Reading skills

extraction of information

extracting information while reading is a process that consists of three main activities: 1. pre-reading--- 2. reading--- 3. review---

use of adjuncts

An adjunct is a word, a phrase, or a clause that can be removed from a sentence without making the sentence grammatically wrong. An adjunct is usually an adverb used to modify a verb. when used as an adverb, an adjunct will usually indicate a time, a manner, a place, a frequency, a reason, or a degree

transfer of information

The way that previously learned information affects how one learns new concepts. This can be either positive (helping one understand new ideas) or negative (hindering one from taking in the new information).

logical relationships

a logical relationship is a way to connect information in your writing. here are some examples: 'I love to fish and play volleyball.' the word 'and' connects two things a person enjoys

deduction

in reading comprehension, deduction is the act of drawing logical conclusions based on the information given in a text, using one's personal experiences and knowledge of the world

skimming

is a strategic, selective method in which you focus on the main ideas of a text. when skimming, deliberately skip text that provides details, stories, data, or other elaboration. Instead of closely reading every word, focus on the introduction, chapter summaries, first and last sentences of paragraphs, bold words, and text features. Skimming is extracting the essence of the author's main message rather than the finer points

Extensive reading

is the process of reading longer easier texts for an extended period of time without a breakdown of comprehension, feeling overwhelmed or the need to take breaks

micro skills 1. recognize the rhetorical forms of written discourse and their significance for interpretation 2. retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-term memory 3. process writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose 4. recognize a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance 5. recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization) patterns, rules, and elliptical forms 6. recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms 7. recognize cohesive devices in written discourse and their role in signaling the relationship between and among clauses

macro skills 1. recognize the rhetorical forms of written discourse and their significance for interpretation 2. recognize the communicative functions of written texts, according to form and purpose 3. infer context that is not explicit by using background knowledge 4. from described events, ideas, etc., infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplification 5. distinguish between literal and implied meanings 6. detect culturally specific references and interpret them in a context of the appropriate cultural schemata 7. develop and use a battery of reading strategies, such as scanning and skimming, detecting discourse markers, guessing the meaning of words from context, and activating schemata for interpretation of texts

speed reading

speed reading is the process of rapidly recognizing and absorbing phrases or sentences on a page all at once, rather than identifying individuals words. The amount of information that we process seems to be growing by the day, whether it's emails, reports and websites at work, or social media, books and magazines at home. We likely feel pressure to get through this information more quickly, so that we can "stay in the loop" and make informed decisions. most people read at an average rate of 250 words per minute (wmp), though some are naturally quicker than others. we'll now explore some of the skills that you can use to accelerate your reading.

reading for a purpose

read until you get to the part where so and so did this stop reading until you find out about so and so read until you discover ______- read until you find out where the story takes place close the book when you figure out the problem in the story ------------------------------- You can read to perform a task, such as specific directions. For example, read until you meet the main character in the story you can read for pure enjoyment you can read to learn new information. for example, if you wanted to learn about bears ----------------------------------------- Before reading what do i already know about the topic? what can I expect to learn? Skim the book to find out what I will be learning ---------------------------------------- During reading pause during reading to reflect upon what was just read. try to link it to something you already know do I understand what I just read? place a sticky note next to any question, unfamiliar word, or comment you would like to share in the text ---------------------------------------------- after reading reread any passages that confused you go over your sticky notes summarize in your head what you have just read

scanning

scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving

intensive reading

to read intensively is to completely deconstruct a text, with the goal of absorbing as much meaning from it as possible. this is done by taking a text, and systematically looking up every word, phrase, or collocation that you do not understand. This is an activity that requires great mental effort and focus. because of this, the learner who engages in intensive reading must be careful to follow specific guidelines, or else risk boredom and burnout. Specifically, if you wish to read a text intensively, you must take care to read texts that are interesting and short, to read only for brief periods of time, and to do so when you have the most mental energy.

vocab studies

vocabulary is an important focus of literacy teaching and refers to the knowledge or words, including their structure (morphology, use (grammar), meanings (semantics), and links to other words (word/semantic relationships). words all have Orthographic--- the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage. the representation of the sounds of language by written or printed symbols. a part of language that deals with letters and spelling. graphemes--- is a letter or a number of letters that represent a sound (phoneme) in a word. another way to explain it is to say that a grapheme is a letter or letters that spell a sound in a word. some written scripts are simple in which 1 letter usually represents 1 sound. these letters and their corresponding sounds are consistent and transparent. for this reason languages like italian or spanish are easy to read. english has a complex code in which 1-4 letter graphemes can represent 1 sound morphology--- refers to 'the knowledge of meaningful word parts in a language (typically the knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and/or roots and base words) grammar--- is an important tool especially for weak readers to help them see through the fog. it is an important tool for good readers to help them see how they see. grammar is the mathematics of literature and composition. grammar is the skeleton upon which we hang the muscles and flesh of lit and comp. semantics--- is one of the important branches of linguistics, and deals with interpretation and meaning of the words, sentence structure, and symbols. it deals with the reading comprehension of the readers, in how they understand others and their interpretations phonology--- the sound structure of speech, and the perception, recognition, production of speech sounds. Phonological aspects of language include intonation, stress, and timing, as well as words, syllables and phenemes. syntax--- refers to the formation of sentences and the associated grammatical rules. "syntax skills help us understand how sentences work-the meanings behind word order, structure, and punctuation.

inference

we define inference as any step in logic that allows someone to reach a conclusion based on evidence or reasoning. it's an informed assumption and is similar to a conclusion or a deduction. it's an informed assumption and is similar to a conclusion or a deduction. Inferences are important when reading a story or text. Learning to make inferences is a good reading comprehension skill. When we make inferences while reading, we're using evidence provided by the author to draw our own logical conclusions. A writer doesn't always state certain facts about a character or situation. instead, we can use the information given to figure certain things out for ourselves. Synonyms of the term inference include: Conclusion Deduction Consequence