RELI 1001 Exam 1 - Judaism
How does God feed the Israelites in the desert?
By a strange bread-like substance (manna) from heaven
Which Jewish festival results from the events in Esther?
Purim
Sephardim
-Diaspora In Portugal, Spain, & Islamic Mediterranean Speak Ladino -Jews of Spanish-Portuguese ancestry, as distinguished from Ashkenazim and Mizrahim
Ur
ancient city in Mesopotamia
*P Source* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Priestly - Post 722 BCE - EL/ELOHIM ("God")
Which country today represents the original communities of Moabians and Ammonites? What's this generation now?
- Mountainous regions of Jordan, present day region of Jordan - 12 tribes of Israel = 12 sons of Jacob who came and populated it themselves
What is the specific reason for punishing the Sodomites?
- Abuse of human rights - If the ppl had come and there was a consensus, it wouldn't have been a punishment. But, b/c it was them demanding something that was not agreed upon, it was not consensual, social injustice. - Text where traditional persecution of homosexuality comes with social conditioning
*D Source* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Deuteronomy - 689/640/587 BCE - Unspecified
*E Source:* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Elohim - 922-722 BCE - EL/ELOHIM ("God")
Post-Enlightenment Biblical Criticism:
- Expanded beyond analysis as divine revelation. - Focused on Origin, Source, Reason of Revelation. - Study of What/When/Why the Biblical Authors Wrote?
What was the event in the text that this important name change to Yisrael happened? Why?
- Gen 32:35-31 - Yisrael = struggle with God - "For you have fought with God and with people and have prevailed"
What is the importance of the story of Sodom and Gomorrah?
- Gives us the traditional negative understanding and treatment of homosexuality. -Traces back to persecution of homosexuality
*J Source:* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Jehovah - 922-722 BCE - YHWH ("LORD")
*R Source* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Redactor - Approx. 550 BCE - Unspecified
*RJE Source* What does it stand for? Time period? Name for God?
- Redactor J&E - Post 722 BCE - Unspecified
How were the relationships between the Moabians and the Ammonites?
- Warfare - Lots of fights;considered enemies -Text was probably ironic and way to put down the enemy, so scholars assume the author was on one of the sides
*Documentary Hypothesis* Why do we need it in an academic study? Why do we need the different sources?
- We need it for a better understanding of the context: not the divine as the author, but a human as the author, and understanding what they mean - Assists in interpreting text with the author's context
Nevi'im
-"Prophets"; the second section of the Hebrew scriptures, made up of historical and prophetic books
Sukkot
-"booths"; a festival in the late autumn that recalls the Jews' period of wandering in the desert after their exodus from Egypt. -The Feast of "Tabernacles" or "Booths"; probably named for the temporary shelters that were constructed by farmers in autumn to protect their ripening crops and later given a historical interpretation commemorating the wanderings of the Israelites in the wilderness after the Exodus
Moses
-(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus -End of Deuteronomy: Moses dies in Moab before reaching Canaan -Born to Israelite parents
Babylonian Exile (and year)
-586 BCE, during time when Temple in Jerusalem (and city of Jerusalem) had been destroyed -Israelites still in south (Judah) fell to Babylonian superpower; leaders of Judah exiled to Babylonia -Similar to Assyrians, Babylonians did not fully destroy the population, but they moved the leaders to their region (present-day Iraq) to keep them from causing conflict in their home territory -Began the "Exile" or Babylonian captivity -Solomon's First Temple destroyed
Assyrian Exile (and year)
-722 BCE -Assyria conquered Northern Kingdom of Israel, deported some of the Israelites to other parts of their empires, and imported ppl from other places of Israel, ruining the unity (deported into exile, these exiles became the Lost Tribes of Israel) -Leaders of Israel exiled/deported to Assyria -Start of Jewish Diaspora
Rabbis
-A Jewish religious leader and teacher -First female Rabbi "Sally Priesand" ordained in North America -Literally "teacher," but by the second century BCE the official title of an expert on the interpretation of Torah; once priestly sacrifices had ended with the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, the rabbi became the scholarly and spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation
Rosh Hashanah
-Celebrates the beginning of Time & Jewish New Year -Observed for two days -Color White is decorated to symbolize moral purification -Shofar (horn) is blown on first day -"On Rosh Hashanah I open the Book of Life and at the end of Yom Kippur I shall close it again, and your faith shall be sealed for the coming year." Talmud -Apples dipped in honey are customarily eaten -The new year festival, generally falling in September; the day when God is said to open the Book of Life in which he will inscribe the individual's fate for the year on Yom Kippur u77
Pharisees
-A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law. -As per Bible-Mathews "Hypocrites" Educated group of Jewish Palestinians Disliked interacting wth the Romans Did not focus on politics, like Sadduccees Focused on Torah Study & Oral Tradition -Sought to incorporate Jewish law into their daily life and how a Jew should live to satisfy God. In today's society, they would be the kinds of people who hold Bible study classes and do deep interpretations of religious scripture to gain an understanding of God's intentions for people. They focused their morals around living in accordance with the Torah. Unlike the Sadducees, the Pharisees interpreted texts more broadly. They practiced religious rituals and believed in things that the Sadducees did not. They worked hard to correctly understand and interpret the Torah's instructions and God's commandments so they could obey and teach other Jews to do the same. -One of the only groups to survive the destruction of the Temple. Their traditions survived, but developed further under rabbis, who inherited their culture.
Sadducees
-A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem. -Oldest group of Palestinian Jews of the Hellenistic Era; Aristocrats -Closely linked with Temple and its priests and Sanhedrin -Rejected belief in Angels, and resurrection of body in afterlife. -Followed Literal interpretation of the text -Focused on Sacrificial Rites, not Oral Law -A wealthy upper-class group who made up most of the Sanhedrin, the local Jewish council. They had ties with the priests in charge of the Temple cult, and many of them were priests themselves. Their main focus was the need for Jews to be involved with worship as stated by the Torah. The Torah was the only text they strictly followed, so they demanded literal interpretations of the scripts. They did not believe in any of the afterlife theories relating to people's consequences; they believed everyone only had this one life to live.
Talmud
-A collection of authoritative Jewish writings that comment and interpret biblical laws. -Oral Divine Command Two Efforts: a) Babylonian Talmud (6th Century) b) Jerusalem/Palestine Talmud (5th Century) -TALMUD = MISHNAH + GEMARA (MISHNAH is the Rabbinic literature written & compiled ca. 200CE Aggadah = Jewish Stories Halachah = Sum total of Rabbinic religious law defining the Jewish way of life GEMARA = Additional later Rabbinic commentary (legal analysis) on the commands ca. 500CE) -Oral Torah -Contains arguments between founding scholars Rabbi Hillel [d. 10CE] (Lenient) vs Rabbi Shammai (Strict Literal) "What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor; This is entire Torah....."
Karaite
-A group of Babylonian Jews formed in the 700s who rejected the authority of the Talmud and the rabbinic tradition. They emphasized a more literal approach to Hebrew scripture -Karaites maintained that only tanakh was authoritative -Rejected interpretation of talmud as divinely revealed truth -Only Hebrew Bible as exclusive source of Jewish legal authority -Overcome by Gaonims -"Scripturalists"; an eighth century anti-rabbinic movement that rejected the Talmud, taking only the Bible as authoritative.
Ladino
-A language composed mainly of old Spanish and Hebrew, spoken by some Sephardic Jews -Sephardic Jewish Diaspora In Portugal, Spain, & Islamic Mediterranean Speak Ladino
Essenes
-A monastic community of meticulously observant priests -Saw importance of cultic purity (bodily state in which one is sufficiently pure to be acceptable in the sacred spaces of God) -Sought to apply Bible to everyday life, but rigorously -Established community at Qumran in Judean desert after expressing their disapproval of the way the Hasmoneans were running the temple cult -Held an apocalyptic worldview, believing the world was under the control of evil forces and that God would soon intervene the defeat the powers of darkness -Viewed selves as the new children of Israel, biding their time until the day when, with God's help, they would take back the promised land from what they saw as the corrupt leadership of Hellenized Jews -Monastic Community in Qumran; surrounding area of Jerusalem -Maintained Oral Torah different from the Sadducees -"Dead Sea Scrolls" discovered in 1947 -High expectations from Kingly Messiah towards restorations of peace -A group of pious, ultraconservative Jews who left the Temple of Jerusalem and began a community by the Dead Sea, known as Qumran
Arc of the Covenant
-A sacred chest that housed the tablets of the 10 Commandments. It was placed w/in the sanctuary where God would come and dwell -Ex. 25:10 built by Israelites to recognize God's presence
House of David
-Awaited Messiah in Judaism must fulfill the following conditions: Be from the House of David -As described in 2 Samuel, the Lord established a house (a dynasty) for David, which would be an eternal kingship, passed down from David, like a priesthood -God had a special relationship with the Davidic King. The Davidic monarchy ends in 587 BCE with the destruction of the First Temple and exile and Jews continued (and in some cases, still continue) to wait for the re-establishment of the House of David
Conservative Judaism
-Branch of Judaism that attempts to blend and serve as a middle-ground between Orthodox and Reform Judaism -Mid-19th century - Solomon Schecter -Response to Reform movement w/ focus on dietary laws and traditional practices like Sabbath -Rabbi interprets scripture with the congregation -Jewish teachings divinely revealed but open to modernizing interpretation -Makes up majority of North American Jews w/ 1 million members -Views Jewish traditions as open to interpretation and modification (interpret text more literally than Reform but less so than Orthodox) -Typically follow dietary laws but allow for change -More liberal synagogues allow female rabbis and full female participation in services, whereas stricter congregations do not
Dead Sea Scrolls
-Discovered in 1947 by the Essenes -(Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s -Essenes are the authors -A collection of texts produced between the second and first centuries BCE that were discovered accidentally by a Bedouin shepherd searching the Judean hills for a lost sheep in 1947 -These important manuscripts shed light on how the Essenes (a monastic community of meticulously observant priests) were organized, initiated newcomers, and viewed the world -Library contains the earliest manuscripts of every book of the Hebrew Bible (some in fragmented form only) except, for unknown reasons, the Book of Esther
Priest of Midian
-Ethro is called a priest of Midian and became father-in-law of Moses after he gave his daughter, Zipporah, in marriage to Moses. -Ex2 Moses Flees to Midian after killing an Egyptian Ex2:18 -2:22 Marries Zipporah, the daughter of the Priest of Midian
Haran
-Gen 12: Abram, Sarai and Lot: Haran to Canaan -Gen 11:26: Abraham's Trip with Father, Sarai, and Lot to Haran -The place Abram was living when he was first called by God; located in the modern country of Turkey
Hagar
-Gen 21: Isaac is born, Hagar and Ishmael are cast out -Gen 21:8-21:21: Hagar and Ishmael are sent away -Abraham's concubine who conceives and bears Ishmael -Sarah's servant
Jacob
-Grandson of Abraham, son of Isaac and Rebekah, brother of Esau, and the traditional ancestor of Israelites. His name was changed to Israel, and his 12 sons became the 12 Tribes of Israel
Septuagint
-Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible by 70 scholars -"Pentateuch" in Greek Septuagint Translation Divinely Inspired -The Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, made in Alexandria during the Hellenistic period, beginning in the 3rd century BCE
Leah
-Jacob's first wife
Yom Kippur
-Jewish Day of Atonement- fasting and reflecting on one's sins -Day of Atonement; Holiest Day of the Jewish Ritual Year; Communal Confession of Sins, Fasting for 25 hours -The "Day of Atonement," dedicated to solemn reflection and examination of one's conduct; falls ten days after Rosh Hashanah, usually in September.
Mizrahi
-Jewish Diaspora In Middle East Some Speak Arabic -Jews of Middle Eastern ancestry, as distinguished from Ashkenazim and Sephardim
Arabic (Mizrahi)
-Jews from Arab lands/Middle Eastern ancestry, as distinguished from Ashkenazim and Sephardim -Jewish Diaspora in Middle East; some speak Arabic
Ashkenazim
-Jews of Central and Eastern European ancestry, as distinguished from Sephardim and Mizrahim -Eventually settled in Central Europe after having been driven out of Jerusalem early in the first millennium AD -Jewish Diaspora in Europe and US, speak Yiddish
First Temple Formation & Destruction (and years)
-King Solomon (~986-932 BCE); his temple (~960 BCE) -Son of King David -Established temple dedicated to YHWH around 1000 BCE -Son Rehoboam was unable to keep kingdom united -586 Babylonian Exile destructed Temple -Conceived by King David, constructed by King Solomon (c. 1000-586 BCE)
King Cyrus
-King of Persia who allows the Israelites to return to their land after Persia takes over Babylon -539 BCE rules Persia and conquers Babylonians -538 BCE issues Edict allowing Jews to return and rebuild the Temple -Potential Period for the start of Old Testaments writings -Also considered by few Jewish leaders as Messiah. His Edict allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem and aided in redevelopment of the Temple
Pharaoh
-King of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
Levites
-Members of the tribe of Levi, who would be the priests for the rest of Israel -Ex 32:1-35: 3,000 Israelites killed by Levites for worshpping Golden calf -Moses' siblings were from Levite mother
Zipporah
-Moses's wife -Start of Exodus Ex2 Moses Flees to Midian after killing an Egyptian; Ex2:18 -2:22 Marries Zipporah, the daughter of the Priest of Midian -Son named "Gershom" for Moses said, "I have been an alien residing in a foreign land
Midrash
-Non-Literal interpretation of the scripture -Story about a story in the Hebrew Bible -Rabbinic commentary on scripture -"Search"; rabbinical commentary on the scriptures and oral law
Orthodox Judaism
-Observing the traditional rabbinical halakhah; the strictest form of Judaism/ most traditional -1795 "Orthodox" coined / 1808-1888 Samson Hirsch "Torah with the way of the land" Response to Reform Movement; Most traditional Halakhah practice with conservative dress Hasidic Jews are ultra-Orthodox, long black grown, curly sides Believe in Torah as the "revealed word of God" & Talmud originated by Moses No women as Rabbis -was established once Reform Judaism spread. Orthodox Jews believe the Hebrew Bible is the "revealed word of God" and believe several scriptures to have originated from Moses. They also follow the laws of Torah. Haredim Jews are the most conservative and strict members of the Orthodox branch. While all Orthodox Jews strictly observe Judaism, the less conservative Jews interact with non-Jewish society in some form. However, Haredi Jews live every part of their lives according to the Halakhah.
Zealots
-People who banded together during the time of Christ to violently resist Roman occupation. Zionists -Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. -Later group which refused to cooperate with Romans -Encouraged Jews to engage in violent rebellion -First Jewish Revolt: most of Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed and much of the Jewish population was killed or forced into slavery
Pentecost
-Shavu'ot (Pentecost) May 19 - 21, 2018 Meaning "week of weeks" Spring + 7 weeks -Harvesting festival celebrating Lord's revelation of the Law to Moses on Mt. Sinai
Covenant
-Solemn agreement b/w humans or b/w God and a human where mutual commitments are made -Throughout Old Testament, they got established, broken, and re-established b/w God and Israelites -Gen 15 - God's covenant w/ Abram -"Brits" or treaties -Special relationship b/w God and the Jewish ppl -An agreement b/w two groups, in which promises are made under oath to either carry out or withdraw specific actions -Important for controlling and establishing ancient social or political life -These agreements were typically made b/w two groups of unequal power, where a powerful ruler would promise protection to a less powerful one under the condition that obligations were fulfilled -"Treaty"; the special relationship b/w God and the Jewish ppl
Zionist
-Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. -The modern movement, initiated by Austro-Hungarian journalist and playwright Theodor Herzl in 1897, for a Jewish nation-state in the ancient land of Israel
What are the 10 Commandments?
-The 10 laws given to God by Moses: 1. You shall have *no other gods before me* 2. You shall not *make for yourself an idol,* whether in the form of anything in heaven, on earth, or in water.... You shall not *bow down* to them or *worship* them; .... 3. You shall not make *wrongful use of the name* of the Lord your God 4. Remember the *Sabbath day,* and keep it holy. 5. Honor your *father* and your *mother....* 6. You shall not *murder* 7. You shall not *commit adultery* 8. You shall not *steal* 9. You shall not bear *false witness* against your *neighbor* 10. You shall not covet your *neighbor's house*; you shall not covet your *neighbor's wife*....
Elohim
-The Hebrew word for God as creator -E source and P source referred to God as Elohim
Ten Days of Penitence
-The Ten Days of Repentance are the first ten days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, usually sometime in the month of September, beginning with the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah and ending with the conclusion of Yom Kippur
Ketuvim
-The Writings = 11 Traditionally not considered divinely inspired -Influenced by Hellenism, Egyptians, and Persians -Sacred writings -"Writings"; the third section of the Hebrew scriptures, consisting primarily of poetry, proverbs, and literary works
Kabbalah
-The medieval Jewish mystical tradition; its central text is a commentary on scripture called the Zohar, which is thought to have been written by Moses of Leon (d. 1305) but is attributed to Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai, a famous second-century rabbinic mystic and wonder-worker -Means "receiving tradition" -An esoteric or mystical discipline of Judaism -God is an infinite point = beginning of all creation = Ein Sof -12th and 13th century - Jewish Kabbalah began in France and Spain -Understood to be originally sourced from Oral traditions of Moses
Gaonim
-The senior rabbinical authorities in Mesopotamia under Persian and Muslim rule; singular "Gaon" -Rabbanites -750 CE -Learned leaders of Jewish theological academies under Muslim rule in Iraq -Rabbis wrote theological questions to Gaonims for responsa (answers from Jewish scholars on everyday living matters based on Talmudic laws) -Overcame Karaites due to recognition by Muslim authorities
YHWH
-The shorthand initialism (Tetragrammaton) used by the Israelites for the name of God, "I AM WHO AM," which out of great respect for God could not be uttered.
Documentary Hypothesis
-The theory that the Pentateuch was not written by one person (Moses) but was compiled over a long period of time from multiple sources -Proposed by German scholar Julius Wellhausen in 1883 -Theory that Torah came to exist through the combination of several originally separate "documents"
Sarah
-The wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac
Passover
-a Jewish festival (traditionally 8 days) celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt -A major spring festival that began as a celebration of agricultural rebirth, but came to commemorate the supposed liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt under Moses' leadership -Pesach (Passover) April 11 - 18th, 2017 - 8 days starting from day of Sabbath Friday March 30th - April 7th, 2018. -According to lunar calendar -Celebrating the Exodus -Starts with Seder meal at home
Yiddish
-a language used by Jews in central and eastern Europe before the Holocaust -Ashkenazi Jewish Diaspora In Europe & US Speak Yiddish -the language spoken by many Central and Eastern European Jews in recent centuries; although it is written in Hebrew characters and contains some words derived from Hebrew, it is essentially German in its structure and vocabulary
Reform Judaism
-a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai. -1768-1828 German Israel Jacobson / 1854 German-born Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise Do not see contradiction between secular and traditional religious values Do not observe dietary laws Believed Torah is culture bound, written by humans, with divine inspiration 1972: First female Rabbi "Sally Priesand" ordained in North America -founded on the goal of making Judaism meaningful for Jews living in 18th century Germany. The founders supported Enlightenment ideals and associated them with Judaism. Israel Jacobson is known as the father of Reform. Today, Reform Jews typically do not observe the dietary laws of Judaism. Instead of directly following the traditions, they view Judaism as a flexible religion because it changes as society changes. Reform Judaism allows women to become rabbis. In fact, the first female rabbi in North America was Reform.
Tallit
-a shawl with fringes at the corners, worn for prayer; usually white with blue stripes -Jewish prayer shawl
Messiah
-anointed one -From the Hebrew Mashiach, "anointed [one]." The Greek translation is "Christos," from which the English term "Christ" is derived -In Judaism, David is Messiah -Concept of awaited 'Messiah' extremely critical to Judaism - Conditions for Messiah: Davidic Line, Signs of the kingdom of God apparent, Messianic Peace/Return of Jews, Construction of Temple in Jerusalem, Is Master of written and oral Torah? -Without Messiah, there is no 'Salvation' or 'Redemption' Messiah will only come when Israel is 'loyal' to God -After God Mercy, Messiah will be sent By Acting on the Mitzvot, Jews expect to expedite Messiah's arrival -Meaning of Messiah has changed over time and through tradition: King David was considered Messiah by some because David was Anointed as King by Prophet Samuel King Cyrus was also considered by few Jewish leaders as Messiah His Edict allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem and aided In redevelopment of the temple Awaited Messiah in Judaism must fulfill the following conditions: Be from the House of David Return Jews back in Israel and usher in an era of Peace Rebuild the third Temple Not Jesus of Nazareth Awaited Messiah in Christianity: Jesus = Divine "Savior" within Trinity Born to Virgin Mary Jesus was Crucified for the Sins of Humans Awaited Return of Messiah in Islam: Jesus = Noble "Messenger of God" with Revealed Scripture Born to Virgin Mary Jesus was NOT Crucified, but was raised to Heavens and will return before the end of this world.
Rabbinic Judaism
-main form of Judaism, which emerged during the first century AD under the leadership of the rabbis; clarified Jewish practice, elevated the oral law to equal authority with the written Torah and enabled Judaism to evolve flexibly -70 CE Destruction of the Second Temple by Romans Transition from Priestly Judaism to Rabbinic Judaism -legal teachers and leaders who inherited the teachings of the Pharisees and became the dominant voices in Judaism after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE
Reconstructionist
-modern movement founded by Mordecai Kaplan, emphasizing Judaism as a civilization -Reconstructionist Jews 1935: American Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, God is source of morality, innate in humans; do not believe that Torah was divinely revealed Encourage Bar Mitzvah for Girls "Coming of Age" -originated in America, unlike the other three which were established in Germany. The founder, Mordechai Kaplan, claimed that the synagogue and religion are more social and cultural than strictly religious. He argued that Jewish scriptures were created by Jewish people themselves, and not the divine, and that the traditions existed for the people and could be modified. In 1922, he gave his daughter the first ever bat mitzvah, which is the female equivalent of the traditional bar mitzvah. Bat mitzvot are now practiced regularly by Reform and Conservative congregations as well as Reconstructionists. Because Reconstructionism developed out of Conservative, it kept many traditions, including dietary laws and wearing kippot, as well as Hebrew in the liturgy, making its practice look similar to that of Conservative Jews. However, its rejection of the idea that Jews are the chosen people, its gender-neutral prayer book, and the fact that some of its supporters consider themselves atheists provides a clear distinction between Reconstructionism and Conservative. Reconstructionists care more about community participation to preserve Jewish history, symbols, and customs, than they do about individual faith.
Tefillin
-small black leather boxes, also termed phylacteries, containing parchment scrolls on which the words of four paragraphs from the Torah (Exodus 13: 1-10, 11-16; and Deuteronomy 6: 4-9, 13-21) are written, tried to the forehead adn upper arm by leather thongs
Second Temple formation and destruction (and years)
-stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. -destroyed by the Romans -70 CE Destruction of the Second Temple by Romans Beginning of Rabbinic Judaism with focus on Written Torah and Oral Talmud -In 586BCE, along with the Babylonian Exile, the Temple was destroyed. People who did not return home discovered their territory had been condensed to the area directly near Jerusalem, enabling them to rebuild the Temple. With the help of Persians, they were able to furnish it with many valuable items that had been taken by the Babylonians, and in 515BCE, it was rededicated as the "Second Temple." In 70 CE, it was destroyed during a Roman siege. The Romans destroyed the Second Temple and left Jerusalem to suffer, and the Temple was never rebuilt.
Kosher
-term for food that is ritually acceptable, indicating that all rabbinic regulations regarding animal slaughter and the like have been observed in its preparation
Synagogues
-the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction. -The Greek name representing Jewish communal places for Teaching, & Prayer -Religious Wear: PHYLACTERIES "TEFFILIN" = Leather straps and boxes containing scrolls with Torah text TALLIT = Prayer Shawl -From the Greek for "gathering together"; the local place of assembly for congregational worship, which became central to the tradition after the destruction of the Jerusalem temple
Tanakh
-the canonical collection of Jewish texts -Hebrew Bible aka 'TANAKH' contains: 24 Scrolls or 39 (35) Books Finalized in 90CE -Jewish Scripture = 'Hebrew Bible' = 'TANAKH' = ~'Old Testament' -rabbinic Judaism Without Holy/Sacred Venue for Sacrificial Rituals More emphasis on Prayers with self-scrutiny Obedience to Torah scrolls Diligent study of the Tanakh -the entire Hebrew Bible, consisting of Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Sacred writings); the name is an acronym of the initial letters of those three terms
Rebekah
-wife of Isaac and mother of Jacob and Esau
Name the first five books of Bible collectively called the "Torah" or "Pentateuch"
1) Genesis (B'reishit) 2) Exodus (Shemot) 3) Leviticus (Vayikra) 4) Numbers (Bamidbar) 5) Deuteronomy (Dabharim)
What are the 4 categories of Interpretation of Biblical Text? Provide meanings and examples.
1) Literal: textual meaning (example: "Jesus Wept" = Jesus shed actual tears) 2) Allegorical: spiritual meaning (example: "Jesus Wept" = symbolic meaning or to be deeply sad) 3) Moral: lesson meaning (example: "Jesus Wept" = lesson to show compassion towards others) 4) Analogical: heavenly sense (example: "Jesus Wept" = insight into essence of God
Torah 5 books
1. Genesis 2. Exodus 3. Leviticus 4. Numbers 5. Deuteronomy
How many sons did Jacob have?
12
Around 1,000 years from first word to last sentence, involving around 75-100 Authors
4-6 Editors collected and sourced Biblical works of Prose, Poetry, & Laws in one text Each source can be read on its own without perceiving discontinuity
How long did it take Noah to build the Ark?
40 years
How many days did it take for God to create the heavens and the earth?
6
How many pairs of clean and how many pairs of unclean animals did Noah collect?
7 pair of clean, 1 pair of unclean
What object that God gives Moses allows him to perform signs and wonders?
A wooden staff
Lot
Abraham's nephew; settled in the prosperous plains, leaving Abraham in the wilderness of the hill country
Was the Bible divinely revealed/inspired to Moses, Jesus or Authors?
Academically : We do not know - This is a matter of personal belief
Put the following in order of which they appear in Genesis: Noah Joseph Esau Jacob Lot Adam Ham Sarai Ishmael Isaac Abraham Hagar Israel
Adam Noah Ham Abraham Sarai Lot Hagar Ishmael Isaac Esau Jacob Israel Joseph
How does God first appear to Moses?
As a burning bush
Why does Cain kill his brother Abel?
Because God is more pleased by Abel's sacrifice than by Cain's
Why does God reprimand Job?
Because Job uses human knowledge to question God's ways
Why does God reject Saul as king of Israel?
Because Saul does not completely destroy the Amalekites
Why does God curse the Israelites to wander the desert for forty years before entering the promised land?
Because a group of Israelite spies incites an uprising to return to Egypt
Why does Moses break the stone tablets inscribed with God's commandments at Mount Sinai?
Because the people are worshiping a golden idol
How does Absalom flaunt his brief overthrow of David's throne?
By sleeping with David's concubines in public
Which of the following is not a sign of God's covenant, or promise, with Abraham? a) The rite of circumcision b) God renaming Abraham and his wife Sarah c) God destroying the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah d) God providing Sarah with a son, Isaac
C
Which of the following is not one of Israel's judges? a) Deborah b) Gideon c) Ahab d) Jephthah
C
Which Jewish group(s) allow bat mitzvot?
Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist allow girls to become bat mitzvot.
Why does the prophet Nathan rebuke David?
David commits adultery with Bathsheba
Who betrays Samson to the Philistines?
Delilah
Define Jewish Diaspora
Diaspora is a term for the dispersion Jewish people living outside the land of Israel. It began with the Babylonian Exile, when not all Jews returned home to Judea.
What do the deaths of King Ahab and his wife Jezebel have in common?
Dogs eat the blood of their dead bodies
What was mankind permitted to do after Noah's flood that was not permitted beforehand?
Eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Who is Elisha?
Elijah's apprentice and successor
Terah
Father of Abraham
From what catastrophe does Joseph save Egypt?
Famine
How did Noah know that the water had subsided?
Gen. 6:11 - "and the dove came back to him in the evening, and there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf"
Who is the son of Abraham through whom the Jewish people descend?
Gideon
Describe God and Abraham covenant
God called Abraham to Canaan and then made a covenant. God, being the more powerful of the two, promised Abraham the land of Canaan to his offspring as long as Abraham obeyed God. Years later, Abraham agreed to God's request to undergo circumcision as a sign of the covenant. In return, God blessed Sarah with the ability to conceive Isaac. Later, God asked Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a burnt offering, and Abraham almost went through it until God asked to free Isaac. This proved to God how obedient Abraham was even if it meant sacrificing his son, therefore making him the epitome of obedience for the Israelites. The purpose of this covenant was for Abraham to live according to certain morals in exchange for God's protection, which was a common thing in covenants.
What does King Solomon do in Israel?
He builds a grand temple in Jerusalem.
Adonai
Hebrew name for God
Pesach
Hebrew word for Passover
According to Dr. Friedman, what is the attitude taken by academic Biblical scholars about linking a divine source to the authorship of Bible? What is the reason for this attitude?
Instead of linking a divine source to the authorship, they were trying to study the authors in historical context (what they wrote, when they wrote, and why they wrote). Proving the Bible's words as being divine to the authors was not their concern because rather than being a question of scholarship, it is a question of faith.
What do Moses and Joshua forbid the Israelites to do in the promised land?
Intermarry w/ the native inhabitants
Ishmael
Isaac not Ishmael (Gen 17 -Gen 35) Gen 21: ISAACborn; Hagar and Ishmael cast out Gen 22: The binding of Isaac (Hebrew: Akedah), with Gen 21:8 -21:21 Hagar & Ishmael Sent Away Gen 25:1 -Gen 25:18 Keturah, Abraham Death, Ishmael's descendants Gen 16 Hagar -The Birth ofIshmael Gen 16:9 The angel of the LORD said to her, "Return to your mistress (Sarai) and submit to her." Gen 16:11 And the angel of the LORD said to her, "Now you have conceived and shall bear a son; you shall call him ISHMAEL..... Gen 16:12 He shall be a wild ass of a man, with his hand against everyone, and everyone's hand against him; and he shall live at odds with all his kin." Abraham's son by Hagar, Sarah's servant. The founder of the Arab tribes
What is Jacob's alternative name?
Israel
In Gen, how does Joseph's experience cause later Jewish generations to reside in Egypt as oppressed aliens?
Jacob's sons were all jealous of their youngest brother, Joseph, because he was Jacob's favorite. Jacob gave him a beautiful multicolor coat, and his 11 brothers took the coat and destroyed it and sold Joseph into slavery, telling Jacob he is dead. Joseph became a dream interpreter for the Egyptian Pharaoh, telling the Pharaoh that one of his dreams indicated there would be a great famine in Egypt. Joseph led a movement in Egypt to save food in preparation. When famine eventually plagued the land, Joseph's brothers learned about the Egyptian grain supply and went to Egypt to purchase food. Joseph recognized them so instead of initially revealing his identity, he put them through tests to challenge their good will. When Judah, one of the brothers, offered his life in exchange for another younger brother, Joseph revealed his identity. He persuaded the brothers to return to Egypt with Jacob. When death approached Jacob, he promised Joseph that the covenant would pass on through him and his sons. After Jacob died, Joseph and his descendants, the Israelites, returned to Egypt and grew rapidly. Jacob eventually dies after instructing his family to one day return to the land God promised to give Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Through Joseph's power and games of punishment and redemption with his brothers, he led later Jewish generations to reside in Egypt
Through whom do the people groups of the world descend?
Japheth
What event triggers the division of Israel into two kingdoms?
Jeroboam leads a rebellion against the wicked King Rehoboam
What does "Kosher" mean, and how is it different from Non-Kosher in terms of food preparation & diet?
Jewish dietary laws, known as kashrut, mandate which foods are and are not acceptable in Jewish tradition, including how to prepare these foods and what foods can be prepared in the same meal. If food is kosher, that means that it is appropriate according to Jewish law. However, the term kosher is not limited to just foods. For instance, a tallit is no longer kosher once its fringes are cut off. In terms of land animals, only those with split hooves and who chew their own cud are kosher (pigs and rabbits are not). In terms of sea animals, only those with both scales and fins are kosher (shellfish and mussels are not). Chicken, turkey, goose, and duck are acceptable birds, but birds of prey are not. Products of unkosher animals are also considered unkosher (except for honey). Meat that is allowed must be cooked a certain way in order to be considered kosher. Animals that died naturally are not allowed, whereas animals that are slaughtered because of the law are acceptable. Once the meat is prepared appropriately, it must be eaten a certain way. Meat is not to be consumed alongside dairy, and some observant Jews even separate their kitchen into two sides for dairy and milk. Those who produce kosher food or drinks use symbols to notify the consumers that it is kosher. One of the most well-known symbols is a U inside of a circle, which indicates that several rabbis inspected it and claimed it was kosher
Hashem
Jewish name for God used to avoid saying the name of God
Who leads the Israelites out of Egypt and parts the Red Sea?
Moses
Who wrote the book of Genesis?
Moses
Hasidism
Movement founded in Eastern Europe by the 18th century mystic known as the Baal Shem Tov. Today the movement encompasses many subgroups, each of which has its own charismatic leader. The Hasidim (Hebrew, "pious ones") make up a significant part of Orthodox Judaism
What are the 10 Plagues on Egypt?
Moses returns to Egypt to negotiate with Pharaoh the exit/freedom of Israelites . Pharaoh ignores Moses powers and faces 10 plagues on Egypt: 1) Water turned to bload 2) Frogs 3) Gnats 4) Flies 5) Diseased Livestock 6) Boils 7) Thunder and hail 8) Locusts 9) Darkness 10) Death of the first born -Success after 10th Plague "Death of First Born": -Ex12 Flight from Egypt "Exodus" -Partitions of The Sea, Pharaoh & His Army Drowns
Eve
Mother of all living
Hebrew Bible Scrolls and Books
Old Testament first section of the Christian Bible, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites believed by most Christians and Jews to be the sacred Word of God
In Gen, who are the Patriarchs and Matriarchs of the Jewish tradition, and how are they related?
Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob Matriarchs: Sarah, Rebekah, Rachel, Leah Abraham and Sarah were the parents of Isaac. Isaac and Rebekah were the parents of Jacob. Jacob had two wives, Rachel and Leah.
Who is the grandson of Abraham through whom the twelve tribes of Israel descend?
Paul
Possibility of textual conditioning:
Possibility of textual conditioning: - Potential of gender bias in Adam and Eve's first sin - Potential of race bias.... (didn't get this full slide)
How frequently are Jewish prayer services held, and what do some Jews wear to prepare for prayer services?
Practicing Jews daven three times a day in places of worship for Shacharit, Minchah, and Ma'ariv. Services are also held during Shabbat and holidays/festivals. In most Conservative and Orthodox synagogues, males wear kippot and tallit, and tefillin on weekday morning. Traditionally only men wear these, but some Conservative and Reform women wear them now
In Genesis, what social-rights and limitations are portrayed for Hagar, Ishmael, & Esau?
Sarah (Sarai at the time) cannot become pregnant, so she sends her servant Hagar to sleep with Abraham (Abram at the time). Sarah is upset with Hagar's disrespect, so Hagar runs away and then is promised a strong and masculine son. She then gives birth to Abraham's first son, Ishmael. Hagar was really looked down on for this because she was a slave. Ishmael was supposed to become Sarah's child until she was blessed with the ability to conceive Isaac. After Sarah gives birth to Isaac, she is not happy to see Hagar playing with him, so she sends Hagar and Ishmael away. When Isaac and Rebekah marry, they have two sons, Esau (the firstborn), and Jacob. Esau is Isaac's favorite and Jacob is Rebekah's favorite. When Isaac grew old and blind, he sent Esau to bring him food in exchange for a blessing. Rebekah overheard and told Jacob and helped deceive Isaac into blessing Jacob by dressing up Jacob and helping him prepare a meal. Jacob received Isaac's blessing, and when Esau returned and Isaac discovered he had been tricked, he was angry but was not able to revoke Esau's stolen blessing. Hagar was limited because she was a slave who had Abraham's child, Ishmael was limited because he was Hagar's son and was sent away with her, and Esau was limited because he was deceived and lost his blessing.
Which continents do the children of Noah cover?
Shem - Middle East Ham - Africa Japheth - Europe/Russia
Which of Noah's Sons is related to Abram?
Shem, as Abram was from Ur
What does David bring to Jerusalem to bless the religious city?
The Ark of the Covenant
Pentateuch
The Greek name for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, ascribed by tradition to Moses but regarded by modern scholars as the product of several centuries of later literary activity Greek word meaning "five books," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament.
What are High Holidays and how can one determine when they take place?
The High Holidays are also called High Holy Days and the Days of Awe. They are the ten days from the beginning of Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, through the end of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. These days are spent at synagogue, asking God's forgiveness and fasting for 25 hours. Rosh Hashanah usually takes place in September or October, and Yom Kippur happens ten days after the beginning of Rosh Hashanah. It all depends on what days they fall on in the Jewish calendar.
How does "documentary hypothesis" aid in determining the source of Biblical authorship?
The best solution they have found so far for determining this authorship is the documentary hypothesis. The idea is that the Bible's first books came about through a long process, like documents of poetry and prose over many centuries. Editors took these documents and used them as sources, thus creating the Bible we are familiar with.
Torah meaning
The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this
Documentary Hypothesis related sources
The most common "documents" are labeled J, E, P, and D
What is the meaning of "Messiah" and what is its relation with "Christ"? Who is Messiah in Judaism?
The word "Messiah" comes from the Hebrew term Mashiach, which means "anointed [one]." The Greek translation is "Christos" from which the English term "Christ" is derived, and therefore "Messiah" and "Christ" are directly related to one another. In Judaism, David is Messiah.
What is Tetragrammaton YHWH? How is YHWH different from Jehovah, Adonai, & HaShem?
This is a more personal name for God, consisting of four Hebrew letters yod, hay, vav, and hay. Some religious Jews consider the Tetragrammaton too sacred to ever be pronounced, and one of the commandments they follow says to never use God's name in vain. Modern Jews who come across YHWH in text read the name aloud as "Adonai," meaning Lord, or "haShem," meaning the Name. The name "Jehovah" came about because of a mistake in the vowels of "Adonai." At the time, Protestants were in a disagreement with the Catholic Church of Rome and turned to ancient biblical texts in the original Hebrew and Aramaic to support their argument. Because they lacked knowledge in the languages, they did not realize that the vowels they combined with Tetragrammaton actually created another word, known as "Jehovah". Today, some Christians, especially Jehovah's Witnesses, use the name Jehovah, but it was never used by Jews.
What is one of the main criteria in Leviticus for living in the Israelite camp?
To be ceremonially clean
During 7th to 12th Century, how was the Jewish experience living under Muslim rule, in comparison with life under Christian rule. Focus on social rights, religious freedom, intellectual and theological development.
Under Muslim rule, Jews in Palestine, Egypt, and Spain were freed from the injustice and oppression they dealt with under the rule of Christianity. Because Muslims considered Judaism one of their partners in monotheism, they respected Judaism. Jews living under Islam guaranteed protection of their lives and freedom of religious expression as long as they adhered to certain rules. For Jews, life was ultimately better under Muslim rule. The religions respected each other and had much less tension than Christianity and Judaism had had due to their complex history. The "Dark Ages" was a great time for Islam in terms of advancements, and because most of the Jews of the world lived in Islamic properties, they too earned the benefits and success. Jewish trade and commerce increased, and they became more active in commerce than in agriculture. Arabic grew as a language while its culture grew, and it replaced Aramaic as the Jewish native language.
Did Adam and Eve have both sons and daughters?
Yes
Did the flood cover the entire earth?
Yes, Gen. 6:9
Was Noah given exact specification to build an Arc?
Yes, in Gen. 6:15
Who does Moses marry?
Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro the priest
What is Zionism, and how did Jewish Nationalism led by Herzl influence the development of Jewish state?
modern movement, initiated by the Austro-Hungarian journalist and playwright Theodor Herzl in 1897, for a Jewish nation-state in the ancient land of Israel. Herzl became persuaded that Zionism was necessary during the Dreyfus affair and the resulting rise in anti-Jewish sentiment. Several countries offered Jewish settlements in parts of their land, but after consideration Herzl decided that Palestine was the only suitable location and that the future state would have to be recognized by international law. Half a century later, Israel was established, and by then the need for a Jewish nation-state could no longer be argued.
By which name does the E source (author) refer to God? Where does E source most likely reside?
refers to God as God, and E most likely also resides in Judah or Israel.
By which name does the J source (author) refer to God? Where does J source most likely reside?
refers to God by the name of YHWH. J source resides in Judah.
What is Exile?
the deportation of Jewish leaders from Jerusalem to Mesopotamia by conquering the Babylonians. It disrupted Israelites and marked the transition from an Israelite religion to Judaism. This marked the beginning of the Diaspora.
What is Documentary Hypothesis? How influential is Documentary Hypothesis in Hebrew Bible scholarship? When is it estimated that first 5 books likely took their final form?
the theory that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses but was compiled over a long period of time from many sources. German scholar Julius Wellhausen proposed this in 1883. Despite different perspectives of this hypothesis, it is now widely agreed upon that multiple voices are represented throughout the texts of the Torah. It is estimates that the first five books took their final form in the post-exilic period, between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.
What type of tree was Adam forbidden to eat from?
unknown
Does the P source (author) use the same name for God as source J or source E? What does the P stand for?
uses the same name for God as source E, because it follows the idea that the name YHWH wasn't known until Moses' time. The P stands for the Priests who wrote it.
Describe God and Noah covenant
when God promised Noah to never again create a flood to destroy the world because of Noah's virtuous behavior. God used a bow in the clouds as a sign for remembering the covenant and the protection of every human. Today it is understood that moral behavior was a key component of the Israelites' covenants with God.