Reading/LA -F1, Reading/LA - F2

In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are male and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or does. There are also different names for specific breeds of animals. A. Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names. B. Male and female animals of the same species live in the same zoo exhibits. C. Different breeds of the same species have specific names. D. All animals of the same species have different names if they are male.

Answer: A

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions? A. They provide the characters with instructions about their actions. B. They provide the characters with their spoken dialogue with other characters. C. They develop the overall theme of the play. D. They give the audience insight into the characters' traits and personalities.

Answer: A

The dilapidated barn served as a reminder of times gone by. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted word in the sentence? A.Describes a noun B. Indicates an action C. Names a person D. Describes a verb

Answer: A

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing? A. A letter to the editor entitled "Our Town Needs More Stop Signs." B. An instruction manual entitled "Operating Your Printer." C. A science report entitled "Understanding the Tundra." D. A character sketch entitled "My Best Friend."

Answer: A

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate? A. Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters. B. Children in the emergent stage use consistent spacing between words. C. Writing uppercase letters typically develops after writing lowercase letters. D. Children enter the transitional stage when they cease using invented spelling.

Answer: A

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A. bat B. be C. go D. she E. top

Answer: A & E

Which of the following best describes automaticity? A. Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding. B. Independent decoding of sentences using phonics and sight reading. C. Rapid decoding of words by applying phonics knowledge. D. Fluent reading of sentences with expression and phrasing.

Answer: A - Automaticity is the ability to decode automatically through word recognition.

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush? A. A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858. B. A political cartoon depicting the Workingmen's Party. C. A Venn diagram comparing the gold rushes in California and Oregon. D. A time line illustrating the major events of the gold rush years.

Answer: A - Graphs are a quick way for readers to view, analyze, and interpret many pieces of information and data at once. Therefore, when covering many years of information, among the options listed, a graph would be the most effective visual representation.

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story? A. It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases. B. It combines reading a text with reading stage directions. C. It supports the visualization of fantasy elements. D. It reinforces understanding of major plot points. E. It encourages readers to make predictions about the characters.

Answer: A, C, & D.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities? A. The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing. B. The student recalls and properly identifies characters, setting, and plot. C. The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection. D. The student uses sound and letter correspondences to decode unknown words. E. The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

Answer: A, C, & E - Using punctuation to assist with correct phrasing, reading at a conversational pace, and using text structure to assist with intonation are all elements of prosody, which is a defining feature of reading fluency.

"Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight." A first-grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the students say it. Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A. Supporting sight word recognition B. Modeling automaticity and prosody C. Introducing segments and blends D. Demonstrating comprehension strategies

Answer: B

After students read one version of "The Three Little Pigs" told by a third-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asks them to respond to the writing prompt, "Which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? Why?" The activity primarily targets students' ability to A. examine the role of prior knowledge in shaping readers' reactions to characters. B. consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events. C. determine the reliability of information presented to readers. D. compare the effects of different organizational structures on readers' comprehension of texts.

Answer: B

Students in a language arts class are working on essays about a special day in their lives. The following is one student's draft. (1) The afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. (2) We ate pizza. (3) After that we went out for ice cream. (4) After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddleboats. (5) I will remember that day for as long as I live. (6) We had a super time! Which of the following revisions will most improve the student's essay? A. Omitting sentence 4 B. Combining sentences 2 and 3 C. Making two sentences out of sentence 5 D. Connecting sentences 1 and 2 with a comma

Answer: B

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student's draft contains errors in which of the following areas of writing mechanics? A. Pronoun usage B. Dialogue punctuation C. Verb tense D. Homophone usage

Answer: B

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! Which of the following is a compound sentence? A. "My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning." B. "I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast." C. "When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day." D. "Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said 'get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce.'"

Answer: B

The following excerpt is from a student draft. (1) Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. (2) She is getting tired. (3) Barney had escaped his leash a few minutes ago. (4) Now he was headed toward the park. (5) Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond. The error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? A. Sentence 1: Change "chased" to "will chase." B. Sentence 2: Change "is getting" to "was getting." C. Sentence 3: Change "had escaped" to "is escaping." D. Sentence 5: Change "wanted" to "wants."

Answer: B

The ocean is full of organisms—both plant and animal life—some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime. Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? A. Description B. Problem/solution C. Spatial D. Compare/contrast

Answer: B

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A. b-lueberry B. bl-ueberry C. blue-berry D. blue-ber-ry

Answer: B

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text? A. An online drop box B. A teacher-moderated forum C. A class wiki page D. An e-mail chain

Answer: B

Which of the following groups lists words that are best categorized as kindergarten sight words? A. Bite, when, I, car B. Am, to, the, on C. Dog, jump, are, toes D. Jail, tram, see, from

Answer: B

Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for assessing a text's complexity based on quantitative measures? A. Determining readers' experiences and knowledge related to the text. B. Evaluating the sentence length and word frequency of the text. C. Considering readers' engagement and motivation with the text. D. Examining the organizational structure and features of the text.

Answer: B

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research? A. A public, collaborative encyclopedia. B. A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography. C. A well-known scientist's personal blog site. D. An informational article that is hosted on the Web site of a reputable business.

Answer: B

A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. The teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. The figure presents a list of the following three words: bow (spelled b-o-w ); throw (spelled t-h-r-o-w ); and tow (spelled t-o-w ). for each of the words, the letters o and w are circled. an arrow is drawn pointing to each circle. Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students? A. Decoding words by using syllabication B. Working with rimes to create new words C. Building words with an understanding of onsets D. Deleting phonemes to change from one word to another.

Answer: B The rime "ow" is circled in each word, and new onsets are added to make new words with the same rime

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? A. First person B. Second person C. Third-person limited D. Third-person multiple E. Third-person omniscient

Answer: B & C - The use of the pronoun "you" in the several lines describing the patch and the setting directly addresses the audience, which is characteristic of the second-person point of view. The excerpt also is partly told from a third-person point of view in which it is evident from both pronoun use and the description that the narrator has access to the thoughts and feelings of one character.

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more information about a particular word or example within the text? A. Bold font B. Hyperlink C. Site map D. Navigation bar

Answer: B - A hyperlink connects students to more information and can enable searches throughout a large document, making it easy to locate information and broaden knowledge.

Which of the following prereading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading? A. Shared reading B. Text-feature walk C. Think-pair-share D. Semantic feature analysis

Answer: B - A text-feature walk gets the reader's mind ready for the topic.

The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. The two passages are most similar in A. the presentation of supporting details about identical subject matter. B. the integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas. C. the use of vignette as a means to hook an audience's attention. D. the inclusion of details explaining the origins of technology used in space.

Answer: B - Both passages make use of cause-and-effect to present information. Passage A explains how the presence of microgravity necessitates special considerations for personal hygiene in space, while in Passage B the necessity for astronauts to prepare adequately for space travel is explored as cause and effect and linked to the opening vignette.

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book? A. Rich vocabulary B. Realistic illustrations C. Boldface chapter titles D. Few words to a page

Answer: B - Early emergent readers, who have either basic sight vocabulary or no sight vocabulary at all, can learn and assign meaning to narrative plot elements through realistic pictures to tell the story. Wordless picture books are also common for this stage of reading.

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict? A. Fairy tale B. Tall tale C. Myth D. Fable

Answer: B - Tall tales, such as Paul Bunyan, are set in fairly—though not ultra—modern times and feature confident heroes based on people who may have existed and who solve problems by sometimes resorting to trickery.

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-based sources? A. Author's name B. Date the site was accessed C. Number of hits the site has received D. Publisher and original publication date

Answer: B - Web sites change, and the date accessed is crucial in citing Internet sources.

An advantage of cloud-based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they A. provide a spelling and grammar check to help with editing. B. allow for a more polished-looking hard copy. C. provide a platform for collaboration among users. D. allow for the integration of images and graphics.

Answer: C

I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. The further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world. The text can best be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A. Using transitions to convey a sequence of events. B. Providing a conclusion that results from experience. C. Establishing a setting with descriptive details. D. Introducing a character's central conflict.

Answer: C

Star light, star BRIGHT, First star I see TONIGHT, I wish I may, I wish I MIGHT, Have this wish I wish TONIGHT. The CAPITALIZED words could be best used in a phonics lesson on A. open syllables B. r-controlled vowels C. irregular vowel families D. VCCe words

Answer: C

Students in a language arts class have completed short informational essays and are now working on turning them into oral presentations. The following excerpt is from one student's essay. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is usually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption. Which of the following visual aids will best support the excerpt? A. A photograph showing an erupting volcano B. A time line showing volcanic eruptions that occurred in recent history. C. A diagram showing the parts of a volcano D. A pie chart showing the percentages of different types of volcanoes.

Answer: C

The following excerpt is from a draft of a student's narrative. "wow what just happened I, I turned into a—" "beep beep beep" My alarm went off I turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When I got downstairs I realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down the stairs and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before I could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said "get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce. you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it." Then I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time! The student writer would most benefit from a minilesson focusing on which of the following? A. Varying sentence types B. Using adverbs properly C. Following the rules of capitalization D. Choosing appropriate conjunctions

Answer: C

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to A. self-monitor for meaning B. decode unknown words C. avoid reading through punctuation D. avoid substituting an incorrect word

Answer: C

Which of the following is best described as a primary source? A. An article in a magazine B. A nonfiction how-to book C. A diary entry by a historical figure D. An encyclopedia entry

Answer: C

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following? A. The number of words that will be unfamiliar to the students. B. The background knowledge of the students. C. The various levels of meaning in the passage. D. The students' interest level in the passage subject. E. The language conventionality of the excerpt.

Answer: C & E - Levels of meaning and language conventionality are both parts of the quality, or qualitative complexity, of a text.

Which of the following words contains a Latin root meaning "beneath"? A. Intercept B. Introvert C. Infrastructure D. Irredeemable

Answer: C - "Infrastructure" contains the root "infra." An infrastructure is the underlying foundation or basic framework of a system or organization.

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read? A. KWL chart B. Fishbone diagram C. SWBST chart D. Venn diagram

Answer: C - The SWBST chart helps answer the "Somebody Wanted But So Then" about a story. Being able to complete this acronym will lead the reader to a summary.

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten? A. Students cannot write to reinforce their learning. B. The /s/ sound is difficult to pronounce until age 7. C. It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of "s." D. Students with varied dialects pronounce "s" differently.

Answer: C - The grapheme "s" can sound like /z/, /s/, or /x/, or it may also be part of the digraph "sh."

In the passage below, main character Charlie Gordon records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why but he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my birthday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today. —Daniel Keyes, from "Flowers for Algernon" Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? A. "Dr Strauss says I shud rite down what I think." B. "I dont know why but he says its importint." C. "Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart." D. "I want to be smart."

Answer: C - The pronoun "they" refers to the medical staff, so the quotation implies that a medical treatment might be done to "make [Charlie] smart," or improve his intelligence.

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by any single letter? A. "cradle" and "ceiling" B. "crying" and "kindle" C. "garage" and "vision" D. "thumb" and "chick"

Answer: C - The words "garage" and "vision" are unique in that no single letter represents the consonant sound that can be heard in these words.

Passage A Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave, and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment, astronauts take care of themselves in different ways. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaut has chosen to take. Passage B Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. . . . Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Which of the following text headings would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? A. Life on Earth versus Life in Space B. Surviving the Harshness of Space C. Eating in Space D. Camping in Space

Answer: C -Passage B is mainly focused on the concept of eating in space and draws the reader into the idea by making a comparison with eating on Earth.

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop? A. .jpeg B. .doc C. .xls D. .pdf

Answer: D

If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world. —Philip Pullman, from The Subtle Knife As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in A. evaluating the personality traits of the protagonist. B. discovering the possible central conflict within the narrative. C. understanding the time and place of the main action. D. discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction.

Answer: D

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to A. imitate and produce basic sentence structures B. use context clues to confirm understanding C. read with appropriate rate and expression D. decode multisyllable words in a text

Answer: D

Star light, star bright, First star I see tonight, I wish I may, I wish I might, Have this wish I wish tonight. Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? A. Star B. See C. May D. Have

Answer: D

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant? A. Under B. Flower C. Switches D. Whistle

Answer: D

Which of the following multisyllabic words is correctly segmented into its phonemes? A. Dif-fer-ent B. St-op-s-ign C. R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D. C-are-f-u-ll-y

Answer: D "C-are-f-u-ll-y" is correctly segmented into phonemes, with each sound unit isolated.

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word "sun." Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness it best exemplifies. sun, sun-shine, sunny /s/ s-u-n /un/ A. Phoneme Segmentation B. Onset C. Rime D. Syllable Segmentation

Answer: D "Sun, sun-shine, sunny" demonstrates syllable segmentation. The /s/ sound is the onset of the word "sun." The /un/ is the rime of the word "sun." "S-u-n" shows how the word "sun" is segmented into phonemes, or individual sounds.

For each of the following word lists, select whether it is more appropriate for sight word instruction or decoding instruction. For each row, select one type of instruction. Word List --Sight Word Instruction or Decoding Instruction think, hand, clock could, there, was cat, hat, bat, sat who, what, when

Correct Answer: 2, 3, 6, 7 decode, sight word, decode, sight word The first and third rows contain words that can be decoded regularly, as there is direct letter-sound correspondence. The second and fourth rows contain words that cannot be decoded regularly but are used commonly and should therefore be taught as sight words.

Which of the following is a primary source of information for a research paper about the First World War? A. A letter from a First World War soldier to his wife back home B. An entry from an online encyclopedia about the First World War C. A nonfiction book about the First World War D. A magazine article about how the First World War changed America

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A letter from a First World War soldier provides a firsthand account of life during the war

Choosing a topic, conducting research, developing ideas, assessing evidence, and taking a stance on the topic are all components of which of the following types of writing? A. Argumentative B. Narrative C. Expository D. Descriptive

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Argumentative writing requires in-depth research to form an opinion on a topic and present evidence to support that opinion.

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the role of phonics in literacy development? A. Instruction that is explicit in highlighting letter-sound correspondence leads to better results than indirect methods do. B. Instruction is most effective if single letter sounds are taught before letter names in order to avoid confusing the two. C. Instruction should focus primarily on teaching students to differentiate sounds when listening to words. D. Instruction of letter-sound correspondence must be complete before focus is turned to comprehension.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. As proven by research, explicit instruction in phonics yields better results than indirect methods.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US The highlighted sentence best supports which of the following statements about the author's point of view? A. The author believes that the work at the convention was both difficult and time-consuming. B. The author believes that the effort put forth at the convention was not worth the time spent there. C. The author believes that the individuals present at the convention were not equipped to deal with the challenges there. D. The author believes that the plan brought to the convention would ultimately prove to be unsuccessful in attaining its goal.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By commenting that a swifter process would be appreciated, the author indicates a belief that the work was difficult and slow.

Which of the following strategies will most help improve a student's ability to summarize an informational text? A. Answering guided comprehension questions based on the text B. Completing a choral reading of a selection from the text C. Highlighting unfamiliar words and phrases in the text D. Sharing opinions about the text with a partner

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Carefully selected guided questions provided by the teacher would most help a student understand and summarize the main ideas in an informational text.

A teacher has compiled a list of grade-appropriate, high-frequency sight words. To best promote recognition of the words on the list, the teacher should A. provide repeated readings of books containing the words B. model how to segment the words into individual phonemes C. have students categorize the words based on long and short vowel patterns D. use a picture sort to help students identify the beginning and ending sounds of the words

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Repeated reading of and exposure to sight words increases the automaticity of recognizing these words.

Time dragged on toward Thanksgiving, but winter came fast. The clouds swept down and hung all day over the land and brushed the hilltops, and the winds blew shrilly at night. All day the dry oak leaves drifted down from the trees until they covered the ground, and yet the trees were unchanged. —John Steinbeck, from The Red Pony Which of the following statements best explains how the description of the setting affects the passage? A. It evokes a depressive mood using imagery through the changing of the seasons. B. It details an exact time and place so the reader will understand what will happen next. C. It clarifies the actions of the characters in the story by identifying the location. D. It creates a personal connection with the reader by describing a natural setting.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The changing of fall to winter is symbolic of preparing for an end or decline.

During circle time, a teacher goes around the circle and has the class clap to each child's name ("Su-sa-na," "Ri-car-do," etcetcetera.). Which of the following best categorizes the phonological awareness skill the teacher is practicing with the students? A. Identifying syllables B. Hearing phonemes C. Creating rhymes D. Identifying onsets

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The name is divided into parts, and each part of the name contains a vowel.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which of the following statements best describes the central idea of the passage? A. Madison's knowledge and efforts helped provide a foundation for the convention and made it more efficient. B. Edmund Randolph's presence at the convention was important to the successful presentation of the Virginia Plan. C. Ideas about government from diverse times and places were part of the discussions at the convention. D. Agreement to approve a new government was the result of the collaboration that occurred at the convention.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The passage discusses the background knowledge and skills of Madison, which culminated in his bringing a plan to the table to ensure the convention moved along efficiently.

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which TWO of the following sentences from the passage best support the claim that many resources were consulted in developing a plan of government? A. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. B. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. C. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. D. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. E. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention.

Correct Answer: A, B Options (A) and (B) are correct. Reading about other governments and consulting Thomas Jefferson helped Madison to develop ideas about a plan for government.

Which TWO of the following are considered quantitative measures of text complexity? A. Sentence length B. Student interest C. Frequency of unfamiliar words D. Prevalence of figurative language E. Sophistication of text structure

Correct Answer: A, C Options (A) and (C) are correct. Sentence length and frequency of unfamiliar words are both easily measurable elements and therefore are quantitative measures of text complexity.

A student studying root words and affixes places the word "script" at the base of a word-tree sorting board. Which THREE of the following words are most appropriate to be added to the branches of the student's word tree? A. Transcript B. Writing C. Cursive D. Description E. Manuscript

Correct Answer: A, D, E Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. "Transcript," "Description," and "Manuscript" all contain the root word "script."

Which THREE of the following literacy skills are most directly influenced by phonological awareness? A. Spelling B. Comprehension C. Reading rate D. Syllabification E. Decoding

Correct Answer: A, D, E Options (A), (D), and (E) are correct. Spelling is correct because hearing and identifying different sounds is helpful in encoding. Syllabification is correct because awareness of the internal structure of language helps in understanding syllables. Decoding is correct because phonological awareness builds accuracy and strength in decoding.

Which of the following words are accurately grouped by their phonics pattern? A. Chop, tap, last B. Silk, past, mart C. Fang, trap, boy D. Bent, rant, stun

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. "Silk," "past," and "mart" all contain the CVCC pattern.

Students are working in groups to prepare an oral presentation for the class. Which of the following digital tools best helps students to collaborate as individual groups during the planning stage of the presentation? A. An online slide show application B. A Web-based discussion board C. A podcast-creation program D. An interactive whiteboard

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A Web-based discussion board helps students plan the presentation while working together because different users can be logged in at the same time and work collaboratively.

A properly structured haiku must include which of the following elements? A. Five lines with an aabbaa a b b a rhyme scheme B. A defined number of syllables per line C. A theme involving unrequited love D. A sequence of events

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A haiku must have five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second line, and five syllables in the third line.

A teacher reads a list of words aloud and asks a student to identify the initial consonant sound of each word as it is read. Which of the following concepts is the teacher assessing? A. Syllables B. Onsets C. Rimes D. Morphemes

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. An onset is the initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word.

Which of the following student reading behaviors best exemplifies proficiency in prosody? A. Recognizing words quickly without conscious thought B. Using punctuation to guide inflection, tone, and phrasing C. Reading at an appropriate and natural speed consistently D. Decoding words correctly and monitoring occasional miscues

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Prosody encompasses pitch, stress, and timing when reading aloud, so a student reading with inflection and phrasing is reading with prosody.

Which of the following words contains two open syllables? A. Rotate B. Shiny C. Chosen D. Lying

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The syllables "shi-" and "-ny" both end in a vowel sound, making them open syllables

A. Invented spelling B. Scribbling C. Letter-like symbols D. Letter strings Place the following developmental stages of writing in the chart to show the order in which they occur.

Correct Answer: B, C, D, A According to the developmental stages of writing, students will first be able to scribble, then create letter-like symbols, then write strings of letters, and then invent spellings based on sounds.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned, and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which THREE words from the passage best communicate Charlie's feelings about the events? A. taste B. special C. great D. small E. marvelous F. owned

Correct Answer: B, C, E "Special," "great," and "marvelous" are correct. These words describe the day as Charlie saw it.

Which THREE of the following teacher strategies are most effective for promoting reading fluency? A.Demonstrating how to determine meanings of unknown words in a text B. Modeling decoding strategies during teacher read-alouds of a text C. Encouraging repeated readings of a text D. Providing less challenging texts to prevent student frustration E. Providing time for both oral and silent reading of a text

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Read-alouds allow a teacher to model prosodic reading and decoding strategies. Repeated reading promotes word recognition and increases automaticity. A balance of silent and oral reading promotes accuracy and confidence in reading skills.

Which THREE of the following activities most effectively utilize a graphic novel during instruction? A. A teacher reads a graphic novel aloud to the class for the purpose of entertaining the students. B. Students read a graphic novel that correlates with the theme of a traditional text in order to support comprehension. C. Students use graphic novels to learn how to identify plot structure, symbolism, and characterization by seeing them visually. D. Students use a graphic novel as the only text source so they do not get frustrated with the challenging language that articles and literature may present. E. Students use graphic novels as models to guide them in re‑creating prose into visual dialogue for creative writing projects.

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. Using graphic novels to support comprehension is beneficial, as not only do graphic novels engage struggling readers, but all students can use them as a secondary reference for meaningful learning. Using graphic novels to identify the components of the story is helpful because graphic novels are illustrated and written in the same structure as a short story or novel. Finally, using graphic novels can lead to the development of other nonprose creative writing projects.

By the way, let me give you some good advice. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying—"I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me. —Jeff Kinney, from Diary of a Wimpy Kid A student says, "The narrator must not like the two kids he sits between." Which TWO of the following phrases from the excerpt best support the inference? A. By the way, let me give you some good advice. B. On the first day of school, you've got to be real careful where you sit. C. You walk into the classroom and just plunk your stuff down on any old desk and the next thing you know the teacher is saying— D. "I hope you all like where you're sitting, because these are your permanent seats." E. So in this class, I got stuck with Chris Hosey in front of me and Lionel James in back of me.

Correct Answer: B, E Options (B) and (E) are correct. The narrator says, "you've got to be real careful where you sit," and he also says he was "stuck with" the two peers, which implies that he does not like where he sits.

After reading two different informational texts on sharks, students are asked to complete a Venn diagram that includes facts from both texts. Which of the following best identifies the lesson's objective? A. Assessing comprehensive understanding of nonfiction B. Identifying text features of similar texts C. Enhancing understanding through comparison D. Identifying the cause-and-effect structure of texts

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A Venn diagram is used to enhance understanding through comparison by having students record differences and similarities between two topics or texts.

The smallest single unit of sound in a language is a A. grapheme B. syllable C. phoneme D. morpheme

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in any given language.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Based on his actions in the passage, which word best describes Charlie? A. Stubborn B. Generous C. Appreciative D. Prideful

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Charlie "carefully" handles the chocolate and "treasure(s) it as though it were a bar of solid gold." These lines depict Charlie as being appreciative for the special gift.

Students in an elementary class are reading an illustrated story. Which of the following multimedia activities will most support comprehension? A. Accessing the author's Web site and downloading the coloring pages found there B. Finding online reviews of the story so that they can read and discuss other children's opinions C. Visiting a literacy center to watch a video read-aloud of the story on a tablet D. Viewing pictures of the illustrations on a projector screen after the story has been read

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Creating a literacy center where students can watch the familiar story read aloud on a tablet will enhance their learning by modeling good fluency, making the story familiar, and teaching new vocabulary through context and multiple rereads. It will also allow the students to independently connect to the story in a fun way.

When a teacher is working with an English Learner, which of the following approaches is most effective in establishing sight word connections between languages? A. Pre-teaching vocabulary using drawings to represent new words B. Asking students to repeat each new word three times when reading it C. Focusing on cognates and relationships in meaning between languages D. Teaching students to use a dictionary to look up definitions of common words

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Focusing on cognates has a significant impact on ELE L who already know certain sight words in their native language. Except for the less common false cognates, students are able to identify sight words readily because of the similar spellings and letter patterns (such as between the English word "family" and the Spanish word "familia").

Which of the following text features is unique to digital texts? A. Headings B. Sidebars C. Hyperlinks D. Captions

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Hyperlinks are a digital feature only and can be used to take the reader to other pages to find more information.

An early-elementary student writes, "I hav a pet dog. I lik to pla bal wif him." The student reads it back to the teacher as, "I have a pet dog. I like to play ball with him." The student's writing is best categorized as which of the following developmental writing stages? A. Preliterate B. Emergent C. Transitional D. Fluent

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. In the transitional writing stage, a student should be able to identify most consonant sounds and vowel sounds but often still uses invented spellings.

Which of the following key word lists best exemplifies a compare and contrast text structure? A. Because, so, therefore, consequently B. For example, such as, to illustrate, for instance C. Both, as well as, similarly, as opposed to D. First, second, prior to, subsequently

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Key words such as "both" and "as opposed to" show comparison and contrast.

Which of the following best describes a student in the semiphonetic stage of writing? A. Draws a recognizable picture to match an invented narrative B. Correctly spells most high-frequency words in sentences C. Writes one or more letters to represent every word D. Composes two or more sentences with correct punctuation

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Students in the semiphonetic stage are able to assign basic phonetic concepts to words as they express themselves in writing. Each word in this stage often has one or more letters to match each word the student is trying to write. Unlike the phonetic stage, students in the semiphonetic stage often do not include vowels in their words, but they can spell some high-frequency words correctly.

Which of the following text features will best support a student with defining a word in a domain-specific textbook? A. Index B. Table of Contents C. Glossary D. Headings

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The glossary contains the meaning of all important and content-specific vocabulary words within a textbook.

Some time in the night I got up, tiptoed to my window, and looked out at my doghouse. It looked so lonely and empty sitting there in the moonlight. I could see that the door was slightly ajar. I thought of the many times I had lain in my bed and listened to the squeaking of the door as my dogs went in and out. I didn't know I was crying until I felt the tears roll down my cheeks. —Wilson Rawls, from Where the Red Fern Grows Which of the following student responses is the most supportable inference drawn from the passage? A. The narrator is crying at his window at night. B. The dogs are sleeping in the house instead of outside. C. Something has happened to the dogs and they are gone. D. The narrator is afraid of the sounds he is hearing from outside.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The narrator is looking at his empty doghouse and remembering the sounds his dogs made, and he is sad, implying that the dogs are now gone

Which of the following teacher questions will best help students to make a text-to-self connection when reading a text? A. Are there things in the story that are similar to things going on in the world? B. Does this story remind you of another story or book you have read? C. Have you ever been in a situation similar to that of any of the characters in the story? D. Do any of the characters in the story remind you of a character in a movie you have seen?

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question asks the student to empathize with the character, which is a text-to-self connection.

Only once a year, on his birthday, did Charlie Bucket ever get to taste a bit of chocolate. The whole family saved up their money for that special occasion, and when the great day arrived, Charlie was always presented with one small chocolate bar to eat all by himself. And each time he received it, on those marvelous birthday mornings, he would place it carefully in a small wooden box that he owned , and treasure it as though it were a bar of solid gold; and for the next few days, he would allow himself only to look at it, but never to touch it. —Roald Dahl, from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Which of the following inferences about Charlie's family is best supported by the information in the passage? A. His family works long hours. B. His family has many members. C. His family is not wealthy. D. His family dislikes chocolate.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The reader learns that Charlie only gets chocolate once a year and that all the members of his family had to chip in to buy it. The reader can use these details to infer that Charlie's family does not have a lot of money.

During which of the following steps of the writing process are students most likely to utilize a writer's checklist to assess their work? A. Brainstorming B. Drafting C. Revising D. Planning

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Writer's checklists are most often used by students during the revision stage of the writing process to ensure that they have completed the requirements for the assignment.

The following is an excerpt from a student writing sample. Once upon a time there was an athletic squirrel named Victor and there was an intelligent hamster named Clyde, they lived in a small town in Alabama. They got bored so they went to New Orleans and they joined a baseball team and they won seven games in a row. Victor broke his foot. Clyde was smart and knew first aid, he bandaged Victor up and signed his cast. They moved to New York to join a professional baseball team. Victor was a good pitcher and Clyde was a phenomenal catcher and that's how they helped their team win a championship. Life was certainly never boring again! Mini-lessons in which TWO of the following areas will best help the student improve the writing sample? A. Varying sentence structure B. Introducing the problem and solution C. Revising run-on sentences D. Using transition words to sequence events E. Developing character traits

Correct Answer: C, D Options (C) and (D) are correct. The student has multiple run-on sentences and does not use transition words between sentences.

Which TWO of the following factors should a student look for to best determine if a particular Web site is credible and reliable for research? A. Web site address that ends in .com B. Links to other sites for additional information C. Citation of the author's sources D. Strong and passionate opinions E. Accurate spelling and grammar

Correct Answer: C, E Options (C) and (E) are correct. Cited sources can be cross-referenced to verify information, and spelling and grammar should be accurate on any credible Web site.

A. A series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines B. A pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line C. A sound pattern or beat of a poem created through accented syllables D. A unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables Rhythm Foot Rhyme scheme Stanza

Correct Answer: C,D,B,A Rhythm is a sound or beat of a poem created through accented syllables. A foot is a unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhyme scheme is a pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line. A stanza is a series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines.

Which of the following terms best identifies the part of a syllable that consists of a vowel and any consonant sounds that follow the vowel? A. Phoneme B. Morpheme C. Onset D. Rime

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows the vowel.

A student has just finished revising a piece of narrative writing. The next step for the student will most likely be to A. brainstorm ideas for the setting of the story B. ensure that the ideas in the story are well organized C. publish the story using digital resources D. proofread the story for spelling and mechanics errors

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. After making major revisions, the next step in the writing process is to edit for spelling and grammar.

After choosing a topic for a research paper, a student should do which of the following as a next step? A. Take notes from multiple scholarly sources B. Write a detailed first draft of the paper to work from C. Create an in-depth outline of the paper's structure D. Determine subtopics through preliminary research

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Creating subtopics through preliminary research will help focus the paper and make further research more efficient and effective.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the impact of fluency on reading comprehension? A. For most students, fluency has the greatest effect on reading comprehension between third grade and eighth grade. B. The role of fluency diminishes in the secondary grades, where instruction should focus primarily on discrete comprehension skills. C. The ability to remember details about what is read is enhanced with fluency, though fluency does not improve word recognition skills. D. In reading, fluency reduces the cognitive load required to decode words and thus enhances the ability to remember what was read.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Fluency supports both reading comprehension and word recognition skills.

Which of the following bibliographic entries is the best example of correct MLAM L A citation? A. Roald Dahl, The Witches. Farrar Straus Giroux: New York, 1983. Print. B. Dahl, Roald. Farrar Straus Giroux. The Witches. New York: 1983. Print. C. The Witches, Dahl, Roald. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print. D. Dahl, Roald. The Witches. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983. Print.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The current MLAM L A guideline requires the author's name first (last, first), then the book title in italics, the city, followed by a colon, the publisher, the year of publication, then "Print."

The following passage relates to the United States Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. Madison was a scholar. He read all he could find about governments all over the world and throughout history. Long before the convention got started, he wrote to his good friend Thomas Jefferson and asked for help. Jefferson had taken Franklin's place as America's minister in France. Jefferson sent Madison books—hundreds of books—and he sent his ideas. Madison read about governments of ancient Greece and Rome and other places and times. Then he took the best ideas he found and wrote them in notebooks that he brought with him to the convention. By this time, the other delegates were in Philadelphia and ready to get started. Madison and the Virginians set to work discussing a new plan of government that Madison had written. They agreed to have Virginia's popular governor, Edmund Randolph, present the plan to the Constitutional Convention. It was called the Virginia Plan, and it made things much easier for all the delegates at the convention. When they began their meeting, they had a document in front of them. It gave them a starting point; it helped speed up the process. And that summer, anything that made work easier was appreciated. —Joy Hakim, from A History of US Which of the following statements best describes how ideas are presented in the passage? A. The events that occurred at the Constitutional Convention are recounted in sequential order. B. Information about the work of several people is presented, followed by a discussion of their contributions at the convention. C. The obstacles to creating a government are introduced, followed by solutions that were discussed. D. Explanations about ideas and people who contributed to the convention are presented, followed by the effect of those contributions.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The work of James Madison to gather resources and ideas is discussed, followed by a narrative recounting the beginning of the convention and a description of how Madison's contributions made the proceedings more efficient.

match to the example A. Phoneme categorization B. Phoneme segmentation C. Phoneme deletion D. Phoneme identification What sound is the same in "bat," "ball," and "boy"? How many sounds are in the word "feet"? Which word does not belong: "net," "nut," "pot"? What is "band" without the /d/,?

Correct Answer: D, B, A, C The correct order is "phoneme identification," "phoneme segmentation," "phoneme categorization," and "phoneme deletion." This order is correct because when assessing phoneme identification, a student should be able to recognize the same sounds in different words. When assessing phoneme segmentation, a student should be able to break a word into its separate sounds. When assessing phoneme categorization, a student should be able to recognize a word in the set that is the odd one out. When assessing phoneme deletion, a student should be able to identify what a word would sound like if one sound was omitted.