RBT practice questions

acquisition

a target that is in the process of being taught. this behavior is not yet a known skill

Intervention plans should be:

data-based, ethical, and closely monitored

Consequence interventions involve:

Reinforcing desired behaviors and reducing the display of undesirable behavior

instructional control

developing a history of reinforcing compliance. it refers to building a relationship with a child that uses a firm but respectful approach - the motivation that will enable the child to listen and follow the demands you place each day.

skill acquisition

developing of new skills, habits, and quality

Which core domain includes a person's feelings about themselves and their worth?

emotional well-being

Two main reasons why individuals engage in a particular behavior are:

escape and gain

When using discrete trials to teach beginning mands, you should:

hold the reinforcer in sight and use echoic prompts

Topography

the physical form or shape of a behavior

receptive language

receptive is listener behavior and refers to tasks that require non-vocal action or motor response such as touch. imitation, or pointing

when delivering a discrete trial session, what is most important reason to minimize distractions to the environment?

so the learner can focus on what is being asked of them

why is it important to generalize a new behavior?

so the learner can use it in a meaningful way across different situations

when teaching learners to begin to use 2-word mands, why is it important that both words are critical to the mand?

so the listener will clearly understand the mand and can act accordingly

at about what age to children start to answer who, what, and where questions?

3 to 4 years

The Renewal Competency Assessment requires __ skills to be demonstrated with clients.

5

intermediate learners should respond to

50 simple nonverb combinations

in a typically developing child, at what age do they respond to their name?

6 months

behavioral shaping involves:

Reinforcing successive approximations of a larger behavior

tact

a form of verbal behavior where the speaker sees, hears, smells, tastes something and then comments about it (a label)

which of the following can rbts do in relation to implementing intervention plans?

collect data on the effectiveness of the plan

Multiple exemplar training involves teaching target words as:

receptive identification, tacts, and intraverbals - presenting the stimulus to the learner in various ways to generalize

teaching targets on a skill acquisition plan:

tell the behavior technician what to present

which core domain includes fair treatment and human dignity?

rights

what is an example of a situation used to teach the concept of blue in stimulus discrimination?

a red card and a blue card

incidental teaching

a teaching technique used in naturally occurring environments and can create natural incidents of learning. Social, communication, play and other forms of interaction

what interventionist actions is likely to be observed during naturalistic intervention?

allowing the learner to approach a reinforcing items but blocking access until they respond to discriminative stimulus (SD)

technological

intervention is described well enough that it can be replicated by others and produce the same results.

measurement

collecting data on various skills or behaviors

imitation

copying someone's motor movements

What is a consequence that is likely to result in an increase of a behavior?

reinforcement

When using a lag schedule of reinforcement for intraverbal training, reinforce after:

the learner provides a correct but different response from the last one

magnitude

the force or intensity with which a response is emitted

task analysis

the process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components

Teaching with multiple instructions helps learners to generalize because:

they can respond to different cues found in the natural environment

Why are prevention strategies a valuable part of behavior intervention plans?

they decrease the likelihood that an undesirable behavior will get reinforced

contracting for reinforcement allows a learner to

choose from a small group of reinforcers to access after correct responding

effective

intervention produces robust and important effects

chaining always

involves a step-wise progression of similar skills

partial interval recording

involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval - even if it only occurred for 1 second. You can use this for self-stimulatory behaviors or behaviors that don't look the same every time. An over exaggeration of the behavior, you use this method to decrease behavior.

whole interval recording

involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs within the entirety of the interval

primary reinforcer (unconditioned)

items or activities that are naturally reinforcing

Which two global factors set the stage for problem behavior in those with autism?

lack of social skills and the expectations of the social world

Difficulties in joint attention lead to problems in:

language development, vocabulary development, and social skills development

what is an advantage of backward chaining?

learner experiences the culmination of the steps of the chain more quickly

discrete trial training

learning opportunity initiated and controlled by the teacher in which the correct response will be reinforced. this also is breaking a skill into smaller parts and teaching it while using reinforcement. Allows for presentation of many learning opportunities in a short amount of time. Following the 3-term contingency

prompt hierarchy

level of prompts used from greatest to least or least to greatest

rate

ratio of count per observation time

continuous measurement

records every single occurrence of a behavior - frequency, duration, rate, and latency

reactive strategies

techniques used in an emergency or crisis situation to gain control of dangerous, out of control behaviors

continuous reinforcement is often used to

establish a new behavior

when preparing for a naturalistic teaching session involving requesting items, which of the following is important to obtain ahead of time?

the items to be requested

discriminative stimulus (SD)

a cue that signals the reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response

motivating operation

change in environment that increases and decreases the effectiveness of a given reinforcer. Used with EO or AO

generalization

change occurs when that behavior occurs outside of the learning environment. Generalization can happen across settings, time and across people and exists when the behavior occurs in these various environments

which of the following core characteristics of autism involves difficulty in responding to others in an appropriate way?

deficits in social/emotional reciprocity

which of the following makes reinforcers more effective?

deprivation state, immediacy, adequate size, and contingency

When are data typically collected during a discrete trial session?

during the intertrial interval

fixed ratio schedules produce

high and steady rates of behavior

when setting up natural environment teaching (NET) to teach mands, which of the following is most important to have?

make sure the motivation for reinforcers can be contrived

behavior intervention plan

once the function of behavior has been determined, BIPs are used for antecedent strategies, responding to maladaptive behavior, teaching replacement behavior and what interventions to use, both verbal and physical

what naturalistic technique places a heavy emphasis on self-management and the development of behaviors associated with empathy?

pivotal response treatment

what are the steps of behavioral skills training (BST)?

providing instruction, modeling, role play, and feedback

what should you do in order to prepare for a session?

read the skill acquisition plan and previous data, and gather material and reinforcers

antecedent interventions

recognizing environmental factors that can attribute to problematic behavior and making changes necessary to promote appropriate behavior and reduce possible triggers for maladaptive.

which of following is true about concept of motivation operations (MO)?

reinforcers work better when they are in effect

immediate echolalia is:

saying what was just heard over and over again

token economy

a method used to try and reinforce (increase) the frequency of a target behavior

what is an example of intraverbal?

saying "I like chocolate. What do you like?"

A time delay method for fading prompts would be:

Delay the delivery of prompts and wait for the person to respond

what is the best course of action to take in the event of an extinction burst?

continue the intervention

what type of graph indicates the total number of behaviors in an additive fashion?

cumulative graph

prior to the creation of the rbt ethics code, which set of ethical standards did rbts follow?

The Professional and Ethical Compliance Code of the BACB

how does the social model of disability view impairment?

a person's environment can turn an impairment into a disability

differential reinforcement

a procedure in which one behavior is reinforced while other behaviors are extinguished

stimulus control transfer

a process in which prompts are removed in order to bring the behavior under control of SD and is achieved by prompt fading

abolishing operation

can decrease reinforcer effectiveness. Usually associated with satiation.

complex behaviors

cannot be learned all at once

the early Start Denver Model (ESDM) utilizes which feature in order to track progress of learners during the course of intervention?

curriculum checklist

To prepare for a discrete trial session, you must gather the skill acquisition plan, materials, reinforcers, and __________.

data collection sheets or devices

What are 3 types of written communication RBT's have to provide?

data, incident reports, session notes

differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior are used to:

decrease the time from the display of one behavior to the next

generality

intervention is designed to operate in new environments and continue after formal treatment ends. ex. teaching someone to brush their teeth in a clinic setting for 5 weeks and then them brushing their teeth at home before bed each night for years to come

negative reinforcement

removing a stimulus to increase/strengthen a behavior

what could be a replacement behavior for cutting in line?

teaching to stand in line and wait

setting events

the context or circumstance in which an environment-behavior relationship occurs. The event changes the strengths of stimuli and responses involved in an environment-behavior interaction

what is an example of a clearly written criteria for mastery?

"9 out of 10 times for 3 consecutive sessions"

what is a tact?

"dog" when a dog was seen

what is an example of a mand?

"may I have an espresso, please?"

in a typically developing child, at what age do they turn their heads to the source of a sound?

2 months

what is the estimated percentage of self-injurious behaviors that have automatic reinforcement as the function

25%

what is a stimulus class?

A set of stimuli that share a common attribute

type 1 punishment involves

Adding a condition to reduce a behavior

stimulus control occurs when

An individual behaves one way in the presence of a stimulus and differently in the presence of another

principles of reinforcement:

D - deprivation I - Immediacy S- Size C - contingency

response cost used in a token system involves:

Taking a token away for the display of undesirable behavior

permanent product

Tangible product or environmental outcome that proves a skill

what is an example of positive punishment?

Telling someone "no" when they are about to run into the street

phase change lines indicate

The division between one condition and another

stimulus discrimination training helps

The learner to discern what is correct in the presence of an incorrect stimulus

how does a motivation operation work to increase the effectiveness of mand training?

it makes it more likely the individual will want the reinforcer and will mand for it

fixed ratio schedules are best used for

learning a new behavior

what is an example of a behavior that might serve a "gain attention" function?

making silly noises

what is an example of overcorrection?

marty had to clean the bathroom wall because she wrote on it

One of the main language targets that Milieu teaching addresses is:

mean length of utterance (MLU)

As the interventionist, the first step in echoic training is to:

model the sound

ethics

must follow the BACB's code of ethics. Failure to follow mandatory code of ethics can lead to loss of employment and certification.

What naturalistic techniques places a heavy emphasis on teaching verbal operants such as mands, tacts, and intraverbals?

natural environment teaching

can direct supports be a natural support to people they serve?

no

escape extinction works by

not allowing the individual to escape what they are trying to avoid

what is a joint attention behavior that is not often exhibited by individuals with autism?

not following the point of another person

deprivation

not having something often enough and in return increases the effectiveness of it when used as a reinforcer

what type of data recording procedure is best used for behaviors that have a clear beginning and end, do not occur throughout an interval, nut still occurs at high rates?

partial interval

what is an example of a negative punishment?

paying a speeding ticket

which core domain includes lifelong learning and developing skills

personal growth

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of the extinguished behavior after a period without reinforcing the behavior

which core domain includes connection and closeness with others?

relationships

Lining up items in a specific order is an example of:

ritualized behavior

intermittent reinforcement

schedule of reinforcing some but not all desirable behavior

what type of interventions are RBT's allowed to use?

scientific-based behavioral intervention

a behavior technician gave a learner a cue card to use when she needs to ask a question in class. This is the beginning stage of which type of naturalistic teaching?

script fading

which core domain includes setting goals and making choices?

self-determination

consequence

something that follows a behavior

a limited hold is sometimes added to interval reinforcement in order to:

speed up the delay of the target behavior - reinforcement is fixed for an amount of time

automatic reinforcement is associated most closely with

stereotypic behaviors

stimulus prompt

stimuli that are used to help evoke correct response. Positional cues, environmental, moving items or changing features/color and size/proximity.

if you are in a meeting discussing an individual you work with, which of following is the most important to do?

take notes and listen attentively

which of the following is a consequence intervention involving punishment?

taking away a token

extinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement works by

taking away the reinforcer for problem behavior

data collected during naturalistic teaching should always include information about:

target behaviors, prompt level needed, and activities

Total Task Chaining

teaching behavior chain steps all at once. Reinforcement delivered for independence and at the end of the task

forward chaining

teaching skills steps one at a time from the first step to the last and prompting all steps after the step being taught. Reinforcement after teaching step and at the end of the task

what could be a replacement behavior for grabbing or stealing food?

teaching the person to ask for food?

expressive language

the ability to communicate. This is the ability to express one's thoughts, ideas, wants, and needs. Identifying and labeling the objects in the environment, putting words together to form sentences, describing events and actions, answering questions and making requests are all examples of expressive language skills

Which of following behaviors could be reinforced on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

the amount of time spent on a task

duration

the amount of time that someone engages in a behavior

frequency

the amount of times, or count, a behavior or response happens

continuous reinforcement

the target behavior occurs and is reinforced after every occurrence

variable ratio

this schedule of reinforcement is sued for a variable amount of responses

fixed ratio (FR)

this schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of responses

fixed interval (FI)

this schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of time

variable interval

this schedule reinforcement is used for a variable amount of time

what is the purpose of the Community Support Skill Standards (CSSS)?

to identify and define the skills needed to support people with disabilities

why are intermittent reinforcement schedules used?

to maintain previously acquired behaviors

what data collection method involves recording the results of each trial presented?

trial by trial data

if a learner's speech is too monotone or sing-songy, what approach can be used to help correct it?

use echoics to teach proper inflection and pitch

Listener Responding Feature Function Class (LRFFC)

used to describe and receptively find an object when given the feature, function or class of that item. Appearance, what it is used for and the category it falls under

disadvantage of bar graph

variability of data can be lost

a concurrent schedule of reinforcement is operating when

when 2 schedules of reinforcement are simultaneously available

error correction: ECTER

when a client makes a mistake on a target that has been previously mastered, do not acknowledge the mistake. Re-present the trial and be ready to prompt to get a correct answer. 1) error - child touches car when prompted to touch bike 2) correction - re-present the SD with prompt 3) transfer - re-present the SD without a prompt 4) expand - place easy/mastered demands 5) return - return to SD of incorrect response: "touch bike" reinforcement is provided for correct response

satiation

when a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse

task analysis

when a target behavior is broken down into steps

at what point should you consider a behavior reduction plan?

when environmental variables are ruled out

5 rules of incident report writing

write for an audience, account for everyone and everything, be clear and chronological, be timely and complete, consider the attachments

functional relationship

how a person's behaviors change the world around him/her, and how those changes affect the future likelihood on the same behaviors.

how would you know if you have successfully paired yourself as a stimulus?

if the learner approaches you and the session easily

vocal imitation targets should start out as

imitating one syllable words

establishing operation

increases the current effectiveness of a stimulus. Usually deprivation is associated with this operation.

differential reinforcement works by:

increasing desirable behaviors while decreasing problem behaviors

behavioral

intervention and resulting behavior change can be observed and measured, and thus be validated

analytic

intervention can be objectively demonstrated that the intervention caused the change in behavior.

applied

intervention deals with a problem of social importance

conceptual

intervention is based on a specific theory and not from a random collection of disassociated activities

operational definition

definitions of behavior that are measurable, objective, and observable

to achieve momentum during a discrete trial session, you must:

deliver discriminative stimulus (SD) quickly

fluency of skill is

demonstrated by quick responding at high levels of accuracy

behavioral function tries to explain

Why the behavior is happening

replacement behavior

a behavior you want to replace an unwanted target behavior

what is a good example of token board that would best benefit a young child receiving discrete trials

a token board with 3 spaces exchanged for reinforcers during the session

replacement behaviors are:

acceptable behaviors to teach in place of undesirable behaviors

what is unique to data collection for naturalistic interventions vs. discrete trials?

activities or routines used to elicit targeted behaviors

positive reinforcement

adding a stimulus to strengthen/increase behavior

what is the term for helping a person protect their legal or human rights?

advocacy

the 4 basic conditions set up in a functional analysis are

alone, attention, demand, and tangible

behavior shaping

an evidence based practice in ABA that helps someone learn a new skill step by step

ABC

antecedent, behavior, consequence - also known as 3-term contingency

response prompt

any prompt that is used in expressive or receptive language such as gestural, model, or verbal prompt

harmful reinforcer

any reinforcer that has the potential to affect the health of the client adversely if used inappropriately or in excess

reinforcement

anything added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again

stimulus

anything that elicits a response followed by consequence

punishment

anything that is added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again

what dimension of ABA refers to the social importance of problems?

applied

mand

asking for something; a request that has motivation

preference assessment

assessment to determine what a child is motivated by

what was deleted from the previous version of the competency assessment

assist with functional training

what is an intervention for teaching responding joint attention?

attending to a noisy toy when it is activated and positioned across the room

4 functions of behavior

automatic/sensory, attention, escape, tangible

which of the following is an example of how to interact with your supervisor?

be friendly, ask for assistance when needed, ask questions, and welcome feedback

why are individuals taught to use replacement behaviors in place of a problem behavior

because just suppressing a problem behavior does not provide a way to get an individual's needs met

Why are crisis plans incorporated into some behavior intervention plans?

because some behaviors cause a risk to the safety of the individual engaging in the behavior or others in the environment

why are shorter verbal messages better for many individuals with autism?

because they have difficulty processing verbal language

Why is important to establish a healthy professional relationship with a client's family?

because you need to be able to communicate information back and forth

what is an example of a situation when differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) used?

behaviors that are acceptable at low rates

"behavioral" dimension of ABA refers to

being able to observe and measure behavior

which of following is an antecedent variable that could play a role in a the display of a behavior?

being in a quiet environement

what is a similarity between discrete trial instruction and naturalistic technique?

both require that skills be broken down into smaller steps in order to be taught

How does functional communication training (FCT) address problem behavior?

by addressing communication skills needed to replace the problem behaviors

which of the following factors places an individual with autism at greater risk of self-injury

certain genetic conditions

what is an example of a fine motor imitation skill?

drawing a line in the air with a finger

pairing

establishing yourself as a reinforcer or the deliverer of reinforcement while building positive relationship

antecedent

event that occur before a behavior

true or false: people with autism experience the same level of intensity of symptoms

false

Which of the following is an example of stereotyped behavior?

flapped hands repetitively

when interacting with and communication with families, it is important to:

focus on what the person is saying

listener responding

following a direction given. receptive language goal

prompt

form of assistance that you add in order to achieve a desired response or behavior that is not occurring. Used to evoke the correct response so it can be reinforced. Stimulus and Response prompts

which of the following is an example of a motivating operation

fred is hungry so crackers work well as a reinforcer for task compliance

receptive language hierarchy

full physical, partial physical, model, gestural, independent

expressive language hierarchy

full verbal, partial verbal, independent

which of the following ways of approaching intraverbal intervention involves answering questions about the properties of an item?

function, feature, or category

the 7 domains of behavior analysis

generality, analytic, behavioral, technological, effective, conceptual, applied

Prompt Fading

gradually removing prompt levels needed or fading out the intrusiveness

joint attention skills should be targeted for increase for those individuals who:

have difficulty responding to cues made by another to attend to a stimulus

Natural Environment Teaching

Naturalistic teaching is when the learner initiates a learning opportunity and the reinforcer is a result of the activity or learning opportunity

variable ratio schedules of reinforcement

Provide high and steady rates of the behavior targeted for reinforcement

undesirable behavior can be reduced by:

Reinforcing alternative behaviors using extinction or punishment

Why is frequent assessment important when implementing an intervention plan?

To make adjustments as necessary

cumulative graphs are used

When progress toward a predetermined number of behaviors should be demonstrated

intraverbal

this is a Verbal Behavior term. basically, intraverbals are building blocks to conversation skills as it's the ability to discuss, describe, or answer a question about something that isn't physically present. Like is someone asks you "what did you do on your vacation?"

functional behavioral assessment

this is the process by which behavioral interventions are created. An FBA is intended to determine the function (or the reason for a behavior, and then create an intervention based on that function. A Functional Analysis (FA) involves manipulating the environment to understand the behavior, while a Functional Behavior Assessment involves things like observation, interview, and collecting ABC data

which of following is the most objective statement regarding a tantrum displayed by an individual receiving services?

this tantrum lasted 10 minutes, maybe we should review the behavior plan

Why is it important to model optimism when working with a client with disabilities?

to allow families to see what their loved one can do

secondary reinforcer (conditioned)

items or activities that acquire reinforcing properties when paired with primary reinforcers

what three things that work together to ensure the person living a life that reflects their needs and desires?

service plan, your support of the person based off the plan, and the documentation of your support

the purpose of modeling in behavioral skills training (BST) is to

show how to implement a procedure

discrimination training

the procedure in which a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another stimulus. Assists with learning how to respond in different environments of different conditions. Allows client to learn the difference between stimuli

shaping

the process of reinforcing gradual changes in a behavior so the behavior begins to look like the target behavior while no longer reinforcing the previous accepted response

joint attention is

the shared focus of at least 2 individuals on an object or activity

inter-response time

the time between to responses given

latency

the time between when the SD is presented. and the response is given

extinction

the withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in reduction of that behavior

if a behavior is maintained

then the individual continues to perform it after intervention has stopped

what are 3 reasons to ask a question?

to start a conversation, to obtain information, and show interest in another's ideas

If a shaping program is not moving forward and there are not questions about the effectiveness of reinforcers, what is likely to be the issue?

too much was expected to soon

discontinuous measurement

used to measure some instances of behavior but not all. Typically associated with partial and whole interval recording and momentary time sampling

chaining

used to teach multi-step skills in which the steps involved are defined through task analysis. each separate step is taught to link together the total "chain". Can be done either by backward, forward, or total task analyses

functions of behavior

used when determining why an individual engages in certain behavior. ABA identifies 4 functions of a behavior; escape, tangible, attention, and sensory/automatic

echoic

verbal imitation; repeating the speaker

at what point should a behavior reduction plan be considered?

when environmental variables for behavior are ruled out

what is an example of discretionary effort as defined by Daniels (2000)?

Susanna cleans the work area and organizes materials without being asked

momentary time sampling

looking for a behavior's occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment. Ex. setting a timer to go off every minute for a 30-minute interval, only checking for behavior and marking it down as the timer goes off

stimulus control

precedes the behavior but affects the outcome; has influence over behavior

how can consistency and routine help to increase the display of a desired behavior

predictability that goes along with consistency and routine helps learners focus on what is important

Behavior Skills Training

procedure consisting of instruction, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and feedback that is used to teach new behaviors or skills to client

role of rbt

program implementation, data collection, communicating with stakeholders, work directly with BCBA, and following written program including BIP

errorless teaching

prompt the correct response as soon as you give the Sd. Essentially, you are not giving the client a chance to make an error.

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

provides federal protection for individual health information, including the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected information

differential reinforcement of other behaviors

reinforce any other behavior other than the undesirable behavior - behavior being rewarded does not have to be related to the target behavior

differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior - the replacement behavior cannot be present at the same time as the target behavior

differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors

reinforce behavior that is an appropriate alternative/replacement for the undesirable behavior - focuses on the behavior that is used to replace the target behavior

type 2 punishment involves:

removal of a positive event after a behavior

stimulus-stimulus pairing

repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcing stimulus, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned as a reinforcer, increase in responding partially attributed to automatic reinforcement

dual relationship

situation where multiple roles exist between therapist and parent or client. Dual relationships are also referred to as multiple relationships

what is the most important reason for RBTs to be active listeners?

so they can understand and act on what is delivered in the message

backward chaining

teaching skills steps one at a time from the last step to the first and prompting all steps before the step being taught. reinforcement after teaching step and at the end of the task

maintenance

the ability of a child to demonstrate to previously acquired skills over time and durations when reinforcement has been faded

extinction burst

the increase in frequency and/or intensity of behavior in the early stages of extinction

Why is "what do you want?" a bad idea during initial mand training?

the learner can become dependent on the phrase to produce mands

How could response blocking be used in an intervention plan?

to prevent the behavior from hurting someone