Reading- Cambridge 1

tear, tore, torn

(v) to damage sth by pulling it apart or into pieces War-torn cities

distort

(v.) to give a false or misleading account of; to twist out of shape One of London Zoo's recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort reality.

lag

(v.) to move slowly or fall behind; to bring up the rear; (n.) a falling behind; the amount by which someone or something is behind; an interval

prevail

(v.) to triumph over; to succeed; to exist widely, be in general use; to get someone to do something by urging

clot

- if a liquid such as blood or milk clots, or if something clots it, it becomes thicker and more solid Some types of snake venom prevent blood from clotting. - a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries He developed a blood clot on his brain and died.

border

- to form a line around the edge of something: The fields are bordered by tall trees.

headline

- to have something as a headline or as the main story: The story was headlined "Killer dogs on the loose". - to be the main performer at an entertainment event: The band's headlining appearance at the festival could be their last.

distort reality

-Exaggerate differences between groups -Produce selective perception -Underestimate differences within groups

facade

/fəˈsɑːd, fæ-/ noun [countable] (n.) the front or face of a building; a surface appearance (as opposed to what may lie behind)

Inclusion

1 [uncountable] the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set, or the fact of being included in one inclusion in His inclusion in the team has caused controversy. photos chosen for inclusion in the magazine inclusion of the inclusion of early recordings on the CD2 2 [countable] someone or something that has been included in a larger group With the recent inclusions, there will be 28 delegates in all.

Lateral

1 relating to the sides of something, or movement to the side The wall is weak and requires lateral support. 2 relating to positions, jobs, relationships etc that are at the same level or rank Employees can expect lateral moves to different departments, to gain experience.

paralysis

1 the loss of the ability to move all or part of your body or feel things in it 1 the loss of the ability to move all or part of your body or feel things in it 2 a state of being unable to take action, make decisions, or operate normally a period of political paralysis

characterize

1 to describe the qualities of someone or something in a particular way SYN portray characterize somebody as (being) something The group was characterized as being well-educated and liberal. 2 to be typical of a person, place, or thing Bright colours characterize his paintings.

merely

1 used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is SYN only He's merely a boy - you can't expect him to understand. 2 used to emphasize that nothing more than what you say is involved SYN just We're merely good friends. He merely shrugged and walked away.

splint

1- A flexible or rigid appliance used to protect and maintain the position of an injured extremity. 2- a long, thin strip of wood used to light a fire.

go with something

1- to be included with or as part of something A car goes with the job. ​2- to agree to accept something, for example a plan or an offer You're offering £500? I think we can go with that. 3- (also go together) to exist at the same time or in the same place as something; to be found together Disease often goes with poverty. Disease and poverty often go together. Evolution of speed went with right-handed preference.

get stuffed

Even politer way to tell someone to get lost is to tell them to get stuffed. However, this is still not a nice thing to say to someone. British English spoken used to tell someone very rudely and angrily that you do not want to talk to them or accept their offer He only offered me £10 for it, so I told him to get stuffed.

right-handedness

Is the odd phenomenon on why most people have a dominant hand. left-handedness right-footed

patently

Obviously, clearly, plainly

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age

heaven

Perfect life of supreme happiness with God and the Communion of Saints for all eternity

economic depression

Period when business activity slows, prices and wages drop, and unemployment rises

offspring

Product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents

Concrete strengthened steel bars

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Lucifer

Satan

brewery

a place where beer is made

onwards

continuing from a particular time (adv.)

concave

curving inward a concave surface is curved inwards in the middle OPP convex

necrosis

death of tissue

disillusioned

disappointed in someone or something that one discovers to be less good than one had believed disillusioned by/with As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.

discredit

dishonor, disgrace to make people stop respecting or trusting someone or something The company's lawyers tried to discredit her testimony. to make people stop believing in a particular idea His theories have now been discredited.

Inferior

not good, or not as good as someone or something else OPP superior I felt very inferior among all those academics. I always felt slightly inferior to her. formal lower in rank OPP superior

alchemist

one who practices medieval chemistry or tries to change metals into gold

co-ordinate

organize, harmonize co-ordinated conservation programmes

wrapping

paper or other material used to cover or protect something

dubious

probably not honest, true, right etc The firm was accused of dubious accounting practices. Many critics regard this argument as dubious or, at best, misleading. The assumption that growth in one country benefits the whole world is highly dubious. dubious about Some universities are dubious about accepting students over the age of 30.

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

psychologist: PsyD or PhD. cannot write prescriptions. usually conducts research or teaches psychiatrist: MD. can write prescriptions. treats and studies mental health issues from a medical standpoint

divine

related to a god; supremely good or beautiful heaven

repute

reputation

resounding success

resounding success/victory/defeat etc a very great or complete success, victory etc resounding success/victory/defeat etca very great or complete success, victory etc

roundly (adv.)

severely: The government is being roundly criticized for its education policy.

at will

whenever or wherever you like They were able to come and go at will. She believes employers should have the right to hire and fire at will.

anthropologist

A scientist who studies human development and culture

townscape

A view of a town

credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future. 1 to add money to a bank account OPP debit credit to The cheque has been credited to your account. credit with For some reason my account's been credited with an extra $76.

Commissioning Authority

Commissioning Authority is an entity identified by the owner who leads, plans, schedules, and coordinates the commissioning team to implement the Commissioning Process

extravagant

Spending, costing, or using more than is required. The quality of being wasteful or spending more than is necessary. A thing that costs more than one can afford.

Asymmetry

Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance.

industrialisation

The process experienced by a country that moves away from primary production towards manufacturing as its principal sector for national output and employment

Growth

The process of becoming larger Search rapid and uncontrolled growth help to turn parts of cities into slums.

twin

[Countable] one of two children who are born to the same mother at the same time. The twins are now eight months old.

calibre

[uncountable] the level of quality or ability that someone or something has achieved of somebody's calibre Where will we find another man of his calibre? The school attracts a high calibre of student. of high/the right etc calibre The paintings were of the highest caliber. of this/that calibre The city needs a hotel of this calibre (=of this high standard).

Anatomy

[uncountable] the scientific study of the physical structure of humans, animals or plants the department of anatomy and physiology

parade

a ceremonial procession including people marching to walk or march together to celebrate or protest about something: The marchers paraded peacefully through the capital. if you parade your skills, knowledge, possessions etc, you show them publicly in order to make people admire you SYN show off: Young athletes will get a chance to parade their skills.

slum

a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions

disillusionment

a feeling of disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one believed it to be. dis‧il‧lu‧sioned -> disenchanted

vertebrate

a living creature that has a backbone • Mosquitoes will feed on any vertebrate blood. • Like some small vertebrate that lived outside.

quest for

a long search for something that is difficult to find

peasant

a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank

cord

a piece of thick string or thin rope

aspiration

a strong desire to have or achieve something. EX. a high level of political aspiration technical the sound of air blowing out that happens when some consonants are pronounced, such as the /p/ in 'pin' A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client.

stilt

a tall post used to elevate and support something

Macaque monkeys

a type of monkey that lives in Africa and Asia

flint

a very hard stone that produces a spark

brain-damaged

affected by permanent damage to the brain caused by illness or an accident She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.

as well

also, too

rural area

an area of small towns or farms

buzzword

an expression or phrase that has become popular a word or phrase from one special area of knowledge that people suddenly think is very important 'Multimedia' has been a buzzword in the computer industry for years.

medicare

average, ordinary, undistinguished

stroke

blood clot in the brain

smouldering

burning with little smoke and no flame

alight

burning; lighted Alight is mostly used in journalism or literature. In every day English, people usually say on fire.

random

by chance

pillar

column

succumb to

if you succumb to an illness, you become very ill or die of it. About 400,000 Americans succumb each year to smoking-related illnesses.

bilateral

involving two groups of people or two countries bilateral relations/agreements/trade/talks Both nations have signed bilateral treaties with the United States. (medical) involving both of two parts or sides of the body or brain bilateral hearing impairment

naive

lacking sophistication or experience Having never traveled before, the elementary school students were more NAIVE than their high school counterparts on the field trip. The faith of a child, the faith of someone lacking knowledge or experience, simplictic faith, purely innocent faith.

light

lit to start to burn, or to make something start to burn

life-enhancing

making you feel happier and making life more enjoyable

mass-produced

manufactured in large quantities

tinder

material for starting a fire

Primates

monkeys, apes, and humans

multi-storey housing estate

multi-storey residential development means a development consisting of 2 or more homes in which one or more of the homes is above or below any other home in the development.

ambiguous

something that is ambiguous is unclear, confusing, or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way [OPP] unambiguous - The language in the Minister's statement is highly ambiguous. In everyday English, people also use the phrase you can take something two ways instead of saying it is ambiguous: What she says is ambiguous. → You can take what she says two ways.

percussion

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

involvement

the amount of time and effort a buyer invests in the search, evaluation, and decision processes of consumer behavior

striking surface

the part of your body/object you strike with

irritation

the state of feeling annoyed, impatient, or angry

handedness

the tendency to use either the right or the left hand more naturally than the other. "injury has forced him to change his handedness" Handedness goes with sidedness.

ape

to copy the way someone speaks or behaves in order to make fun of them [SYN] mimic He could ape his teachers perfectly. She pushed her doll closer, so that Mrs Fanning aped a surprised, cross-eyed look.

trace

to find someone or something that has disappeared by searching for them carefully. She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter. to find the origins of when something began or where it came from trace something (back) to something They've traced their ancestry to Scotland. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterizes a particular movement. But the origins of what is now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries.

extol

to praise extravagantly formal to praise something very much extol the virtues/benefits etc of something a speech extolling the merits of free enterprise

blow out candles

to push air out of one's mouth to stop the fire burning on candles that are on top of a birthday cake

strip

to remove

exploit

to take advantage of

detract

to take away, especially from the value, beauty, or importance of

masquerade

to wear a disguise; to put on a false appearance to pretend to be something or someone different masquerade as A number of police officers masqueraded as demonstrators. Some of these breakfast foods are just candy masquerading as cereals. masquerade under He was masquerading under a false name.

in quest of something

trying to find or get something

windswept

unprotected from the wind

not even

used to emphasize the fact that something does not happen or is not true Dictionary examples: "I never cry." "Not even when you hurt yourself really badly?" Nobody spoke, not even the children. Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry.