethnic relations is __________. A) easier than most other subjects because of our familiarity with minority problems B) easier because most people are sensitive to the problems and needs of others C) difficult because our values, attitudes, and experiences make our objectivity almost impossible D) difficult because the subject defies a logical or scientific explanation

C) difficult because our values, attitudes, and experiences make our objectivity almost impossible

28) Social identity theory helps explain __________. A) upward mobility B) ethnic antagonism C) ingroup favoritism D) immigration quotas

C) ingroup favoritism

45) A sociologist who investigates how people interpret the situations they are in is probably a(n) __________. A) functionalist B) conflict theorist C) interactionist D) societist

C) interactionist

36) Juan believes that Hispanic families are superior to white families. This belief is an example of which theory? A) social-referent group theory B) ethnic preference theory C) social identity theory D) outgroup discrimination theory

C) social identity theory

26) By "ingroup," sociologists mean __________. A) a group immigrating into the country B) the dominant group C) the group to which an individual belongs and feels loyalty D) the reference group others imitate

C) the group to which an individual belongs and feels loyalty

24) __________ are an ethnic group. A) Native Americans B) Asian Americans C) Black Americans D) Bulgarian Americans

D) Bulgarian Americans

22) Ethnicity is __________. A) another term for "race" B) a false and arbitrary classification of people C) a term used to refer to European peoples D) a set of learned or acquired cultural traits shared by a people

D) a set of learned or acquired cultural traits shared by a people

20) Variation in physical differences such as body build, hair texture, and skin color is due in part to __________. A) biological race B) racial discrimination C) natural selection D) evolutionary physical adaptation

D) evolutionary physical adaptation

12) When Americans say "hello" or "how are you?" this is an example of __________. A) prejudice B) categoric knowing C) discrimination D) intersubjective understanding

D) intersubjective understanding

39) Mills states that an issue is a public matter when it is __________. A) not relevant to group behavior study in sociology B) less important than the welfare of the group C) only important to sociologists after thorough study of the group D) intricately connected to the larger historical context of society

D) intricately connected to the larger historical context of society

40) Seeing the connection between one person's story of being bought and sold into modern slavery and recognizing the patterns of increasing human trafficking worldwide requires use of a(n) __________. A) ethnocentric viewpoint B) modern understanding of an ethnic group C) psychological perspective D) sociological imagination

D) sociological imagination

8) Despite the removal of more assimilated groups and the addition of less assimilated groups to the list in 2001, __________. A) the upward trend in social distance continued B) no significant differences were found C) there was an increased level of diversity D) the downward trend in social distance continued

D) the downward trend in social distance continued

34) In American culture, such things as freedom, individualism and equal opportunity are deemed to be highly desirable. In sociological terms these concepts are __________. A) mores B) desires C) norms D) values

D) values

46) Conflict theorists believe that the North Korean communist regime __________. A) was created by shared expectations among individuals B) maintains North Korean political harmony C) has only temporary dysfunctions D) was created to act against false consciousness

D) was created to act against false consciousness

68) __________ is a variation of ethnocentrism in which the content and emphasis in history, literature, and other humanities primarily concern Western culture. One counterforce to this is __________, a viewpoint emphasizing African culture and its influence on Western civilization and the behavior of American blacks.

Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism

51) Within any society, groupings of people by race, religion, tribe, culture, or lifestyle can generate a sense of familiarity and belonging.

False

52) Social distance refers to how far away your relatives and friends live.

False

53) There are very few studies that examine the how much people like those who are similar in appearance to them.

False

56) The adjustment from stranger to neighbor moves along a continuum without friction.

False

57) Cross-racial friendships on college campuses are increasingly rare.

False

60) Manifest functions are better than latent functions.

False

63) __________ refers to the movement of people into a new country to become permanent residents.

Immigration

70) __________ functions refer to obvious and intended results, while __________ functions refer to hidden and unexpected results.

Manifest, latent

54) Many people still call the United States a great melting pot where people of all races, religions, and nationalities come to be free and to improve their lives.

True

55) Since strangers experience a "lack of historicity," they often observe things that go unnoticed by the natives, such as natives' customs, social institutions, appearances, and lifestyle.

True

58) Sociologists use historical documents, reports, surveys, ethnographies, and direct observation to systematically gather empirical evidence about intergroup relations.

True

59) Functionalists believe that society is a stable, cooperative social system in which everything has a function and provides the basis of a harmonious society.

True

69) Strict new laws enacted in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the U.S. in the 1990's resulted in a marked increase in __________.

deportations

62) Compared to migration, __________ is a narrower term that refers to the movement of people out of a country to settle in another.

emigration

67) Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a group to which individuals belong and feel loyal. A(n) __________ consists of all people to whom an individual does not have a sense of belonging and loyalty.

ingroup, outgroup

65) By __________, Alfred Schutz meant that people from the same social world mutually "know" the language, customs, beliefs, symbols, and everyday behavior patterns that the stranger usually does not.

intersubjective understanding

64) Ranking __________ is an excellent technique for evaluating how perceptions of similarity attract closer interaction patterns.

social distance

61) To understand intergroup relations, we must recognize that differences among various peoples cause each group to view other groups as __________.

strangers

66) The development of racism includes philosophers such as Immanuel Kant offering biological distinctions of the races of mankind and 19th-century social Darwinists seeing human society as a __________ in which the naturally superior will win out.

survival of the fittest