Ranger Handbook Chapter 7-9

STANDARDS

(Dismounted)—The unit immediately returns fire and occupies covered and/or concealed positions. The unit moves out of the kill zone, locates the enemy position, and conducts fire and maneuver to destroy the enemy. (Mounted)—Vehicle gunners immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions as the unit continues to move out of the kill zone. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters.

PERFORMANCE MEASURES

1. Dismounted (Figure 8-7 and Figure 8-8). a. Rangers receiving fire immediately return fire, seek cover, establish a support-by-fire position, and suppress the enemy position(s). b. Rangers not receiving fire move along a covered and concealed route to the enemy's flank in order to assault his position. c. The unit leader or forward observer calls for and adjusts indirect fires and close air support, if available. On order, lifts or shifts fires to isolate the enemy position or to attack with indirect fires as the enemy retreats (Figure 8-9). d. Rangers in the kill zone shift suppressive fires as the assaulting Rangers fight through and destroy the enemy. e. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. 2. Mounted a. Gunners and personnel on vehicles immediately return fire. b. If the roadway is clear, all vehicles proceed through the kill zone. c. The lead vehicle deploys vehicle smoke to obscure the enemy's view of the kill zone. d. Vehicle commanders in disabled vehicles order Rangers to dismount IAW METT-TC, and to set up security while awaiting recovery. e. The remainder of the unit follows the lead vehicle out of the kill zone while continuing to suppress the enemy. f. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters.

PERFORMANCE MEASURES

1. Visual (Dismounted) a. Hasty Ambush (1) Unit leader determines that the enemy has not seen the unit. (2) Unit leader signals Rangers to occupy best available firing positions. (3) The leader initiates the ambush with the most casualty producing weapon available, immediately followed by a sustained, well aimed volume of effective fire. (4) If prematurely detected, the Ranger(s) aware of the detection initiates the ambush. (5) The unit destroys the enemy or forces him to withdraw. (6) The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. b. Immediate Assault (1) The unit and the enemy simultaneously detect each other at close range. (2) All Rangers who see the enemy should engage and announce "Contact" with a clock direction and distance to enemy, for example, "Contact three o'clock, 100 meters." (3) Elements in contact immediately assault the enemy using fire and movement. (4) The unit destroys the enemy or forces him to withdraw. (5) The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. 2. Visual (Mounted) a. The Ranger who spots the enemy announces the contact. b. The element in contact immediately suppresses the enemy. c. The vehicle commander of the vehicle in contact sends contact report over the radio. d. The unit maneuvers on the enemy or continues to move along route. e. Vehicle gunners fix and suppress the enemy positions. f. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters 3. IED (Dismounted/ Mounted) a. The unit reacts to a suspected or known IED prior to detonation by using the 5 Cs. b. While maintaining as safe a distance as possible and 360-degree security, the unit confirms the presence of an IED by using all available optics to identify any wires, antennas, det cord or parts of exposed ordnance. (1) Conducts surveillance from a safe distance. (2) Observes the immediate surroundings for suspicious activities. c. The unit clears all personnel from the area at a safe distance to protect them from a potential second IED. d. The unit calls higher headquarters to report the IED in accordance with the unit SOP. e. The unit cordons off the area, directs personnel out of the danger area, prevents all military or civilian traffic from passing and allows entry only to authorized personnel. (1) Rangers direct people out of the 300 meter minimum danger area. (2) Identifies and clears an area for an incident control point (ICP). (3) Rangers occupy positions and continuously secure the area. f. The unit "controls" the area inside the cordon to ensure only authorized access. g. The unit continuously scans the area for suspicious activity. (1) Identifies potential enemy observation, vantage, or ambush points. (2) Maintains visual observation on the IED to ensure the device is not tampered with 4. Direct Fire (Dismounted). (Figure 8-1) a. Rangers under direct fire immediately return fire and seek the nearest covered positions. Then, they call out distances and the orientation of direct fire (Figure 8-2). b. Element leaders locate and engage known or suspected enemy positions with well aimed fire and pass information to the unit leader. c. Element leaders control their Rangers' fire by (Figure 8-3) (1) Marking targets with lasers. (2) Marking the intended target with tracers or M203 rounds. d. Rangers maintain contact (visual or oral) with the Rangers on their left or right. e. Rangers maintain contact with their team leader and relay the location of enemy positions. f. The element leaders (visually or orally) check the status of their Rangers. g. The element leaders maintain contact with the unit leader. h. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. 5. Direct Fire (Mounted) a. If moving as part of a logistics patrol, the vehicle gunners immediately suppress enemy positions and continue to move. b. The vehicle commanders direct their drivers to accelerate safely through the engagement area. c. If moving as part of a combat patrol, vehicle gunners suppress and fix the enemy allowing others to maneuver against and destroy the enemy. d. The leaders (visually or orally) check the status of their Rangers and vehicles. e. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters.

All patrols are governed by five principles.

7-1. PLANNING. Quickly make a simple plan and effectively communicate it to the lowest level. A great plan that takes forever to complete and is poorly disseminated isn't a great plan. Plan and prepare to a realistic standard and rehearse everything. 7-2. RECONNAISSANCE. Your responsibility as a Ranger leader is to confirm what you think you know, and to learn that which you do not already know. 7-3. SECURITY. Preserve your force as a whole. Every Ranger and every rifle counts; anyone could be the difference between victory and defeat. 7-4. CONTROL. Clarify the concept of the operation and commander's intent, coupled with disciplined communications, to bring every man and weapon available to overwhelm the enemy at the decisive point. 7-5. COMMON SENSE. Use all available information and good judgment to make sound, timely decisions.

Employment.

A commander sends a patrol out from the main body to conduct a specific tactical task with an associated purpose. Upon completion of that task, the patrol leader returns to the main body, reports to the commander and describes the events that took place, the status of the patrol's members and equipment, and any observations

Avoid Detection by the Enemy

A patrol avoids letting the enemy know that it is in the objective area. If the enemy knows he is being observed, he may move, change his plans, or increase his security measures. Methods of avoiding detection are • Minimize movement in the objective area (area reconnaissance). • Move no closer to the enemy than necessary. • If possible, use long range surveillance or night vision devices. • Use camouflage, stealth, and noise and light discipline. • Minimize radio traffic.

Size.

A patrol can be a unit as small as a fire team. Squad- and platoon-sized patrols are normal. Sometimes, for combat tasks such as a raid, the patrol can consist of most of the combat elements of a rifle company. Unlike operations in which the Infantry platoon or squad is integrated into a larger organization, the patrol is semi-independent and relies on itself for security.

TASK ORGANIZATION.

A patrol is a detachment sent out by a larger unit to conduct a specific mission. Patrols operate semi-independently and return to the main body upon completion of their mission. Patrolling fulfills the Infantry's primary function of finding the enemy to either engage him or report his disposition, location, and actions. Patrols act as both the eyes and ears of the larger unit and as a fist to deliver a sharp devastating jab and then withdraw before the enemy can recover.

Employ Security Measures

A patrol must be able to break contact and return to the friendly unit with what information is gathered. If necessary, they break contact and continue the mission. Leaders emplace security elements where they can overwatch the reconnaissance elements. They suppress the enemy so the reconnaissance element can break contact.

Aid and Litter Team.

Aid and litter teams are responsible for buddy aid and evacuation of casualties.

AMBUSH.

An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position on a moving or temporarily halted target. Ambushes are categorized as either hasty or deliberate and divided into two types, point or area; and formation linear or L shaped. The leader considers various key factors in determining the ambush category, type, and formation, and from these decisions, develops his ambush plan. a. Key Factors. • Coverage (ideally whole kill zone) by fire. • METT-TC. • Existing or reinforcing obstacles, including claymores, to keep the enemy in the kill zone. • Security teams, who typically have hand held antitank weapons such as AT 4s or LAWs, claymores, and various means of communication. • Security elements or teams to isolate the kill zone. • Protection of the assault and support elements with claymores or explosives. • Assault through the kill zone to the limit of advance (LOA). NOTE: The assault element must be able to move quickly through its own protective obstacles. • Time the actions of all elements of the platoon to preclude loss of surprise. In the event any member of the ambush is compromised, he may immediately initiate the ambush. • When the ambush must be manned for a long time, use only one squad to conduct the entire ambush and determining movement time of rotating squads from the ORP to the ambush site. b. Categories. • Hasty. A unit conducts a hasty ambush when it makes visual contact with an enemy force and has time to establish an ambush without being detected. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well rehearsed so that Rangers know what to do on the leader's signal. They must also know what action to take if the unit is detected before it is ready to initiate the ambush. • Deliberate. A deliberate ambush is conducted at a predetermined location against any enemy element that meets the commander's engagement criteria. The leader requires the following detailed information in planning a deliberate ambush: size and composition of the targeted enemy, and weapons and equipment available to the enemy. c. Types. • Point. In a point ambush, Rangers deploy to attack an enemy in a single kill zone. • Area. In an area, Rangers deploy in two or more related point ambushes. d. Formations (Figure 7-4). • Linear. In an ambush using a linear formation, the assault and support elements deploy parallel to the enemy's route. This positions both elements on the long axis of the kill zone and subjects the enemy to flanking fire. This formation can be 7 - 11 used in close terrain that restricts the enemy's ability to maneuver against the platoon, or in open terrain provided a means of keeping the enemy in the kill zone can be effected. • L Shaped. In an L shaped ambush, the assault element forms the long leg parallel to the enemy's direction of movement along the kill zone. The support element forms the short leg at one end of and at right angles to the assault element. This provides both flanking (long leg) and enfilading fires (short leg) against the enemy. The L shaped ambush can be used at a sharp bend in a trail, road, or stream. It should not be used where the short leg would have to cross a straight road or trail.

ANCHORS.

Anchors are the base, for all installations and roped mountaineering techniques. Anchors must be strong enough to support the entire weight of the load or impact placed upon them. Several pieces of artificial or natural protection may be incorporated together to make one multi point anchor. Anchors are classified as Artificial or Natural. a. Artificial Anchors. Artificial anchors are constructed using all manmade material. The most common anchors incorporate traditional or fixed protection (Figure 9-3). b. Natural Anchors. Natural anchors are usually very strong and often simple to construct using minimal equipment. Trees, shrubs and boulders are the most common. All natural anchors simply require a method of attaching a rope. Regardless of the type of natural anchor used, the anchor must be strong enough to support the entire weight of the load. (1) Trees. These are probably the most widely used of all anchors. In rocky terrain, trees usually have a very shallow root system. Check this by pushing or tugging on the tree to see how well it is rooted. Anchor as low as possible to prevent excess leverage on the tree. Use padding on soft, sap producing trees to keep sap off ropes and slings. (2) Rock Projections and Boulders. You can use these, but they must be heavy enough, and have a stable enough base to support the load. (3) Bushes and Shrubs. If no other suitable anchor is available, route a rope around the bases of several bushes. As with trees, place the anchoring rope as low as possible to reduce leverage on the anchor. Make sure all vegetation is healthy and well rooted to the ground. (4) Tensionless Anchor. This is used to anchor rope on high load installations such as bridging. The wraps of the rope around the anchor (Figure 9-4) absorb the tension of the installation and keep the tension off the knot and carabiner. Tie it with a minimum of four wraps around the anchor; however a smooth anchor (small tree, pipe, or rail) may require several more wraps. Wrap the rope from top to bottom. Place a fixed loop into the end of the rope and attached loosely back onto the rope with a carabiner.

Point/ Pace Man

As required, the PL designates a primary and alternate point man and a pace man for the patrol. The pace man aids in navigation by keeping an accurate count of distance traveled. The point man selects the actual route through the terrain, guided by the compass man or team leader. In addition, the point man also provides frontal security.

Common Elements of Combat Patrols

Assault Element, Security Element, Support Element, Demolition Team, EPW and Search Teams, Breach Element

BELAYS.

BELAYS. Belaying is any action taken to arrest a climber that has fallen, or to control the rate of descent of a load from a higher to lower elevation. The belayer also helps manage a climber's rope or the rate of the climber's or rappeller's descent by controlling the amount of rope that is taken out or in. The belayer must be anchored in a stable position to prevent him from being pulled out of position, and losing control of the rope. Two types of belays are body and mechanical. a. Body Belay. This belay (Figure 9-15) uses the belayer's body to apply friction. The belayer routes the rope around his body. He must be careful, because his body might have to bear the entire weight of the load. b. Mechanical Belay. This belay (Figure 9-16) uses mechanical devices to help the belayer control the rope, as in rappelling. A variety of mountaineering devices are used to construct a mechanical belay. (1) Munter Hitch. One of the most often used belays; the Munter Hitch (Figure 9-17) requires very little equipment. The rope is routed through a locking pear-shaped carabiner, then back on itself. The belayer controls the rate of descent by manipulating the working end back on itself with his brake hand. (2) Air Traffic Controller. The ATC (air traffic controller) is a locking mechanical belay device (Figure 9-18). It locks down on itself once tension is applied in opposite directions. This requires the belayer to apply very little force with his brake hand to control the rate of descent or to arrest a climber's fall.

BREAK CONTACT

BREAK CONTACT (07-3-D9505) CONDITIONS (CUE) (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations. All or part of the unit is receiving enemy direct fire. The unit leader initiates drill by giving the order BREAK CONTACT. STANDARDS (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit returns fire. A leader identifies the enemy as a superior force, and makes the decision to break contact. The unit breaks contact using fire and movement. The unit continues to move until the enemy cannot observe or place effective fire on them. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. Dismounted (Figure 8-4) a. The unit leader designates an element to suppress the enemy with direct fire as the base of fire element. b. The unit leader orders distance, direction, a terrain feature, or last rally point for the movement of the first element. c. The unit leader calls for and adjusts indirect fire to suppress the enemy positions. d. The base of fire element continues to suppress the enemy. BREAK CONTACT (07-3-D9505) CONDITIONS (CUE) (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations. All or part of the unit is receiving enemy direct fire. The unit leader initiates drill by giving the order BREAK CONTACT. STANDARDS (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit returns fire. A leader identifies the enemy as a superior force, and makes the decision to break contact. The unit breaks contact using fire and movement. The unit continues to move until the enemy cannot observe or place effective fire on them. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. Dismounted (Figure 8-4) a. The unit leader designates an element to suppress the enemy with direct fire as the base of fire element. b. The unit leader orders distance, direction, a terrain feature, or last rally point for the movement of the first element. c. The unit leader calls for and adjusts indirect fire to suppress the enemy positions. d. The base of fire element continues to suppress the enemy.

REACT TO INDIRECT FIRE

CONDITIONS (CUE) (Dismounted)— The unit is moving, conducting operations. Any Ranger gives the alert, "Incoming," or a round impacts nearby. (Mounted)—The platoon/section is stationary or moving, conducting operations. The alert, "Incoming," comes over the radio or intercom, or rounds impact nearby. This drill begins when any member announces "Incoming," or when a round impacts. STANDARDS (Dismounted)— Rangers immediately seek the best available cover. Unit moves out of area to the designated rally point after the impacts. (Mounted)—If moving when they receive the alert, drivers immediately move their vehicles out of the impact area in the direction and distance ordered. If stationary when they receive the alert, drivers start their vehicles and move in the direction and distance ordered. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. Dismounted a. Any Ranger announces, "Incoming!" b. Rangers immediately assume the prone position or move to immediate available cover during initial impacts. c. The unit leader orders the unit to move to a rally point by giving a direction and distance. d. After the impacts, Rangers move rapidly in the direction and distance to the designated rally point. e. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters. 2. Mounted a. Any Ranger announces, "Incoming!" b. Vehicle commanders repeat the alert over the radio. c. The leader gives the direction and linkup location over the radio. d. Rangers close all hatches if applicable to the vehicle type; gunners stay below turret shields or get down into vehicle. e. Drivers move rapidly out of the impact area in the direction ordered by the leader. f. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters

REACT TO AMBUSH

CONDITIONS (CUE) (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit moves tactically, conducting operations. The enemy initiates contact with direct fire within hand grenade range. All or part of the unit is receiving accurate enemy direct fire. This drill begins when the enemy initiates ambush within hand grenade range. STANDARDS (Dismounted)— Rangers in the kill zone immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions, and then assault through the kill zone. Rangers outside the kill zone locate and place well aimed suppressive fire on the enemy. The unit assaults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. (Mounted)—Vehicle gunners immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions as the unit continues to move out of the kill zone. Rangers on disabled vehicles in the kill zone dismount, occupy covered positions, and engage the enemy with accurate fire. Vehicle gunners and Rangers outside the kill zone suppress the enemy. The unit assaults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters.

ENTER A TRENCH TO SECURE A FOOTHOLD SEE RANGER HANDBOOK

CONDITIONS (CUE) — The platoon is moving tactically and receives effective fire from an enemy trench. The platoon is ordered to secure a foothold in the trench. The platoon has only organic weapons support available. The unit leader initiates drill by giving the order for the assault element to secure a foothold in the trench. STANDARDS—The platoon leader/squad leader quickly identifies the entry point. Platoon/squad secures the entry point, enters the trench, and secures an area large enough for the follow on unit. The platoon maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel enemy counterattack and continue the mission. PERFORMANCE MEASURES...

BREACH A MINED WIRE OBSTACLE

CONDITIONS (CUE) —The platoon encounters a mined wire obstacle that prevents the platoon from moving forward. The platoon cannot bypass the obstacle. The enemy begins engaging the platoon from positions on the far side of the obstacle. This drill begins when the platoon's lead element encounters a mined wire obstacle, and the unit leader orders an element to breach the obstacle. STANDARDS—The platoon breaches the obstacle and moves all personnel and equipment quickly through the breach. The platoon moves the support element and follow on forces through the breach and maintains a sufficient fighting force to secure the far side of the breach. PERFORMANCE MEASURES

KNOCK OUT BUNKER

CONDITIONS (CUE) —The unit moves tactically, conducting operations. The enemy initiates contact from concealed bunker network. All or part of the unit is receiving accurate enemy direct fire. Some iterations of this task should be performed in MOPP4. The unit receives an order to knock out an enemy bunker from which it is receiving fire. STANDARDS—The unit destroys the designated bunker(s) by killing, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of enemy personnel in the bunker(s). The unit maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel an enemy counterattack and continue operations. PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. Deploy a. The squad/team in contact establishes a base of fire. b. Weapons squad leader positions machine gun(s) to reinforce rifle squad in contact. c. Platoon sergeant moves to support by fire position and assumes control of the position's fires. (The weapon squad leader repositions another machine gun, as needed, based on METT-TC). d. The squad in contact gains and maintains fire superiority by— (1) Destroying or suppressing enemy crew served weapons. (2) Continuing suppressive fires at the lowest possible level. (3) [Platoon FO] calling for and adjusting indirect fires as directed by the platoon leader. (4) Suppressing the bunker and any supporting positions. (5) [Squad] employing shoulder-launched munitions as required. e. The squad obscures the enemy position with smoke. f. The squad establishes security to rear and flanks of support-by-fire position. 2. Report a. Submits contact reports. b. Submits SALUTE report to commander. c. Submits SITREPs as needed. 3. Evaluate and Develop the Situation a. The platoon leader, his RTO, and the platoon FO move forward to link up with the squad leader of the squad in contact. b. The platoon leader evaluates the situation by identifying enemy's composition, disposition and capabilities— (1) Identifies enemy disposition: number and locations of enemy bunkers, levels of mutual support and overlapping fires between positions, connecting trenches, and protective obstacles. (2) Identifies enemy composition and strength: the number of enemy automatic weapons, the presence of any vehicles, and the employment of indirect fires are indicators of enemy strength. (3) Identifies enemy capability to defend, reinforce, attack, and withdraw. c. Platoon leader develops the situation by determining where he can move to a position of advantage. He looks for— (1) A vulnerable flank or blind spot to at least one bunker. (2) A covered and concealed flanking route to the flank of the bunker. 4. Develop a COA a. The platoon leader determines— (1) Which bunker poses the greatest threat. (2) Where the adjoining bunkers are located. (3) Whether to breach protective obstacles. b. Platoon leader determines where to place support positions. c. Platoon leader determines size and make up of assault squad. 5. Execute the COA (Figure 8-13). a. Platoon leader directs the supporting element to suppress bunker as needed— (1) Platoon sergeant repositions a squad, a fire team, or a machine gun team to isolate the bunker and to continue suppressive fires (2) Forward observer shifts fires. b. Assault squad leader executes knock out bunker drill— (1) The assaulting squad, platoon leader, and RTO move along the covered and concealed route to an assault position and avoid masking the fires of the fire element. (2) Rangers constantly watch for other bunkers or enemy positions in support of bunkers. (3) The supporting element shifts or ceases fire (direct fire and indirect fire). (4) Assault squad executes knock out bunker drill. On reaching the last covered and concealed position— (a) Buddy Team #1 members (Team Leader and Automatic Rifleman) remain where they can cover Buddy Team #2 (grenadier and rifleman). (b) Platoon Leader/ Squad Leader shifts supporting fires as required. (5) Buddy team #2 moves to a blind spot near the bunker. (a) One Ranger takes up a covered position near the exit. (b) Another Ranger cooks off a grenade, announces, "Frag out," and throws it through an aperture. (c) After the grenade detonates, the Ranger covering the exit enters first, and then the team clears the bunker. (6) Buddy team #1 moves to join buddy team #2. (7) The team leader: (a) Inspects the bunker. (b) Marks the bunker IAW unit SOP. (c) Signals squad leader that bunker is clear. c. The platoon leader— (1) Directs the supporting squad to move up and knock out the next bunker. OR (2) Directs the assaulting squad to continue and knock out the next bunker. (3) Rotates squads as necessary. d. The platoon/ squad leader accounts for Rangers, provides a SITREP to higher headquarters, reorganizes as necessary, and continues the mission.

ENTER AND CLEAR A ROOM

CONDITIONS (CUE)—The element is conducting operations as part of a larger unit and your four-Ranger team has been given the mission to clear a room. Enemy personnel are believed to be in building. Noncombatants may be present in the building and are possibly intermixed with the enemy personnel. Support and security elements are positioned at the initial foothold and outside the building. Some iterations of this drill should be performed in MOPP4. This drill begins on the order of the unit leader or on the command of the clearing team leader. STANDARDS—The team secures and clears the room by killing or capturing the enemy, while minimizing friendly casualties, noncombatant casualties, and collateral damage; team complies with Rules of Engagement (ROE). The team maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel an enemy counterattack and continue operations. PERFORMANCE MEASURES 1. The element leader occupies a position to best control the security and clearing teams. a. Element leader directs a team to secure corridors or hallways outside the room with appropriate firepower. b. The team leader (normally Ranger #2) takes a position to best control the clearing team outside the room. c. The element leader gives the signal to clear the room. 2. The clearing team enters and clears the room. a. The first two Rangers enter the room almost simultaneously (1) The first Ranger enters the room and moves left or right along the path of least resistance to one of two corners. He assumes a position of domination facing into the room. During movement he eliminates all immediate threats. (2) The second Ranger (normally the team leader) enters the room immediately after the first Ranger. He moves in the opposite direction of the first Ranger to his point of domination. During movement he eliminates all immediate threats in his sector. b. The third Ranger moves opposite direction of the second Ranger, scanning and clearing his sector as he assumes his point of domination c. The fourth Ranger moves opposite of the third Ranger to a position that dominates his sector (Figure 8-16 d. All Rangers engage enemy combatants with precision aimed fire, and identify noncombatants to avoid collateral damage. e. The team leader announces to the element leader when the room is "Clear." 3. The element leader enters the room. a. Quickly assesses room and threat. b. Determines if squad has fire power to continue clearing their assigned sector. c. Reports to the unit leader that the first room is clear. d. Requests needed sustainment to continue clearing his sector. e. Marks entry point IAW unit SOP. 4. The element consolidates and reorganizes as necessary.

CONDITIONS (CUES)

CONDITIONS (CUES) This drill begins when any of these three types of cues occur: Visual Contact (Dismounted)—The unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, and makes visual contact with the enemy. (Mounted)—Unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, and makes visual contact with the enemy. IED (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, when it identifies and confirms-or detonates-an IED. Direct Fire (Dismounted/Mounted)—The unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, when the enemy initiates contact with a direct-fire weapon. STANDARDS Visual Contact (Dismounted)— The unit destroys the enemy with a hasty ambush or an immediate assault through the enemy position. (Mounted)— Based on the composition of the mounted patrol, the unit either suppresses and reports the enemy position, and then continues its mission, or the patrol suppresses to fix the enemy position for a follow-on assault to destroy the enemy. IED (Dismounted/Mounted)— The unit takes immediate action by using the 5 C's procedure (Confirm, Clear, Call, Cordon, and Control). Direct Fire (Dismounted/Mounted)— The unit immediately returns well aimed fire and seeks cover. The unit leader reports the contact to higher headquarters.

COMBAT PATROLS

Combat patrols are the second type of patrol. Combat patrols are further divided into raids, ambushes, and security patrols. Units conduct combat patrols to destroy or capture enemy soldiers or equipment; destroy installations, facilities, or key points; or harass enemy forces. Combat patrols also provide security for larger units. This section describes overall combat patrol planning considerations, task considerations for each type of combat patrol, and finally actions on the objective for each type.

Demolition Team.

Demolition teams are responsible for preparing and detonating the charges to destroy designated equipment, vehicles, or facilities on the objective.

Enemy Prisoner of War Team.

EPW teams control enemy prisoners using the five S's and the leader's guidance.

Actions on the Objective

Each type of patrol requires different actions on the objective. Actions on the objective are discussed under each type of patrol.

COMPARISON OF ZONE RECONNAISSANCE METHODS

FAN METHOD • Uses a series (fan) of ORPs. • Patrol establishes security at first ORP. • Each recon element moves from ORP along a different fan-shaped route. Route overlaps with that of other recon elements. This ensures recon of entire area. • Leader maintains reserve at ORP. • When all recon elements return to ORP, PL collects and disseminates all info before moving to next ORP. CONVERGING ROUTES METHOD • PL selects routes from ORP thru zone to a rendezvous point at the far side of the zone from the ORP. • Each recon element moves and reconnoiters along a specified route. They converge (link up) at one time and place. BOX METHOD • PL sends recon elements from the first ORP along routes that form a box. He sends other elements along routes throughout the box. All teams link up at the far side of the box from the ORP.

GOTWA

G Where the leader is GOING. O OTHERS he is taking with him. T TIME he plans to be gone. W WHAT to do if the leader does not return in time. A ACTIONS by unit in the event contact is made while the leader is gone.

Common Elements of Patrols

Headquarters Element, Aid and Litter Team, Enemy Prisoner of War Team, Surveillance Team, En Route Recorder, Compass Man, Point/ Pace Man

Leadership.

If a patrol is made up of an organic unit, such as a rifle squad, the squad leader is responsible. If a patrol is made up of mixed elements from several units, an officer or NCO is designated as the patrol leader. This temporary title defines his role and responsibilities for that mission. The patrol leader may designate an assistant, normally the next senior man in the patrol, and any subordinate element leaders he requires.

MILITARY MOUNTAINEERING

In the mountains, commanders face the challenge of maintaining their units' combat effectiveness and efficiency. To meet this challenge, commander's conduct training that provides Rangers with the mountaineering skills necessary to apply combat power in a rugged mountain environment, and they develop leaders capable of applying doctrine to the distinct characteristics of mountain warfare.

Supporting Tasks

L

INITIAL PLANNING AND COORDINATION.

Leaders plan and prepare for patrols using the troop leading procedures and the estimate of the situation, as described in Chapter 2. Through an estimate of the situation, leaders identify required actions on the objective (mission analysis) and plan backward to departure from friendly lines and forward to reentry of friendly lines. Because patrolling units act independently, move beyond the direct fire support of the parent unit, and operate forward of friendly units, coordination must be thorough and detailed. Coordination is continuous throughout planning and preparation. PLs use checklists to preclude omitting any items vital to the accomplishment of the mission. a. Coordination with Higher Headquarters. This coordination includes intelligence, operations, and fire support IAW Chapter 2, Coordination Checklists (page 2-34). This initial coordination is an integral part of Step 3 of Troop Leading Procedures, Make a Tentative Plan. b. Coordination with Adjacent Units. The leader also coordinates his unit's patrol activities with the leaders of other units that will be patrolling in adjacent areas at the same time, IAW Coordination Checklists (Chapter 7).

TRAINING.

Military mountaineering training provides units tactical mobility in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be inaccessible. Rangers are trained in the fundamental mobility and climbing skills necessary to move units safely and efficiently in mountainous terrain. Rangers conducting Combat Operations in a mountainous environment should receive extensive training to prepare them for the rigor of mountain operations. Some of the areas are as follows: • Characteristics of the mountain environment. • Care and use of basic mountaineering equipment. • Mountain bivouac techniques. • Mountain communications. • Mountain travel and walking techniques. • Mountain navigation, hazard recognition and route selection. • Rope management and knots. • Natural and artificial anchors. • Belay and rappel techniques. • Installation construction and use such as rope bridges. • Rock climbing fundamentals. • Rope bridges and lowering systems. • Individual movement on snow and ice. • Mountain stream crossings (to include water survival techniques).

DISMOUNTED MOBILITY.

Movement in class four and five terrain demands specialized skills and equipment. Before Rangers can move in such terrain, a technical mountaineering team might have to secure the high ground. Some basic SOPs for executing combat missions will work in this scenario with small modifications. PL will develop the plan, issue the plan to the squad leaders; the squad leaders only need to disseminate the PL's plan to their units with the details of who conducts what tasks.

FUNDAMENTALS OF RECONNAISSANCE

Obtain Required Information, Avoid Detection by the Enemy, Employ Security Measures, Task Organize

En Route Recorder

Part of the HQ element, maintains communications with higher and acts as the recorder for all CCIR collected during the mission.

Reconnaissance and Security Teams

R&S teams are normally used in a zone reconnaissance, but may be useful in any situation when it is impractical to separate the responsibilities for reconnaissance and security.

Criteria.

Rally points must be • Easily identifiable in daylight and limited visibility. • Show no signs of recent enemy activity. • Covered and concealed. • Away from natural lines of drift and high speed avenues of approach. • Defendable for short periods of time. (2) Types. The most common types of rally points include initial, en route, objective, and near and far side rally points.

RAPPELLING.

Rappelling is a quick method of descent, but it can be extremely dangerous. Dangers include failure of the anchor or other equipment, and individual error. Anchors used in mountainous environments should be chosen carefully. Great care must be taken to load the anchor slowly and to avoid placing too much stress on the anchor. To ensure this, bounding rappels are prohibited-only walk-down rappels are permitted. a. Hasty and Body Rappels. These quick and easy rappels (Figure 9-27 and Figure 9-28) should only be used on moderate pitches-never on vertical or overhanging terrain. Gloves are used with both to prevent rope burns. b. Seat Hip Rappel. This rappel uses either a Figure 8 descender or a carabiner wrap descender (Figure 9-29). Whichever is used, it is inserted in a sling rope seat, then fastened to the rappeller. This gives the Ranger enough friction for a fast, controlled descent (Figure 9-30). c. Site Selection. The selection of the rappel point depends on factors such as mission, cover, route, anchor points, and edge composition (loose or jagged rocks). Personnel working near the edge must tie in, and the rappel point must have- • Smooth route, free of loose rock and debris. • Good primary and secondary anchors. • Anchor point above rappeller's departure point. • Equal tension between all anchor points. • Suitable loading and off-loading platforms • Double rope, if possible. • Long enough ropes to reach the off-loading platform.

Common Elements, Recon Patrols.

Reconnaissance team, reconnaissance and security team, security team

Reconnaissance Team.

Reconnaissance teams reconnoiter the objective area once the security teams are in position. Normally these are two-Ranger teams (buddy teams) to reduce the possibility of detection.

ROPE INSTALLATIONS

Rope installations may be constructed by teams to help units negotiate natural and man-made obstacles. Installation teams consist of a squad-sized element with 2 to 4 trained mountaineers. Installation teams deploy early and prepare the AO for safe, rapid movement by constructing various types of mountaineering installations. Following construction of an installation, the squad, or part of it, remains on site to secure and monitor the system, assist with the control of forces across it, and adjust or repair it during use. After the unit passes, the installation team may disassemble the system and deploy to another area.

ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE, AREA RECONNAISSANCE

Secure and occupy ORP. Conduct a leader's reconnaissance of the objective: - Estimate release point. - Pinpoint objective. - Estimate surveillance (S&O team). Position security element if used. Conduct reconnaissance by long-range surveillance if possible. Conduct reconnaissance by short-range surveillance if necessary. Teams Move as necessary to successive observation posts. On order, return to release point. Once PIR is gathered, return to ORP. Patrol - Link up as directed in ORP. - Disseminate info before moving.

Patrol.

Sent out by a larger unit to conduct a specific combat, reconnaissance, or security mission. A patrol's organization is temporary and specifically matched to the immediate task. Because a patrol is an organization, not a mission, it is not correct to speak of giving a unit a mission to "Patrol."

COMPLETION OF PLAN. As the PL completes his plan, he considers

Specified and Implied Tasks, Key Travel and Execution Times, Primary and Alternate Routes, Signals, Challenge and Password Forward of Friendly Lines, Location of Leaders, Actions on Enemy Contact, Contingency Plans

CLIMBING COMMANDS

Table 9-1 shows the sequence of commands used by climber and belayer

Section VI. MOVEMENT TO CONTACT The MTC is one of the five types of offensive operations. An MTC gains or regains contact with the enemy. Once contact is made, the unit develops the situation. Normally a platoon conducts an MTC as part of a larger force.

The MTC is one of the five types of offensive operations. An MTC gains or regains contact with the enemy. Once contact is made, the unit develops the situation. Normally a platoon conducts an MTC as part of a larger force.

OBJECTIVE RALLY POINT

The ORP is a point out of sight, sound, and small arms range of the objective area. It is normally located in the direction that the platoon plans to move after completion of actions on the objective. The ORP is tentative until the objective is pinpointed. a. Occupation of the ORP (Figure 7 8). (1) The patrol halts beyond sight and sound of the tentative ORP (200 to 400 meters in good visibility, 100 to 200 meters in limited visibility). (2) The patrol establishes a security halt IAW the unit SOP. (3) After issuing a five point contingency plan to the PSG, the PL moves forward with a recon element to conduct a leader's recon of the ORP. (4) For a squad sized patrol, the PL moves forward with a compass man and one member of each fire team to confirm the ORP. • After physically clearing the ORP location, the PL leaves two Rangers at the 6 o'clock position facing in opposite directions. • The PL issues a contingency plan and returns with the compass man to guide the patrol forward. • The PL guides the patrol forward into the ORP, with one team occupying from 3 o'clock through 12 o'clock to 9 o'clock, and the other occupying from 9 o'clock through 6 o'clock to 3 o'clock. (5) For a platoon-sized patrol, the PL, RTO, WSL, three ammo bearers, a team leader, a SAW gunner, and riflemen go on the leaders recon for the ORP and position themselves at 10, 2, and 6 o'clock. • The first squad in the order of march is the base squad, occupying from 10 to 2 o'clock. • The trail squads occupy from 2 to 6 o'clock and 6 to 10 o'clock, respectively. • The patrol headquarters element occupies the center of the triangle. b. Actions in the ORP. The unit prepares for the mission in the ORP. Once the leader's recon pinpoints the objective, the PSG generally lines up rucksacks IAW unit SOP in the center of the ORP.

Objective Rally Point

The ORP typically lies 200 to 400m from the objective, or at a minimum, one major terrain feature away. Actions at the ORP include • Conduct SLLS and pinpoint location. • Conduct a leaders recon of the objective. • Issue a FRAGO, if needed. • Make final preparations before continuing operations, for example, recamouflage, prepare demolitions, line up rucksacks for quick recovery; prepare EPW bindings, first aid kits, and litters; and inspect weapons. • Account for Rangers and equipment after completing actions at the objective. • Reestablish the chain of command after actions at the objective are complete. • Disseminate information from reconnaissance, if no contact was made.

Location of Leaders

The PL considers where he and the PSG and other key leaders are located during each phase of the mission. The PL positions himself where he can best control the actions of the patrol. The PSG is normally located with the assault element during a raid or attack to help the PL control the use of additional assaulting squads, and will assist with securing the OBJ. The PSG will locate himself at the CCP to facilitate casualty treatment and evacuation. During a reconnaissance mission, the PSG will stay behind in the ORP to facilitate the transfer of Intel to the higher headquarters, and control the recon elements movement into and out of the ORP.

Specified and Implied Tasks

The PL ensures that he has assigned all specified tasks to be performed on the objective, at rally points, at danger areas, at security or surveillance locations, along the route(s), and at passage lanes. These make up the maneuver and tasks to maneuver units subparagraphs of the Execution paragraph

DELIBERATE (POINT/ AREA) AMBUSH.

The ambush is emplaced NLT the time specified in the order. The patrol surprises the enemy and engages the enemy main body. The patrol kills or captures all enemy in the kill zone and destroys equipment based on the commander's intent. The patrol withdraws all personnel and equipment from the objective, on order, within the time specified in the order. The patrol obtains all available PIR from the ambush and continues follow on operations. Actions on the objective follow (Figure 7-6). a. The PL prepares the patrol for the ambush in the ORP. b. The PL prepares to conduct a leader's reconnaissance. He • Designates the members of the leader's recon party (typically includes squad leaders, surveillance team, FO, and possibly the security element. • Issues a contingency plan to the PSG. c. The PL conducts his leader's reconnaissance. He • Ensures the leader's recon party moves undetected. • Confirms the objective location and suitability for the ambush. • Selects a kill zone. • Posts the surveillance team at the site and issues a contingency plan. • Confirms suitability of assault and support positions, and routes from them to the ORP. • Selects position of each weapon system in support by fire position, then designates sectors of fire. • Identifies all offensive control measures to be used. Identifies the probably line of deployment (PLD), the assault position, LOA, any boundaries or other control measures. If available, the PL can use infrared aiming devices to identify these positions on the ground. d. The PL adjusts his plan based on info from the reconnaissance. He • Assigns positions. • Designates withdrawal routes. e. The PL confirms the ambush formation. f. The security team(s) occupy first, securing the flanks of the ambush site, and providing early warning. The security element must be in position before the support and assault elements move forward of the release point. A security team remains in the ORP if the patrol plans to return to the ORP after actions on the objective. If the ORP is abandoned, a rear security team should be emplaced. g. Support element leader assigns sectors of fire. He • Emplaces claymores and obstacles as designated. • Identifies sectors of fire and emplaces limiting stakes to prevent friendly fires from hitting other elements. • Overwatches the movement of the assault element into position. h. Once the support element is in position, or on the PLs order, the assault element • Departs the ORP and moves into position. • Upon reaching the PLD, the assault element transitions from the movement formation to the battle formation. • Identifies individual sectors of fire as assigned by the PL. Emplaces aiming stakes or uses metal to metal contact with the machine gun tripods to prevent fratricide on the objective. • Emplaces claymores to help destroy the enemy in the kill zone. • Camouflages positions. i. The security element spots the enemy and notifies the PL, and reports the direction of movement, size of the target, and any special weapons or equipment carried. The security element also keeps the platoon leader informed if any enemy forces are following the lead force. j. The PL alerts other elements, and determines if the enemy force is too large, or if the ambush can engage the enemy successfully. k. The PL initiates the ambush using the highest casualty producing device. He may use a command detonated claymore. He must also plan a backup method for initiating the ambush, in case his primary means fails. This should also be a casualty producing device such as his individual weapon. He passes this information to all Rangers, and practices it during rehearsals. l. The PL ensures that the assault and support elements deliver fire with the heaviest, most accurate volume possible on the enemy in the kill zone. In limited visibility, the PL may use infrared lasers to further define specific targets in the kill zone. m. Before assaulting the target, the PL gives the signal to lift or shift fires. n. The assault element—• Assaults before the remaining enemy can react. • Kills or captures enemy in the kill zone. • Uses individual movement techniques or bounds by fire teams to move. • Upon reaching the limit of advance, halts and establishes security. If needed, it reestablishes the chain of command and remains key weapon systems. All Rangers will load a fresh magazine or drum of ammunition using the buddy system. ACE reports will be submitted through the chain of command. The PL will submit an initial contact report to higher. o. The PL directs special teams (EPW search, aid and litter, demo) to accomplish their assigned tasks once the assault element has established its LOA. • Once the kill zone is clear, collect and secure all EPWs and move them out of the kill zone before searching their bodies. Coordinate for an EPW exchange point to link up with higher to extract all EPWs and treat them IAW the five S's. • Search from one side to the other and mark bodies that have been searched to ensure the area is thoroughly covered. Units should use the "clear out, search in" technique, clear from the center of the objective out ensuring the area is clear of all enemy combatants; then search all enemy personnel towards the center of the objective. Search all dead enemy personnel using the two-Ranger search technique: - As the search team approaches a dead enemy soldier, one Ranger guards while the other Ranger searches. First, the Ranger kicks the enemy's weapon away. - Second, he rolls the body over (if on the stomach) by lying on top and when given the go ahead by the guard (who is positioned at the enemy's head), the searcher rolls the body over on him. This is done for protection in case the enemy soldier has a grenade with the pin pulled underneath him. - The searchers then conduct a systematic search of the dead soldier from head to toe removing all papers and anything new (different type rank, shoulder boards, different unit patch, pistol, weapon, or NVD). They note if the enemy has a fresh or shabby haircut and the condition of his uniform and boots. They note the radio frequency, and then they secure the SOI, maps, documents, and overlays. - Once the body has been thoroughly searched, the search team will continue in this manner until all enemy personnel in and near the kill zone have been searched. • Identify, collect, and prepare all equipment to be carried back or destroyed. • Evacuate and treat friendly wounded first, then enemy wounded, time permitting. • The demolition team prepares dual primed explosives or incendiary grenades and awaits the signal to initiate. This is normally the last action performed before the unit departs the objective and may signal the security elements to return to the ORP. • Actions on the objective with stationary assault line; all actions are the same with the exception of the search teams. To provide security within the teams to the far side of the kill zone during the search, they work in three Ranger teams. Before the search begins, the Rangers move all KIAs to the near side of the kill zone. p. If enemy reinforcements try to penetrate the kill zone, the flank security will engage to prevent the assault element from being compromised. q. The platoon leader directs the unit's withdrawal from the ambush site: • Elements normally withdraw in the reverse order that they established their positions. • The elements may return to the RP or directly to the ORP, depending on the distance between elements. • The security element of the ORP must be alert to assist the platoon's return to the ORP. It maintains security for the ORP while the rest of the platoon prepares to leave. • If possible, all elements should return to the location at which they separated from the main body. This location should usually be the RP. r. The PL and PSG direct actions at the ORP, to include accountability of personnel and equipment and recovery of rucksacks and other equipment left at the ORP during the ambush. s. The platoon leader disseminates information, or moves the platoon to a safe location (no less than one kilometer or one terrain feature away from the objective) and disseminates information. t. As required, the PL and FO execute indirect fires to cover the platoon's withdrawal.

EPW and Search Teams.

The assault element may provide two-Ranger (buddy teams) or four-Ranger (fire team) search teams to search bunkers, buildings, or tunnels on the objective. These teams will search the objective or kill zone for any PIR that may give the PL an idea of the enemy concept for future operations. Primary and alternate teams may be assigned to ensure enough prepared personnel are available on the objective.

Assault Element

The assault element seizes and secures the objective and protects special teams as they complete their assigned actions on the objective

Breach Element

The breach team conducts initial penetration of enemy obstacles to seize a foothold and allow the patrol to enter an objective. This is typically done IAW METT-TC and the steps outlined in the "Conduct an Initial Breach of a Mined Wire Obstacle" battle drill in Chapter 6 of this Handbook.

Challenge and Password Forward of Friendly Lines

The challenge and password from the unit's ANCD must not be used beyond the FLOT. (1) Odd Number System. The leader specifies an odd number. The challenge can be any number less than the specified number. The password will be the number that must be added to it to equal the specified number, for example, the number is 7, the challenge is 3, and the password is 4. (2) Running Password. ANCDs may also designate a running password. This code word alerts a unit that friendly Rangers are approaching in a less than organized manner and possibly under pressure. The number of Rangers approaching follows the running password. For example, if the running password is "Ranger," and five friendly Rangers are approaching, they would say "Ranger five.

Compass Man.

The compass man assists in navigation by ensuring the patrol remains on course at all times. Instructions to the compass man must include initial and subsequent azimuths. As a technique, the compass man should preset his compass on the initial azimuth before the unit moves out, especially if the move will be during limited visibility conditions. The platoon or squad leader should also designate an alternate compass man.

ACTIONS ON THE OBJECTIVE, AREA RECONNAISSANCE. SEE RANGER HANDBOOK

The element occupies the ORP as discussed in the section on occupation of the ORP (A, Figure 7-2). The RTO reports to higher that the unit has occupied the ORP. The leader confirms his location on map while subordinate leaders make necessary perimeter adjustments. The PL organizes the platoon in one of two ways: separate recon and security elements, or combined recon and security elements.

Headquarters Element.

The headquarters consists of the platoon leader, RTO, platoon sergeant (PSG), FO, RTO, and medic. It may include any attachments that the PL decides that he or the PSG must control directly.

Rally Points.

The leader considers the use and location of rally points. A rally point is a place designated by the leader where the unit moves to reassemble and reorganize if it becomes dispersed. Rangers must know which rally point to move to at each phase of the patrol mission should they become separated from the unit. They must also know what actions are required there and how long they are to wait at each rally point before moving to another.

Key Travel and Execution Times

The leader estimates time requirements for movement to the objective, leader's reconnaissance of the objective, establishment of security and surveillance, completion of all assigned tasks on the objective, and passage through friendly lines. Some planning factors are • Movement: Average of 1 kmph during daylight hours in woodland terrain; average limited visibility 1/2 kmph. Add additional time for restrictive, or severely restrictive terrain such as mountains, swamps, or thick vegetation. • Leader's recon: NLT 1.5 hour. • Establishment of security and surveillance: 0.5 hour.

Contingency Plans.

The leader leaves his unit for many reasons throughout the planning, coordination, preparation, and execution of his patrol mission. Each time the leader departs the patrol main body, he must issue a five point contingency plan to the leader left in charge of the unit. The patrol leader will additionally issue specific guidance stating what tasks are to be accomplished in the ORP in his absence.

Primary and Alternate Routes.

The leader selects primary and alternate routes to and from the objective. The return routes should differ from the routes to the objective. The PL may delegate route selection to a subordinate, but is ultimately responsible for the routes selected

Signals.

The leader should consider the use of special signals. These include hand and arm signals, flares, voice, whistles, radios, and infrared equipment. Primary and alternate signals must be identified and rehearsed so that all Rangers know their meaning.

Obtain Required Information

The parent unit tells the patrol leader what information is required. This is in the form of the information requirement and priority intelligence requirements. The platoon's mission is then tailored to what information is required. During the entire patrol, members must continuously gain and exchange all information gathered, but cannot consider the mission accomplished unless all PIR has been gathered.

PERFORM RAID.

The patrol initiates the raid NLT the time specified in the order, surprises the enemy, assaults the objective, and accomplishes its assigned mission within the commander's intent. The patrol does not become decisively engaged en route to the objective. The patrol obtains all available PIR from the raid objective and continues follow on operations. a. Planning Considerations. A raid is a form of attack, usually small scale, involving a swift entry into hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or destroy installations followed by a planned withdrawal. Squads do not conduct raids. The sequence of platoon actions for a raid is similar to those for an ambush. Additionally, the assault element of the platoon may have to conduct a breach of an obstacle. It may have additional tasks to perform on the objective such as demolition of fixed facilities. Fundamentals of the raid include • Surprise and speed. Infiltrate and surprise the enemy without being detected. • Coordinated fires. Seal off the objective with well synchronized direct and indirect fires. • Violence of action. Overwhelm the enemy with fire and maneuver. • Planned withdrawal. Withdraw from the objective in an organized manner, maintaining security. b. Actions on the Objective (Raid) (Figure 7-7). (1) The patrol moves to and occupies the ORP IAW the patrol SOP. The patrol prepares for the leader's recon. (2) The PL, squad leaders, and selected personnel conduct a leader's recon. • PL leaves a five-point contingency plan with the PSG. • PL establishes the RP, pinpoints the objective, contacts the PSG to prep men, weapons, and equipment, emplaces the surveillance team to observe the objective, and verifies and updates intelligence information. Upon emplacing the surveillance team, the PL will provide a five-point contingency plan. • Leader's recon verifies location of and routes to security, support, and assault positions. • Security teams are brought forward on the leader's reconnaissance and emplaced before the leader's recon leaves the RP. • Leaders conduct the recon without compromising the patrol. • Leaders normally recon support-by-fire position first, then the assault position. (3) The PL confirms, denies, or modifies his plan and issues instructions to his squad leaders. • Assigns positions and withdrawal routes to all elements. • Designates control measures on the objective (element objectives, lanes, limits of advance, target reference points, and assault line). • Allows SLs time to disseminate information, and confirm that their elements are ready. (4) Security elements occupy designated positions, moving undetected into positions that provide early warning and can seal off the objective from outside support or reinforcement. (5) The support element leader moves the support element to designated positions. The support element leader ensures his element can place well aimed fire on the objective. (6) The PL moves with the assault element into the assault position. The assault position is normally the last covered and concealed position before reaching the objective. As it passes through the assault position the platoon deploys into its assault formation; that is, its squads and fire teams deploy to place the bulk of their firepower to the front as they assault the objective. • Makes contact with the surveillance team to confirm any enemy activity on the objective. • Ensures that the assault position is close enough for immediate assault if the assault element is detected early. • Moves into position undetected, and establish local security and fire-control measures. (7) Element leaders inform the PL when their elements are in position and ready. (8) The PL directs the support element to fire. (9) Upon gaining fire superiority, the PL directs the assault element to move towards the objective. • Assault element holds fire until engaged, or until ready to penetrate the objective. • PL signals the support element to lift or shift fires. The support element lifts or shifts fires as directed, shifting fire to the flanks of targets or areas as directed in the FRAGO. (10) The assault element attacks and secures the objective. The assault element may be required to breech a wire obstacle. As the platoon, or its assault element, moves onto the objective, it must increase the volume and accuracy of fires. Squad leaders assign specific targets or objectives for their fire teams. Only when these direct fires keep the enemy suppressed can the rest of the unit maneuver. As the assault element gets closer to the enemy, there is more emphasis on suppression and less on maneuver. Ultimately, all but one fire team may be suppressing to allow that one fire team to break into the enemy position. Throughout the assault, Rangers use proper individual movement techniques, and fire teams retain their basic shallow wedge formation. The platoon does not get "on line" to sweep across the objective. • Assault element assaults through the objective to the designated LOA. • Assault element leaders establish local security along the LOA, and consolidate and reorganize as necessary. They provide ACE reports to the PL and PSG. The platoon establishes security, operates key weapons, provides first aid, and prepares wounded Rangers for MEDEVAC. They redistribute ammunition and supplies, and they relocate selected weapons to alternate positions if leaders believe that the enemy may have pinpointed them during the attack. They adjust other positions for mutual support. The squad and team leader provide ammunition, casualty, and equipment (ACE) reports to the platoon leader. The PL/PSG reorganizes the patrol based on the contact. - On order, special teams accomplish all assigned tasks under the supervision of the PL, who positions himself where he can control the patrol. - Special team leaders report to PL when assigned tasks are complete. (11) On order or signal of the PL, the assault element withdraws from the objective. Using prearranged signals, the assault line begins an organized withdrawal from the objective site, maintaining control and security throughout the withdrawal. The assault element bounds back near the original assault line, and begin a single file withdrawal through the APL's choke point. All Rangers must move through the choke point for an accurate count. Once the assault element is a safe distance from the objective and the headcount is confirmed, the platoon can withdraw the support element. If the support elements were a part of the assault line, they withdraw together, and security is signaled to withdraw. Once the support is a safe distance off the objective, they notify the platoon leader, who contacts the security element and signals them to withdraw. All security teams link up at the release point and notify the platoon leader before moving to the ORP. Personnel returning to the ORP immediately secure their equipment and establish all round security. Once the security element returns, the platoon moves out of the objective area as soon as possible, normally in two to three minutes. • Before withdrawing, the demo team activates demo devices and charges. • Support element or designated personnel in the assault element maintain local security during the withdrawal. • Leaders report updated accountability and status (ACE report) to the PL and PSG. (12) Squads withdraw from the objective in the order designated in the FRAGO to the ORP. • Account for personnel and equipment. • Disseminate information. • Redistribute ammunition and equipment as required. (13) The PL reports mission accomplishment to higher and continues the mission. • Reports raid assessment to higher. • Informs higher of any IR/ PIR gathered

Leader's Reconnaissance of the Objective.

The plan must include a leader's reconnaissance of the objective once the platoon or squad establishes the ORP. Before departing, the leader must issue a 5 point contingency plan. During his reconnaissance, the leader pinpoints the objective, selects reconnaissance, security, support, and assault positions for his elements, and adjusts his plan based on his observation of the objective. Each type of patrol requires different tasks during the 7 - 5 leader's reconnaissance. The platoon leader will bring different elements with him. (These are discussed separately under each type of patrol). The leader must plan time to return to the ORP, complete his plan, disseminate information, issue orders and instructions, and allow his squads to make any additional preparations. During the Leader's Reconnaissance for a Raid or Ambush, the PL will leave surveillance on the OBJ.

TASK STANDARDS.

The platoon moves NLT the time specified in the order, the platoon makes contact with the smallest element possible, and the main body is not surprised by the enemy. Once the platoon makes contact, it maintains contact. The platoon destroys squad and smaller sized elements, and fixes elements larger than a squad. The platoon maintains sufficient fighting force capable of conducting further combat operations. Reports of enemy locations and contact are forwarded. If not detected by the enemy, the PL initiates a hasty attack. The platoon sustains no casualties from friendly fire. The platoon is prepared to initiate further movement within 25 minutes of contact, and all personnel and equipment are accounted for

HASTY AMBUSH.

The platoon moves quickly to concealed positions. The ambush is not initiated until the majority of the enemy is in the kill zone. The unit does not become decisively engaged. The platoon surprises the enemy. The patrol captures, kills, or forces the withdrawal of the entire enemy within the kill zone. On order, the patrol withdraws all personnel and equipment in the kill zone from observation and direct fire. The unit does not become decisively engaged by follow on elements. The platoon continues follow on operations. Actions on the objective follow (Figure 7-5). a. Using visual signals, any Ranger alerts the unit that an enemy force is in sight. The Ranger continues to monitor the location and activities of the enemy force until his team or squad leader relieves him, and gives the enemy location and direction of movement. b. The platoon or squad halts and remains motionless. • The PL gives the signal to conduct a hasty ambush, taking care not to alert the enemy of the patrol's presence. • The leader determines the best nearby location for a hasty ambush. He uses arm and hand signals to direct the unit members to covered and concealed positions. c. The leader designates the location and extent of the kill zone. d. Teams and squads move silently to covered and concealed positions, ensuring positions are undetected and have good observation and fields of fire into the kill zone. e. Security elements move out to cover each flank and the rear of the unit. The leader directs the security elements to move a given distance, set up, and then rejoin the unit on order or, after the ambush (the sound of firing ceases). At squad level, the two outside buddy teams normally provide flank security as well as fires into the kill zone. At platoon level, fire teams make up the security elements. f. The PL assigns sectors of fire and issues any other commands necessary such as control measures. g. The PL initiates the ambush, using the greatest casualty producing weapon available, when the largest percentage of enemy is in the kill zone. The PL • Controls the rate and distribution of fire. • Employs indirect fire to support the ambush. • Orders cease fire. • (If the situation dictates) orders the patrol to assault through the kill zone. h. The PL designates personnel to conduct a hasty search of enemy personnel and process enemy prisoners and equipment. i. The PL orders the platoon to withdraw from the ambush site along a covered and concealed route. j. The PL gains accountability, reorganizes as necessary, disseminates information, reports the situation, and continues the mission as directed.

Security Element.

The security element provides security at danger areas, secures the ORP, isolates the objective, and supports the withdrawal of the rest of the patrol once actions on the objective are complete. The security element may have separate security teams, each with an assigned task or sequence of tasks.

Patrolling or Conducting a Patrol.

The semi-independent operation conducted to accomplish the patrol's mission. A patrol requires a specific task and purpose.

Support Element.

The support element provides direct and indirect fire support for the unit. Direct fires include machine guns, medium and light antiarmor weapons, small recoilless rifles. Indirect fires available may include mortars, artillery, CAS, and organic M203 weapon systems.

Surveillance Team

The surveillance team keeps watch on the objective from the time that the leader's reconnaissance ends until the unit deploys for actions on the objective. They then rejoin their parent element.

Actions on Enemy Contact

Unless required by the mission, the unit avoids enemy contact. The leader's plan must address actions on chance contact at each phase of the patrol mission. The unit's ability to continue will depend on how early contact is made, whether the platoon is able to break contact successfully (so that its subsequent direction of movement is undetected), and whether the unit receives any casualties because of the contact. The plan must address the handling of seriously wounded Rangers and KIAs. The plan must also address the handling of prisoners who are captured because of chance contact and are not part of the planned mission.

Task Organize.

When the platoon leader receives the order, he analyzes his mission to ensure he understands what must be done. Then he task organizes his platoon to best accomplish the mission IAW METT-TC. Reconnaissances are typically squad sized missions.

Security Element

When the responsibilities of reconnaissance and security are separate, the security element provides security at danger areas, secures the ORP, isolates the objective, and supports the withdrawal of the rest of the platoon once the recon is complete. The security element may have separate security teams, each with an assigned task or sequence of tasks.

TASK ORGANIZATION.

Your platoon will be organized into four different elements, all of which are necessary for mission accomplishment. a. Headquarters. HQ provides overall command and control of the mission: • Patrol leader (PL) • Patrol leader's RTO • Assistant patrol leader (APL) • APL's RTO • Forward observer (FO) • Medic b. Support (Evacuation Team). This team is responsible for care and transportation of the casualty. The Platoon medic, though part of the HQ's element, moves with the Support Squad leader. c. Assault (R/ S and Installation Teams). These will each consist of one squad. Assault has the primary missions of route reconnaissance, navigation, and installation construction. d. Security. This will consist of one squad. Primary focus is to provide security for the platoon at all obstacles and installations as well as serve as back up support/ evacuation. e. Equipment. Once task organization has been completed, the platoon must organize and consolidate all rescue and mountaineering equipment.

ASK STANDARDS

a. Area Reconnaissance. The area recon patrol collects all available information on PIR and other intelligence not specified in the order for the area. The patrol completes the recon and reports all information by the time specified in the order. The patrol is not compromised. b. Zone Reconnaissance. The zone recon patrol determines all PIR and other intelligence not specified in the order for its assigned zone. The patrol reconnoiters without detection by the enemy. The patrol completes the recon and reports all information by the time specified in the order

ROPE INSTALLATIONS

a. Fixed-Rope Installations. A fixed rope is anchored in place to help Rangers move over difficult terrain. Its simplest form is a rope tied off on the top of steep terrain. As terrain becomes steeper or more difficult, fixed rope systems may require intermediate anchors along the route. Planning considerations follow: • Does the installation allow you to bypass the obstacle? • (Tactical) Can obstacle be secured from construction through negotiation, to disassembly? • Is it in a safe and suitable location? Is it easy to negotiate? Does it avoid obstacles? • Are natural and artificial anchors available? • Is the area safe from falling rock and ice? b. Vertical Hauling Line. This installation (Figure 9-19) is used to haul men and equipment up vertical or near vertical slopes. It is often used with the fixed rope. (1) Planning Considerations. • Does the installation allow you to bypass the obstacle? • (Tactical) Can you secure the installation from construction through negotiation to disassembly? • Does it have good loading and off loading platforms? Are the platforms natural and easily accessible? Do they provide a safe working area? • Does it allow sufficient clearance for load? Is there enough space between the slope and the apex of the A frame to allow easy loading and off loading of troops and equipment? • Does it have an A frame for artificial height? • Does it allow you to haul line in order to move personnel and equipment up and down slope? • Does the A frame have a pulley or locking carabiner to ease friction on hauling line? • Does it have a knotted hand line to help Rangers up the installation? • Does it allow for Rangers top and bottom to monitor safe operation? (2) Equipment. • Three 120 foot (37-meter) static ropes. • Three 15 foot sling ropes for constructing A frame. • Two A frame poles, 7 to 9 feet long, 4 to 6 inches in diameter (load dependent). • Nine carabiners. • One pulley with steel locking carabiner. c. Bridging. Rope bridges are employed in mountainous terrain to bridge linear obstacles such as streams or rivers where the force of flowing water may be too great or temperatures are too cold to conduct a wet crossing. (1) Construction. The rope bridge is constructed using static ropes. The max span that can be bridged is half the length of the rope for a dry crossing, three-fourths for a wet crossing. The ropes are anchored with an anchor knot on the far side of the obstacle, and tied off at the near end with a transport-tightening system. Rope bridge planning considerations follow: • Does the installation allow you to bypass the obstacle? • (Tactical) Can you secure the installation from construction through negotiation to disassembly? • Is it in the most suitable location such as a bend in the river? Is it easily secured? • Does it have near and far side anchors? • Does it have good loading and off loading platforms? (2) Equipment (1 Rope Bridge). • One sling rope per Ranger. • One steel locking carabiner. • Two steel ovals. • Two 120 foot static ropes. (3) Construction Steps. The first Ranger swims the rope to the far side and ties a tensionless anchor (Figure 9-4), between knee and chest level, with at least 6 to 8 wraps. The BTC ties a transport-tightening system (Figure 9-20) to the near side anchor point. Then, he ties a Figure 8 slipknot and incorporates a locking half hitch around the adjustable bight. Insert two steel oval carabiners into the bight so the gates are opposite and opposed. The rope is then routed around the near side anchor point at waist level and dropped into the steel oval carabiners. (a) A three Ranger pulling team moves forward from the platoon. No more than three are used to tighten the rope. Using more can cause over tightening of the rope, bringing it near failure. (b) Once the rope bridge is tight enough, the bridge team secures the transport tightening system (Figure 9-20) using two half hitches, without losing more than 4 inches of tension. (c) Personnel cross using either the Commando Crawl (Figure 9-21), Rappel Seat (Figure 9-22), or Monkey Crawl (Figure 9-23) method. (4) Bridge Recovery. Once all except two troops have crossed the rope bridge, the bridge team commander (BTC) chooses either the wet or dry method to dismantle the rope bridge. If the BTC chooses the dry method, he should have anchored his tightening system with the transport knot. (a) The BTC back stacks all of the slack coming out of the transport knot, ties a fixed loop, and places a carabiner into the fixed loop. (b) The next to last Ranger to cross should attach the carabiner to his rappel seat or harness, and then move across the bridge using the Tyrolean traverse method. (c) The BTC removes all knots from the system. The far side remains anchored. The rope should now only pass around the near side anchor. (d) A three-Ranger pull team, assembled on the far side, takes the end brought across by the next to last Ranger, pulls and holds the rope tight again. (e) The BTC attaches himself to the rope bridge and moves across. (f) Once across, the BTC breaks down the far side anchor, removes the knots, and then pulls the rope across. If it is a wet crossing, any method can be used to anchor the tightening system. (g) All personnel cross except the BTC or the strongest swimmer. (h) The BTC then removes all knots from the system. (i) The BTC ties a fixed loop, inserts a carabiner, and attaches it to his rappel seat or harness. He then manages the rope as the slack is pulled to the far side. (j) The BTC then moves across the obstacle while being belayed from the far side. d. Suspension Traverse. The suspension traverse is used to move personnel and equipment over rivers, ravines, and chasms, or up or down a vertical obstacle. By combining the transport-tightening system used during the rope bridge, an A Frame used for the vertical haul Line (Figure 9-24), and belay techniques device, units can make a suspension traverse (Figure 9-25 and Figure 9-26). Installing a suspension traverse can be slow and equipment intensive. Everyone must be well-trained and rehearsed in the procedures. (1) Construction. The suspension traverse is constructed with static ropes. The max span that can be bridged is generally 75 percent length of the shortest rope. Planning considerations include those for rope bridge and vertical haul line. (2) Equipment. • Three static installation ropes. • Seven sling ropes. • Nine carabiners. • One heavy duty double pulley. • One locking carabiner. • One canvas pad.

MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT. Mountaineering equipment refers to all the parts and pieces that allow the trained Ranger to accomplish many tasks in the mountains. The importance of this gear to the mountaineer is no less than that of the rifle to the infantryman.

a. Ropes and Cords. Ropes and cords are the most important pieces of mountaineering equipment. They secure climbers and equipment on steep ascents and descents. They are also used to install rope and hauling equipment. From WWII until the 1980's, the US military mostly used 7/16-inch nylon laid rope, often referred to as green line for all mountaineering operations. Since the introduction of kernmantle ropes, ropes designed for more specific purposes are replacing the old all-purpose green line. Kernmantle ropes are constructed similar to parachute cord. It consists of a smooth sheath, surrounding a braided or woven core. Laid ropes are still in use today however, should never be used in situations where rope failure could result in injury or loss of equipment. There are two classifications of kernmantle ropes; static and dynamic. (1) Dynamic Ropes. Ropes used for climbing are classified as dynamic ropes. These rope stretch or elongate 8 to 12 percent once subjected to weight or impact. This stretching is critical in reducing the impact force on the climber, anchors, and/or belayer during a fall by softening the catch. 11mm X 150m is generally considered the standard for military use however more specialized ropes in different length and diameters are available. (2) Static Ropes. Static ropes are used in situations where rope stretch is undesired, and when the rope is subjected to heavy static weight. Static ropes should never be used while climbing, since even a fall of a few feet could generate enough impact force to injure climber and belayer, and/or cause anchor failure. Static ropes are usually used when constructing rope bridges, fixed rope installations, vertical haul lines, and so on. (3) Sling Ropes and Cordelettes. A short section of static rope or static cord is called a "sling rope" or "cordelette." These are critical pieces of personal equipment in mountaineering operations. Diameter usually ranges from 7mm to 8mm, and up to 21 feet long. 8mm X 15 feet is the minimum Ranger standard. (4) Care of Rope. Rope that is used daily should be used no longer than one year. Occasionally used rope can be used generally up to five years if properly cared for. • Inspect ropes thoroughly before, during and after use for cuts, frays, abrasions, mildew, and soft or worn spots. • Never step on a rope or drag it on the ground unnecessarily. • Avoid running rope over sharp or rough edges (pad if necessary). • Keep ropes away from oil, acids and other corrosive substances. • Avoid running ropes across one another under tension (nylon to nylon contact will damage ropes). • Do not leave ropes knotted or under tension longer than necessary. • Clean in cool water, loosely coil and hang to dry out of direct sunlight. Ultraviolet light rays harm synthetic fibers. When wet, hang rope to drip dry on a rounded wooden peg, at room temperature (do not apply heat). (5) Webbing and Slings. Loops of tubular webbing or cord, called slings or runners, are the simplest pieces of equipment and some of the most useful. The uses for these simple pieces are endless, and they are a critical link between the climber, the rope, carabiners, and anchors. Runners are predominately made from either 9/16 inch or 1 inch tubular webbing and are either tied or sewn by a manufacturer. b. Carabiners. The carabiner is one of the most versatile pieces of equipment available in the mountains. This simple piece of gear is the critical connection between the climber, his rope, and the protection attaching him to the mountain. Carabiners must be strong enough to hold hard falls, yet light enough for the climber to easily carry a quantity of them. Today's high tech metal alloys allow carabiners to meet both of these requirements. Steel carabiners are still widely used in the military but are being replaced by lighter and stronger materials. Basic carabiner construction affords the user several different shapes. c. Protection. Protection is the generic term used to describe a piece of equipment (natural or artificial) that is used to construct an anchor. Protection is used with a climber, belayer, and climbing rope to form the lifeline of the climbing team. The rope connects two climbers, and the protection connects them to the rock or to ice. Figure 9-1 shows removable artificial protection, and Figure 9-2 shows fixed (usually permanent) artificial protection.

TECHNIQUES. The two techniques of conducting a movement to contact are search and attack and approach march.

a. Search and Attack. The S&A technique is used when the enemy is dispersed, is expected to avoid contact, disengage or withdraw, or you have to deny his movement in an area. The search and attack technique involves the use of multiple platoons, squads, and fire teams coordinating their actions to make contact with the enemy. Platoons typically try to find the enemy and then fix and finish him. They combine patrolling techniques with the requirement to conduct hasty or deliberate attacks once the enemy has been found. (1) Planning Considerations. • The factors of METT-TC. • The requirement for decentralized execution. • The requirement for mutual support. • The length of operations. • Minimize "Soldier's Load" to improve stealth and speed. • Resupply and MEDEVAC. • Positioning key leaders and equipment. • Employment of key weapons. • Requirement for patrol bases. • Concept for entering the zone of action. • The concept for linkups while in contact. • (2) Critical Performance Measures. • The platoon locates the enemy without being detected. • Once engaged, fixes the enemy in position and maneuvers against the enemy. • Maintains security throughout actions to avoid being flanked. b. Approach March. The concept of the approach march is to make contact with the smallest element, allowing the commander the flexibility of destroying or bypassing the enemy. A platoon uses the approach march method as part of a larger unit. It can be tasked as the advance guard, move as part of the main body, or provide flank or rear security for the company or battalion. They may also receive on order missions as part of the main body. (1) Fundamentals. These basics are common to all movements to contact. • Make enemy contact with smallest element possible. • Rapidly develop combat power upon enemy contact. • Provide all round security for the unit. • Support higher unit's concept. • Reports all information rapidly and accurately and strives to gain and maintain contact with the enemy. • Requires decentralized execution. (2) Planning Considerations. The following issues should be considered heavily for MTC operations: • Factors of METT-TC. • Reduced "Soldier's Load." (3) Critical Performance Measures. • PL selects the appropriate movement formation based on likelihood of enemy contact. • Maintains contact, once contact is made, until ordered to do otherwise.

KNOTS

a. Square Knot. This joins two ropes of equal diameter (Figure 9-5): Two interlocking bites, running ends exit on same side of standing portion of rope. Each tail is secured with an overhand knot on the standing end. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4 inch tail on the working end. b. Round Turn with Two Half Hitches. This is a constant tension anchor knot (Figure 9-6). The rope forms a complete turn around the anchor point (thus the name "round turn"), with both ropes parallel and touching, but not crossing. Both half hitches are tightly dressed against the round turn, with the locking bar on top. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4 inch tail on the working end c. End-of-the-Rope Clove Hitch. This is an intermediate anchor knot (Figure 9-7) that requires constant tension. Make two turns around the anchor (1). A locking bar runs diagonally from one side to the other. Leave no more than one rope width between turns of rope (2). Locking bar is opposite direction of pull. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4-inch tail on the working end d. Middle-of-the-Rope Clove Hitch. This knot (Figure 9-8) secures the middle of a rope to an anchor. The knot forms two turns around the anchor (1, 2). A locking bar runs diagonally from one side to the other. Leave no more than one rope width between turns (3). Ensure the locking bar is opposite the direction of pull. e. Rappel Seat. The rappel seat (Figure 9-9) is a rope harness used in rappelling and climbing. It can be tied for use with the left or right hand (1). Leg straps do not cross, and are centered on buttocks and tight (2). Leg straps form locking half hitches on rope around waist. Square knot properly tied on right hip (3) and finished with two overhand knots. Tails must be even, within 6 inches (4). Carabiner properly inserted around all ropes with opening gate opening up and away (5). Carabiner will not come in contact with square knot or overhand knot. Rappel seat is tight enough not to allow a fist to be inserted between the rappeller's body and the harness. f. Double Figure 8. Use a Figure 8 loop knot (Figure 9-10) to form a fixed loop in the end of the rope. It can be tied at the end of the rope or anywhere along the length of the rope. Figure 8 loop knots are formed by two ropes parallel to each other in the shape of a Figure 8, no twists are in the Figure 8. Fixed loops are large enough to insert a carabiner. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4 inch tail on the working end. g. Rerouted Figure 8 Knot. This anchor knot also attaches a climber to a climbing rope. Form a Figure 8 in the rope, and pass the working end around an anchor. Reroute the end back through to form a double Figure 8 (Figure 9-11). Tie the knot with no twists. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4 inch tail on the working end. h. Figure 8 Slip Knot. The Figure 8 slip is used to form an adjustable bight in the middle of a rope. Knot is in the shape of a Figure 8. Both ropes of the bight pass through the same loop of the Figure 8. The bight is adjustable by means of a sliding section (Figure 9-12). i. End-of-the-Rope Prusik. This knot (Figure 9-13) attaches a movable rope to a fixed rope. The knot has two round turns, with a locking bar perpendicular to the standing end of the rope. Tie a bow line within 6 inches of the locking bar. When you dress the knot, leave at least a 4 inch tail on the working end. j. Middle-of-the-Rope Prusik. The Middle-of-the-Rope Prusik (Figure 9-14) attaches a movable rope to a fixed rope anywhere along the length of the fixed rope. To make this knot, make two round turns with a locking bar perpendicular to the standing end. Ensure the wraps do not cross and that the overhand knot is within 6 inches from the horizontal locking bar. Ensure the knot does not move freely on the fixed rope

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS. In planning a combat patrol, the PL considers the following:

a. Tasks to Maneuver Units. Normally the platoon headquarters element controls the patrol on a combat patrol mission. The PL makes every try to maintain squad and fire team integrity as he assigns tasks to subordinates units. (1) The PL must consider the requirements for assaulting the objective, supporting the assault by fire, and security of the entire unit throughout the mission. • For the assault on the objective, the PL considers the required actions on the objective, the size of the objective, and the known or presumed strength and disposition of the enemy on and near the objective. • The PL considers the weapons available, and the type and volume of fires required to provide fire support for the assault on the objective. • The PL considers the requirement to secure the platoon at points along the route, at danger areas, at the ORP, along enemy avenues of approach into the objective, and elsewhere during the mission. • The PL will also designate engagement/ disengagement criteria. (2) The PL assigns additional tasks to his squads for demolition, search of EPWs, guarding of EPWs, treatment and evacuation (litter teams) of friendly casualties, and other tasks required for successful completion of patrol mission (if not already in the SOP). (3) The PL determines who will control any attachments of skilled personnel or special equipment. b. Leader's Reconnaissance of the Objective. In a combat patrol, the PL has additional considerations for the conduct of his reconnaissance of the objective from the ORP. (1) Composition of the Leader's Reconnaissance Party. The platoon leader will normally bring the following personnel. • Squad leaders to include the weapons squad leader. • Surveillance team. • Forward observer. • Security element (dependent on time available). (2) Conduct of the Leader's Reconnaissance. In a combat patrol, the PL considers the following additional actions in the conduct of the leader's reconnaissance of the objective. • The PL designates a release point about half way between the ORP and this objective. The PL posts the surveillance team. Squads and fire teams separate at the release point, and then they move to their assigned positions. • The PL confirms the location of the objective or kill zone. He NOTES the terrain and identifies where he can emplace claymores to cover dead space. Any change to his plan is issued to the squad leaders (while overlooking the objective if possible). • If the objective is the kill zone for an ambush, the leader's reconnaissance party should not cross the objective; to do so will leave tracks that may compromise the mission. • The PL confirms the suitability of the assault and support positions and routes from them back to the ORP. • The PL issues a five point contingency plan before returning to the ORP.

RESCUE EQUIPMENT. In the mountains, Rangers use a rescue stretcher system to transport casualties. The easy-gliding polyethylene stretcher travels easily while supporting and protecting the patient. For spine injuries, add a spinal immobilizer. For shoulder or other injuries, add a short or long backboard. The stretcher also holds a scoop stretcher or other immobilization add ons.

a. Temperatures. The rescue stretcher is made of easy gliding polyethylene. Breakage occurs at 120 degrees (Fahrenheit), and melting occurs at 449 degrees (Fahrenheit). b. Size. • Rolled in storage bag: 9" x 36" • Flat: 3' X 8' c. Weight. 19 lbs with all accessories. d. Strength. • Horizontal lift slings, tensile strength: 10,000 lbs • Vertical lift Slings: 5,000 lbs (depending on the size of the rope. e. Components. • Stretcher • Nylon backpack • Horizontal lift slings • Vertical lift sling (3/ 8" rope) • Locking steel carabiner • Tow strap • Four webbing handles f. Loading Procedure. (1) Unpack and unroll the rescue litter. (2) Bend litter in half backwards to make it and it will lay flat. And lay out flat. (3) Place a patient in the litter. g. Logroll Method. (1) Place litter next to patient. (2) Roll patient on to side and slide litter as far under his as possible. (3) Roll patient on to litter and carefully slide patient into center of litter. (4) Secure patient to litter. h. Slide Method. (1) Place foot end of stretcher at the head of the patient. (2) One person straddles the stretcher and supports the patient head, neck and shoulders. (3) Two people grab straps and pull stretcher under patient while slightly lifting patient head and shoulders. i. Fastening Straps and Buckles. (1) Lift sides of stretcher and fastens straps to buckles directly across from them. (2) Feed foot straps through unused buckles at the foot of the stretcher and fasten to buckles. j. Rigging For Horizontal Lift. When rigging for a horizontal lift remember the head strap is 4" shorter than the foot strap. (1) Insert one end of head strap through slot at head end and route under stretcher and then through slot on opposite side. (2) Repeat at the foot end with foot strap. (3) Equalize weight on all straps and insert steel carabiner through sewn loops on all 4 straps. 9 - 3 (4) Ensure you remove horizontal lift straps if the stretcher is to be dragged to prevent damage to the straps. k. Rigging For Vertical Lift. (1) Create a fixed loop in the middle of the rope by tying a double figure knot. (2) Pass tails through grommet on either side of the head and snug knot against stretcher. (3) Feed ropes through grommets along the sides, pass through the handles and through the grommets at the foot end of the stretcher and secure with a square knot. (4) Route the pigtails through the lower carrying handles outside to in, and secure ends with a square knot with two overhand safeties. l. Ascending Vertical Terrain with a Casualty. (1) Package a casualty in a stretcher for carrying and dragging (2) Package a casualty in a stretcher for helicopter evacuation horizontally and vertically (3) Task organization for a platoon for moving a casualty (carrying squad, security squads, machine guns, and key leaders). Emphasize that the PL focuses on the entire tactical situation and controlling the platoon and having a rotation of the carrying squad if they have to move the casualty over long distances. The PSG focuses on controlling the CASEVAC. (4) Establish the primary anchor (sling rope and 2 opposite and opposed carabiners) and the secondary anchor for the 6 to 8 wrap Prusik safety. (5) Having teams moving ahead to set up anchors to expedite moving the casualty up multiple pitches m. Descending Vertical Terrain with a Casualty. (1) Lower the casualty on a Munter Hitch with a 6 to 8 wrap Prusik safety (2) Everyone else uses a retrievable rappel with the hasty or body rappel to descend (3) Have teams move down and establish anchors to expedite the lowering if you have multiple pitches

PATROL BASE. A patrol base is a security perimeter that is set up when a squad or platoon conducting a patrol halts for an extended period. Patrol bases should not be occupied for more than a 24 hour period (except in emergency). A patrol never uses the same patrol base twice.

a. Use. Patrol bases are typically used • To avoid detection by eliminating movement. • To hide a unit during a long detailed reconnaissance. • To perform maintenance on weapons, equipment, eat and rest. • To plan and issue orders. • To reorganize after infiltrating on an enemy area. • To establish a base from which to execute several consecutive or concurrent operations. b. Site Selection. The leader selects the tentative site from a map or by aerial reconnaissance. The site's suitability must be confirmed and secured before the unit moves into it. Plans to establish a patrol base must include selecting an alternate patrol base site. The alternate site is used if the first site is unsuitable or if the patrol must unexpectedly evacuate the first patrol base. c. Planning Considerations. Leaders planning for a patrol base must consider the mission and passive and active security measures. A patrol base (PB) must be located so it allows the unit to accomplish its mission. • Observation posts and communication with observation posts. • Patrol or platoon fire plan. • Alert plan. • Withdrawal plan from the patrol base to include withdrawal routes and a rally point, rendezvous point, or alternate patrol base. • A security system to make sure that specific Rangers are awake at all times. • Enforcement of camouflage, noise, and light discipline. • The conduct of required activities with minimum movement and noise. • Priorities of Work. d. Security Measures. • Select terrain the enemy would probably consider of little tactical value. • Select terrain that is off main lines of drift. • Select difficult terrain that would impede foot movement, such as an area of dense vegetation, preferably bushes and trees that spread close to the ground. • Select terrain near a source of water. • Select terrain that can be defended for a short period and that offers good cover and concealment. • Avoid known or suspected enemy positions. • Avoid built up areas. • Avoid ridges and hilltops, except as needed for maintaining communications. • Avoid small valleys. • Avoid roads and trails. e. Occupation (Figure 7-9). (1) A PB is reconnoitered and occupied in the same manner as an ORP, with the exception that the platoon will typically plan to enter at a 90 degree turn. The PL leaves a two-Ranger OP at the turn, and the patrol covers any tracks from the turn to the PB. (2) The platoon moves into the PB. Squad sized patrols will generally occupy a cigar shaped perimeter; platoon sized patrols will generally occupy a triangle shaped perimeter. (3) The PL and another designated leader inspect and adjust the entire perimeter as necessary. (4) After the PL has checked each squad sector, each SL sends a two-Ranger R&S team to the PL at the CP. The PL issues the three R&S teams a contingency plan, reconnaissance method, and detailed guidance on what to look for (enemy, water, built up areas or human habitat, roads, trails, or possible rally points). (5) Where each R&S team departs is based on the PLs guidance. The R&S team moves a prescribed distance and direction, and reenters where the PL dictates. • Squad sized patrols do not normally send out an R&S team at night. • R&S teams will prepare a sketch of the area to the squad front if possible. • The patrol remains at 100 % alert during this recon. • If the PL feels the patrol was tracked or followed, he may elect to wait in silence at 100 % alert before sending out R&S teams. • The R&S teams may use methods such as the "I," the "Box," or the "T." Regardless of the method chosen, the R&S team must be able to provide the PL with the same information. • Upon completion of R&S, the PL confirms or denies the patrol base location, and either moves the patrol or begins priorities of work. f. Passive (Clandestine) Patrol Base (Squad). • The purpose of a passive patrol base is for the rest of a squad or smaller size element. • Unit moves as a whole and occupies in force. • Squad leader ensures that the unit moves in at a 90 degree angle to the order of movement. • A claymore mine is emplaced on route entering patrol base. • Alpha and Bravo teams sit back to back facing outward, ensuring that at least one individual per team is alert and providing security. g. Priorities of Work (Platoon and Squad). Once the PL is briefed by the R&S teams and determines the area is suitable for a patrol base, the leader establishes or modifies defensive work priorities in order to establish the defense for the patrol base. Priorities of work are not a laundry list of tasks to be completed; to be effective, priorities of work must consist of a task, a given time, and a measurable performance standard. For each priority of work, a clear standard must be issued to guide the element in the successful accomplishment of each task. It must also be designated whether the work will be controlled in a centralized or decentralized manner. Priorities of work are determined IAW METT-TC. Priorities of Work may include, but are not limited to the following tasks: (1) Security (Continuous). • Prepare to use all passive and active measures to cover the entire perimeter all of the time, regardless of the percentage of weapons used to cover that all of the terrain. • Readjust after R&S teams return, or based on current priority of work (such as weapons maintenance). • Employ all elements, weapons, and personnel to meet conditions of the terrain, enemy, or situation. • Assign sectors of fire to all personnel and weapons. Develop squad sector sketches and platoon fire plan. • Confirm location of fighting positions for cover, concealment, and observation and fields of fire. SLs supervise placement of aiming stakes and claymores. • Only use one point of entry and exit, and count personnel in and out. Everyone is challenged IAW the unit SOP. • Hasty fighting positions are prepared at least 18 inches deep (at the front), and sloping gently from front to rear, with a grenade sump if possible. (2) Withdrawal Plan. The PL designates the signal for withdrawal, order of withdrawal, and the platoon rendezvous point and/ or alternate patrol base. (3) Communication (Continuous). Communications must be maintained with higher headquarters, OPs, and within the unit. May be rotated between the patrol's RTOs to allow accomplishment of continuous radio monitoring, radio maintenance, act as runners for PL, or conduct other priorities of work. (4) Mission Preparation and Planning. The PL uses the patrol base to plan, issue orders, rehearse, inspect, and prepare for future missions. (5) Weapons and Equipment Maintenance. The PL ensures that machine guns, weapon systems, communications equipment, and night vision devices (as well as other equipment) are maintained. These items are not disassembled at the same time for maintenance (no more than 33 percent at a time), and weapons are not disassembled at night. If one machine gun is down, then security for all remaining systems is raised. (6) Water Resupply. The PSG organizes watering parties as necessary. The watering party carries canteens in an empty rucksack or duffel bag, and must have communications and a contingency plan prior to departure. (7) Mess Plan. At a minimum, security and weapons maintenance are performed prior to mess. Normally no more than half the platoon eats at one time. Rangers typically eat 1 to 3 meters behind their fighting positions. • Rest/Sleep Plan Management. The patrol conducts rest as necessary to prepare for future operations. • Alert Plan and Stand to. The PL states the alert posture and the stand to time. He develops the plan to ensure all positions are checked periodically, OPs are relieved periodically, and at least one leader is always alert. The patrol typically conducts stand to at a time specified by unit SOP such as 30 minutes before and after BMNT or EENT. • Resupply. Distribute or cross load ammunition, meals, equipment, and so on. • Sanitation and Personal Hygiene. The PSG and medic ensure a slit trench is prepared and marked. All Rangers will brush teeth, wash face, shave, wash hands, armpits, groin, feet, and darken (brush shine) boots daily. The patrol will not leave trash behind.

Here, the terms "element" and "team" refer to

refer to the squad's fire teams, or buddy teams that perform the tasks as described.