Renal + Cerebral

In hypospadias the urethral meatus is located in which of the following places? A. at any point along the ventral side of the penis or on the scrotum or perineum B. on the dorsal side of the penis toward the distal end C. slightly under a larger-than-normal foreskin if uncircumcised or at the outer perimeter of the head of the penis if circumcised D. at the end of the ventral side of the penis, near, but not on the head of, the penis

A. at any point along the ventral side of the penis or on the scrotum or perineum

The nurse is monitoring an infant for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which are late signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in an infant? (Select all that apply.) A. cheyenne-stokes respirations B. changes in pupil size and reactivity C. tachycardia D. coma E. decreased sensory response to painful stimuli F. increased motor response G. papilledema

A. cheyenne-stokes respirations B. changes in pupil size and reactivity D. coma E. decreased sensory response to painful stimuli G. papilledema

Renal failure is the inability of the kidneys to do what?; which is caused by What? (select all that apply). A. conserve electrolytes B. Urinary tract obstruction C. concentrate urine D. excrete waste material from the blood E. inadequate perfusion F. kidney disease

A. conserve electrolytes B. Urinary tract obstruction C. concentrate urine D. excrete waste material from the blood E. inadequate perfusion F. kidney disease

Which of the following terms refers to primary and secondary head injuries? A. coup and contra coup B. alpha and beta C. stage one and stage two D. traumatic and nontraumatic

A. coup and contra coup

In children, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) often accompanies central nervous conditions such as: A. encephalitis B. meningitis C. subarachnoid hemorrhage D. brain tumor E. head injury

A. encephalitis B. meningitis C. subarachnoid hemorrhage D. brain tumor E. head injury

Children in a postictal state after a seizure may: (select all that apply) A. have no recollection of the entire seizure event B. be confused for several hours C. appears to be relax D. have poor coordination E. vomit or complain of severe headache

A. have no recollection of the entire seizure event B. be confused for several hours C. appears to relax D. have poor coordination E. vomit or complain of severe headache

Steroid-dependent children with Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MCNS) tend to have frequent relapses over many years and need to receive large amounts of steroid, which can result the following: (Select all that apply.) A. hyperglycemia B. bone demineralization C. cataracts D. obesity E. cushingoid features F. increased appetite

A. hyperglycemia B. bone demineralization C. cataracts F. increased appetite

Corticosteriods are the first line of therapy for minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). Children however, who do not respond to steroid therapy, having frequent relapses, may need to considered using: A. immunosuppressant drugs B. anti organ rejection drugs C. anti-inflammatory drugs D. chemotherapy drugs

A. immunosuppressant drugs

What are some of the clinical manifestations of Reyes Syndromes? (Select all that apply.) A. increase serum ammonia levels B. fatty changes of the liver C. lethargy, leading to neuro impairment D. effortless vomiting E. brain herniation F. seizures

A. increase serum ammonia levels B. fatty changes of the liver C. lethargy, leading to neuro impairment D. effortless vomiting E. brain herniation F. seizures

The ketogenic diet has shown effectiveness for treatment of epilepsy. Serious and potential adverse side effects of this diet include the following: (Select all that apply) A. lethargy B. hypoglycemia C. acidosis D. insufficient weight gain E. urinary tract F. constipation

A. lethargy B. hypoglycemia C. acidosis D. insufficient weight gain F. constipation

Accidental drownings occur predominantly in which three (3) major populations. (Select all that apply.) A. male B. female C. Caucasian D. African American E. middle school-age F. toddlers G. preschooler

A. male D. African American F. toddlers

Which of the following causes is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome? A. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disorders B. Escherichia coli and other pathogens C. septicemia and associated tricuspid valve vegetation D. inherited tendency

B. Escherichia coli and other pathogens

You are the nurse assigned to work with a child with nephrotic syndrome. The parents ask you about why their child is in reverse isolation. Which of the following is your best response? A. This is mainly to keep your child from overexerting and getting an infection." B. "Isolation is necessary to keep your child from passing an infection on to others." C. "This isolation is to protect your child from getting an infection from others." D. "This is the usual practice with children who are on steroids."

C. "This isolation is to protect your child from getting an infection from others."

The nurse has received report on four children. Which child should the nurse assess first? A. An adolescent admitted after a motor vehicle accident is oriented to person and place B. A toddler in a persistent vegetative state with a low-grade fever C. A preschool child with a head injury and decreasing level of consciousness D. A school-age child in a coma with stable vital signs

C. A preschool child with a head injury and decreasing level of consciousness

Prevention of infection is the primary goal for the use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), which has been a common practice implemented until resolution or correction of VUR has occurred. Although CAP has been shown to substantially decrease the risk of recurrence of UTIs, this is not the case when it comes to the prevention of _____________; leaving the use of CAP controversial. A. end stage renal disease (ESRD) B. chronic kidney disease C. renal scarring D. nephrotic syndrome

C. renal scarring

The nurse is performing a Glasgow Coma Scale on a school-age child with a head injury. The child opens eyes spontaneously, obeys commands, and is oriented to person, time, and place. Which is the score the nurse should record? A. 8 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15

D. 15

Parents ask the nurse, "When should our child's hypospadias be corrected?" The nurse responds based upon the knowledge that correction of hypospadias should be accomplished by the time the child is: A. school age or early puberty. B. sexual maturity. C. performed with the circumcision at birth or within 1 month of age. D. 6 to 12 months of age, before the child has developed body image.

D. 6 to 12 months of age, before the child has developed body image.

A child with acute renal failure will have the diagnosis reclassified to chronic renal failure then which of the following conditions is met? A. There is renal scarring, and the condition is not responding to vigorous treatment for 2 weeks. B. The condition has not responded to three courses of medication. C. There is no commonly used set of conditions, and this is a medical judgment. D. About 50% of the renal function remains, and the condition has lasted several months or more.

D. About 50% of the renal function remains, and the condition has lasted several months or more.

Phimosis is a narrowing or stenosis of the _____________

Preputial opening

Drowning is one of the major causes of unintentional injury-related death in children. The term near-drowning is no longer used; instead, the term ___________ ___________ should be used up until the time of drowning-related death. (Please type your answer in all lowercase letters.)

Submersion Injury

A major complication of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts is infection which can occur at any time but the greatest risks within the first month after placement.

True

Acute bacterial meningitis is considered a medical emergency and requires early recognition and treatment to prevent death and serious long term disabilities. True OR False

True

Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is the most common of the postinfectious renal disease in childhood and is an immune-complex that occurs after an antecedent streptococcal infection with certain strains of the group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. And yet, most streptococcal infection do not cause APSGN.

True

Acute tumor lysis syndrome has hallmark metabolic abnormalities that are the direct result of rapid release of intracellular contents during the lysis of malignant cells.

True

Aspiration of fluid occurs in the majority of submersion injuries.

True

In some families the predisposition to febrile seizures is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

True

It is impossible to physically stop a seizure once it has begun and no attempt should be made to do so by the nurse.

True

Nurses often have difficulty relating to parents if obvious neglect has precipitated the accident and subsequent causation of injuries.

True

The association between aspirin treatment for fever in children with varicella or influenza and the development of Reye Syndrome precludes its use in these patients. However, most of the decline in Reye Syndrome had already occurred by the time the FDA required that all aspirin products to carry a warning label.

True

The single most important host factor influencing the occurrence of urinary tract infection (UTI) is urinary stasis

True

Urinary tract infection is an umbrella term for infections of either the upper or the lower urinary tract.

True

Children with acceleration-deceleration injury can have diffuse cerebral swelling. A shearing force may tear small arteries that travel from the cerebral surfaces through the meninges to the dural sinuses and causing ______________ hemorrhages. (Please type your answer in all lowercase letters.)

subdural

Falls are the most common causes of head injury in children.

true

1. With prompt treatment of hemolytic uremic syndrome the survival rate is approximately renal impairment ranges from 10% to 50%. (Please type your answer using numeric digits) but the residual renal impairment ranges from 10% to 50%.

95%

A child is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure at school. There is no previous history of seizures. The father tells the nurse that he cannot believe the child has epilepsy. What is the nurse's best response? A. "The seizure may or may not mean that your child has epilepsy." B. "Very few children have actual epilepsy." C."Your child has had only one convulsion; it probably won't happen again." D. "Epilepsy is easily treated."

A. "The seizure may or may not mean that your child has epilepsy."

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children are not developmental ready for formal swimming lessons until their _____________ birthday. A. 48 months B. 12 months C. 1.5 year D. 2 years

A. 48 months

What will the nurse include then documenting a grand mal seizure? (Select all that apply.) A. Activity level prior to and following seizure B. Level of consciousness following seizure C. Presence of incontinence D. Length of seizure

A. Activity level prior to and following seizure B. Level of consciousness following seizure C. Presence of incontinence D. Length of seizure

Kernig and Brudzinski signs are positive in cases of meningitis. Which statements are true? (Select all that apply.) A. Brudzinski is stiffness of the neck, causes knees or hips in flexion when the neck is flexed. B. Kernig is stiffness of the neck, causes knees or hips in flexion when the neck is flexed. C. Brudzinski is stiffness of the hamstrings, causes inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed to 90 degrees. D. Kernig is stiffness of the hamstrings, causes inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed to 90 degrees.

A. Brudzinski is stiffness of the neck, causes knees or hips in flexion when the neck is flexed. D. Kernig is stiffness of the hamstrings, causes inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed to 90 degrees.

Which dietary modification is appropriate for a child with chronic renal failure? A. Decreased salt B. Decreased fat C. Increased potassium D. Increased phosphorus

A. Decreased salt

The child with a kidney transplant who exhibits the following signs or symptoms should be evaluated immediately for possible rejection: A. Diminished urinary output B. Swelling and tenderness over graft area C. Decrease blood pressure D. Proteinuria E. Hematuria F. Elevated serum creatinine

A. Diminished urinary output B. Swelling and tenderness over graft area C. Decrease blood pressure F. Elevated serum creatinine

A nurse is assessing an infant for urinary tract infection (UTI). Which assessment findings should the nurse expect? Select all that apply. A. Fever or hypothermia B. Change in urine odor or color C. Enuresis (involuntary urination, especially by children at night) D. Voiding urgency E. Poor weight gain

A. Fever or hypothermia B. Change in urine odor or color E. Poor weight gain

The nurse is evaluating the laboratory results on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from a 3-year-old child with bacterial meningitis. Which findings confirm bacterial meningitis? (Select all that apply.) A. Increased protein B. Decreased glucose C. Elevated white blood cell (WBC) count D. No evidence of red blood cell (RBC) count

A. Increased protein B. Decreased glucose C. Elevated white blood cell (WBC) count D. No evidence of red blood cell (RBC) count

An infant with hydrocephalus is hospitalized for surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Which interventions should be included in the child's postoperative care? (Select all that apply.) A. Parental education and reinforcement of physician instructions of what to expect B. Maintain an accurate record of intake and output. C. Monitor for abdominal distention and constipation. D. Lying flat E. Position child on the operated side to prevent pressure on the shunt valve F. Observe closely for signs of infection or CSF leakage at incision site.

A. Parental education and reinforcement of physician instructions of what to expect B. Maintain an accurate record of intake and output. C. Monitor for abdominal distention and constipation. D. Lying flat F. Observe closely for signs of infection or CSF leakage at incision site.

What will the nurse caring for a newborn with exstrophy of the bladder include in the care? (Select all that apply.) A. Protect skin around bladder. B. Diaper infant tightly. C. Position infant on back. D. Prepare for surgical closure. E. Cover exposed bladder with shield.

A. Protect skin around bladder. C. Position infant on back. D. Prepare for surgical closure. E. Cover exposed bladder with shield.

The nurse caring for a child with nephrotic syndrome is alert to which classic symptoms of this disorder? (Select all that apply.) A. Proteinuria B. Hyperalbuminemia C. Fatigue D. Grossly bloody urine E. Generalized edema

A. Proteinuria C. Fatigue E. Generalized edema

Cushing triad is a late sign of impending brainstem herniation. These physical finds would include the following: (Select all that apply.) A. coma, leading to a vegetative state B. bradycardia C. hyperthermia D. systemic hypertension E. tachycardia F. respiratory depression

B. bradycardia D. systemic hypertension F. respiratory depression

What should the nurse include in a teaching plan for the parents of a child with vesicoureteral reflux? A. Screening for urinary tract infection (UTI) if febrile B. Suggestions for how to maintain fluid restrictions C. The use of bubble baths as an incentive to increase bath time and perineal cleanliness D. The need for the child to hold urine for 6 to 8 hours

A. Screening for urinary tract infection (UTI) if febrile

The mother of a 5-year-old child taking prednisone for nephrotic syndrome tells the nurse he needs to get immunizations to enter kindergarten. What does the nurse clarify about receiving immunizations while on prednisone? A. Should be delayed B. Require that the child have antibiotic coverage C. Can be given in smaller, divided doses D. Can interfere with the treatment for nephrosis E. It is okay to receive all live vaccine boosters that are due before entrance into kindergarten.

A. Should be delayed

The school nurse is called to a class of a student having a seizure. The nurse should call 911 for the following: (Select all that apply) A. Student is a 16 yrs. female with an enlarged abdomen B. Student's seizure lasted for <5 minutes C. Student is speaking coherently D. Student is not breathing after the seizure E. Student's pupils are asymmetrical F. Student was successfully rescued from swimming pool G. Student is having her first seizure.

A. Student is a 16 yrs. female with an enlarged abdomen D. Student is not breathing after the seizure E. Student's pupils are asymmetrical F. Student was successfully rescued from swimming pool G. Student is having her first seizure.

The nurse assessing a child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis should be alert for which finding? A. Tea-colored urine B. Increased urine output C. Hypotension D. Weight gain

A. Tea-colored urine

The nurse is aware that genitourinary surgery is especially stressful for preschool children. What factor(s) lend to this stress? (Select all that apply.) A. They have a fear of castration. B. They may perceive the treatment as punishment C. They are especially prone to separation anxiety. D. They are sexually curious and developmentally fixated on their genital E. They fear death.

A. They have a fear of castration. B. They may perceive the treatment as punishment C. They are especially prone to separation anxiety. D. They are sexually curious and developmentally fixated on their genital

The antibiotic treatment for meningitis which proves to be best with increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumonia should be ______________ until antibiotic susceptibility test results are available. A. Vancomycin B. Cephalosporin C. Penicillin D. Tazobactam (Piperacillin_ E. Metronidazole

A. Vancomycin

Successful outcomes in children with nephrotic syndrome are viewed in the following: (Select all that apply.) A. no edema or minimal B. no protein found in urine C. able to change positions frequently D. tolerates a salt-restricted diet with stable nutrition E. no infection or minimal F. urine changed to tea-colored G. metabolic stability

A. no edema or minimal B. no protein found in urine D. tolerates a salt-restricted diet with stable nutrition E. no infection or minimal G. metabolic stability

A nurse is assessing an 1-2 year old for urinary tract infection (UTI). What are some of the clinical findings should the nurse expect? Select all that apply. A. persistent diaper rash B. Change in urine odor C. straining or screaming on urination D. Voiding urgency E. vomiting F. Fever G. Enuresis

A. persistent diaper rash B. Change in urine odor C. straining or screaming on urination E. vomiting F. Fever

The most common cause of meningitis in children ages 3 months to11 years in the United States that is most likely to result in death is ________________ A. pneumococcal B. escherichia coli C. Epstein-Barr D. haemophilus influenza type b

A. pneumococcal

What are the signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure (ICP) in infants? A. poor feeding B. setting-sun sign C. increased posterior circumference D. loud low-pitched cry E. cracked-pot sign F. Disorientation G. drowsiness

A. poor feeding B. setting-sun sign E. cracked-pot sign G. drowsiness

What are the signs and symptoms of intracranial pressure (ICP) in infants? A. poor feeding B. setting-sun sign C. increased posterior circumference D. loud low-pitched cry E. cracked-pot sign F. disorientation G. drowsiness

A. poor feeding B. setting-sun sign E. cracked-pot sign G. drowsiness

Typical flexion posturing includes rigid: A. rigid flexion with arms held tightly to the body B. possibly fine tremors or stiffness C. legs extended and rotated D. flexed elbows, and fingers E. plantar flexed feet

A. rigid flexion with arms held tightly to the body B. possibly fine tremors or stiffness C. legs extended and rotated D. flexed elbows, and fingers E. plantar flexed feet

Submersion in____________ water has a better outcome results than __________water, although ____________ of submersion is the main factor that predicts outcome. A. salt, fresh, duration B. cold, warm, depth C. fresh lake, salty ocean, contaminants D. icy, hot tub, cause

A. salt, fresh, duration

Male children are less susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which of the following rationales provide(s) evidence to support this finding? Select all that apply. A. secretions from the prostate B. longer urethra C. testosterone providing active immunity to bacteria D. bacterial contamination being less common in males

A. secretions from the prostate B. longer urethra

A child is recovering at home from nephrotic syndrome and is on a regimen of prednisone and antibiotics. The child's parents call the pediatric clinic and tell the nurse that their child is gaining a lot of weight. The nurse will first suspect which of the following possible causes of the weight gain? A. sodium retention and concurrent retention of water B. edema associated with steroid therapy C. ravenous appetite as a side effect of steroid therapy D. worsening or relapse of the nephrotic syndrome

A. sodium retention and concurrent retention of water

What nursing intervention(s) would the nurse caring for a child with infectious meningitis include? (Select all that apply.) A. tip toe quietly inside patient's room B. monitor skin oxygenation with bright lights C. strict monitoring of intake and output D. elevated the head of bed at 45 degree with a extra soft pillow E. fall prevention F. pillow placement between knees for neck support

A. tip toe quietly inside patient's room C. strict monitoring of intake and output E. fall prevention F. pillow placement between knees for neck support

Generalized from onset seizures are divided by their motor symptoms which are: (select all that apply). A. tonic for stiffening movements and B. absence for nonmotor seizure and C. staring with preserved awareness D. clonic for the rhythmic jerking that may accompany tonic stiffening and

A. tonic for stiffening movements and B. absence for nonmotor seizure and D. clonic for the rhythmic jerking that may accompany tonic stiffening and

The four treatment options for management of epilepsy are: (select all that apply). A. vagus nerve stimulation B. epilepsy surgery C. ketogenic diet D. drug therapy E. daily physical activity F. flashing light therapy to reduce excessive excitability

A. vagus nerve stimulation B. epilepsy surgery C. ketogenic diet D. drug therapy

A sensation or sensory phenomenon that precedes the seizure activity is refer to as an _____________. (Type your answer in all lowercase letters).

Aura

A parent asks the nurse to explain what causes encephalitis, because a child in the neighborhood has come down with it. Which of the following answers by the nurse would be most accurate? A. "It is caused by a specific type of fly often found in and near horse barns." B. "After the neonatal period it is usually caused by a virus, most commonly herpes type I, herpes simplex, but can be caused by other organisms." C. "Cat scratch fever has become one of the major causes of encephalitis, so be sure your child does not play with any of the neighborhood cats." D. "Mosquito bites are the usual cause and call for the neighborhood to request spraying and draining of stagnant water sources."

B. "After the neonatal period it is usually caused by a virus, most commonly herpes type I, herpes simplex, but can be caused by other organisms."

A 3-year-old child is hospitalized after a submersion injury. The child's mother complains to the nurse, "Being at the hospital seems unnecessary when he is perfectly fine." What is the nurse's best reply? A. "I'm sure he is fine, but the doctor wants to make sure." B. "The reason for this is that complications could still occur." C. "It is important to observe for possible central nervous system problems." D. "He still needs a little extra oxygen."

B. "The reason for this is that complications could still occur."

In an infant with cryptorchidism, spontaneous decent of the testes rarely occurs after ________________ of age. A. 12 months B. 6 months C. puberty D. 24 months

B. 6 months

A young child's parents call the nurse after their child was bitten by a raccoon in the woods. The nurse's recommendation should be based on which statement? A. The child should be hospitalized for close observation. B. Anti-rabies prophylaxis must be initiated. C. Anti-rabies prophylaxis must be initiated if clinical manifestations appear. D. No treatment is necessary if thorough wound cleaning is done.

B. Anti-rabies prophylaxis must be initiated.

You are the nurse working with a child who has acute renal failure with diminished renal function. The physician orders two new antibiotics to be given stat to this child. What would you do now? A. Get the antibiotics right away from the pharmacy and give them immediately. B. Find out if these drugs are detoxified and excreted by the kidneys and, if so, check with ... the physician and your supervisor about the safety of giving these drugs. C. Weigh the benefits of the medication and the need for it against the risks of the medication being nephrotoxic and doing harm to the kidneys. D. Determine if the child has been taking these same drugs or similar drugs without problems.

B. Find out if these drugs are detoxified and excreted by the kidneys and, if so, check with the physician and your supervisor about the safety of giving these drugs.

What would the nurse include when creating a teaching plan that includes the long-term administration of phenytoin (Dilantin)? A. Blood pressure should be closely monitored. B. Gums should be massaged regularly to prevent hyperplasia. C. The medication should be given on an empty stomach. D. Insomnia can be a significant side effect. E. Gums should be massaged regularly to prevent hyperplasia.

B. Gums should be massaged regularly to prevent hyperplasia.

The most common medication that is generally given slowly IV, but can be given push rapidly if there is impending herniation for reduction of ICP is: A. Depakote B. Mannitol C. Valproic acid D. Tegretol

B. Mannitol

During a physical assessment of a hospitalized 5-year-old, the nurse notes that the foreskin has been retracted and is very tight on the shaft of the penis; the nurse is unable to return it over the head of the penis. What action should the nurse implement? A. Wait a few hours and try again B. Notify the physician. C. Place a warm compress on the penis. D. Forcibly push the foreskin down over the head of the penis. E. Call a Code Blue overhead in the hospital PA system.

B. Notify the physician.

What vaccines are given during the first year of life to prevent bacterial meningitis in children. (Select all that apply.) A. Polio B. Pneumococcal conjugate C. Rotavirus D. Influenza E. Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella F. Hepatitis B G. Haemophilus influenza type B H. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis

B. Pneumococcal conjugate G. Haemophilus influenza type B

In children the most common causes of brain death are: A. near drowning B. anoxic encephalopathy C. hemorrhage D. infections E. trauma F. cerebral neoplasms

B. anoxic encephalopathy D. infections E. trauma F. cerebral neoplasms

The nurse is assigned to a child who had surgery for repair of hypospadias and the child has a bladder stent. Upon assessment, the nurse finds that the child is suffering bladder spasms. Which of the following medications ordered by the surgeon alleviates bladder spasm? A. dezocine (Dalgan) B. anticholinergic medication C. guanadrel sulfate (Hylorel) D. propranolol (Inderal) E.sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

B. anticholinergic medication

The nurse is assigned to work with a child who has a diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The nurse is aware that this means the child has which of the following problems? A. backflow of urine from the bladder up the ureter B. backflow of urine from the bladder up the ureter to the kidney C. a flow of urine between the bladder and the rectum D. backflow of urine from the bladder up the ureter to the kidney E. exchange of urine between the inner and outer layers of the bladder

B. backflow of urine from the bladder up the ureter to the kidney

Assessment of the child for ______________ complications is an important nursing function in glomerulonephritis care, because the severity of the acute phase is variable and unpredictable. A. Cardiovascular Accident (CVA) B. cerebral C. gastrointestinal D. renal failure

B. cerebral

Which of the following conditions is the most frequent cause of acute renal failure in children? A. acute glomerulonephritis B. hemolytic uremic syndrome C. nephrotic syndrome D. chronic urinary tract infections

B. hemolytic uremic syndrome

The preferred form of treatment for children with end stage renal disease is: A. hemofiltration dialysis B. kidney transplant C. peritoneal dialysis D. hemodialysis

B. kidney transplant

Flexion posturing can occur with sever dysfunction of the cerebral cortex or areas above the brainstem. This type of posturing includes: (Select all that apply). A. pronation of the arms and legs, flexed wrists and fingers B. legs extended and internally rotated C. rigid flexion, with arms held tightly to the body D. flexed elbows, wrists, and finger E. extended neck F. plantar flexed feet G. fine tremors or intense stiffness possibly

B. legs extended and internally rotated C. rigid flexion, with arms held tightly to the body D. flexed elbows, wrists, and finger F. plantar flexed feet G. fine tremors or intense stiffness possibly

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical state that includes the following: A. hyperemesis B. massive proteinuria C. edema D. congenital heart defect (CHD) E. hyperlipidemia F. hypoalbuminemia

B. massive proteinuria C. edema E. hyperlipidemia F. hypoalbuminemia

The management of cryptorchidism usually involves which of the following interventions? A. neonatal dosages of testosterone are given daily B. observation while awaiting spontaneous descent of the testes in the first year after birth C. orchiopexy surgery is performed as soon as possible after birth in cases of congenital cryptorchidism to prevent permanent sterility. D. downward massaging of the testis to encouraged to promote downward migration utilization of hormonal therapy to induce testicular decent

B. observation while awaiting spontaneous descent of the testes in the first year after birth

A narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin, which prevents the foreskin from being retracted over the penis is called phimosis. ______________ is an inflammation or infection of the phimotic foreskin, which occurs occasionally and is managed as any other inflammation or infection. (Please type your answer in all lowercase letters.)

Balanitis

A physically demonstrable symptoms of meningitis is severe neck stiffness causing a patient's hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed which is called ________________ sign. (Type your answer in all lowercase letters).

Brudzinski

The nurse is assigned to a child who had surgery for repair of hypospadias and the child has a bladder stent. Upon assessment, the nurse finds that the child is suffering bladder spasms. Which of the following medications ordered by the surgeon alleviates bladder spasm? A. propranolol (Inderal) B. guanadrel sulfate (Hylorel) C. oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) D. dezocine (Dalgan) E. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

C. oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan)

Which statement made by an adolescent girl indicates the need for further teaching about the prevention of urinary tract infections? A. "I always wear cotton underwear." B. "I drink four to six glasses of fluid every day." C. "My boyfriend always pees after we have sexual intercourse." D. "I really enjoy soaking in my own bath tub." E. "I go to the bathroom every 3 to 4 hours."

C. "My boyfriend always pees after we have sexual intercourse."

A child with acute renal failure will have the diagnosis reclassified to chronic renal failure then which of the following conditions is met? A. There is no commonly used set of conditions, and this is a medical judgment based on the nephrologist. B. There is renal scarring, and the condition is not responding to vigorous treatment for 2 weeks. C. About 50% of the renal function remains, and the condition has lasted several months or more. D. The condition has not responded to three courses of medication and the glomerular filtration rate is higher than 10% to 15% of normal.

C. About 50% of the renal function remains, and the condition has lasted several months or more.

The nurse has documented that a child's level of consciousness is obtunded. Which describes this level of consciousness? A. Slow response to vigorous and repeated stimulation B. Confusion regarding time and place C. Arousable with stimulation D. Impaired decision making

C. Arousable with stimulation

Which is an appropriate intervention for a child with nephrotic syndrome who is edematous? A. Bathe every other day. B. Teach the child to minimize body movements. C. Change the child's position every 2 hours D. Avoid the use of skin lotions. E. body head of bed elevated

C. Change the child's position every 2 hours

A nurse is planning care for a child admitted with nephrotic syndrome. Which interventions should be included in the plan of care? Select all that apply. A. Frequent position changes B. Teach parents to expect tea-colored urine C. Daily weights D. Administration of antihypertensive medications E. Salt-restricted diet

C. Daily weights E. Salt-restricted diet

Which of the following are the clinical manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome? A. blood in the urine and increased blood pressure B. frost on the skin and increasing disorientation C. renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and anemia D. left-sided heart failure and 4+ pitting edema

C. renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and anemia

Which type of seizure involves both hemispheres of the brain? A. Focal B. Acquired C. Generalized D. Partial

C. Generalized

Which of the following statements is false regarding a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the newborn? A. After the first year, the incidence is more common in boys than girls. B. Female have shorter urethras than males C. Male who are uncircumcised are less likely to have a UTI. D. The closure of the urethra at the end of micturition may return contaminated bacteria to the bladder

C. Male who are uncircumcised are less likely to have a UTI.

When caring for the child with Reyes syndrome, what is the priority nursing intervention? A. Prevent skin breakdown B. Do range-of-motion exercises C. Monitor intake and output D. Observe for petechiae

C. Monitor intake and output

The nurse assessing a child with glomerulonephritis during the acute edematous phase and should be alert for which finding? A. Increased urine output B. Excessive weight gain C. Smoky brown colored urine D. Dangerously low blood pressures (hypotension) E. Increase appetite

C. Smoky brown colored urine

When asked about correcting the hypospadias of a newborn, what does the nurse explain about this condition? A. Corrective surgery is usually delayed until the preschool age, when toilet training occurs. B. No intervention is necessary as the defect will correct itself over time. C. Surgical repair of the hypospadias is done before 12 months of age. D. Repairing the defect may increase the risk of testicular cancer in the future.

C. Surgical repair of the hypospadias is done before 12 months of age.

An adolescent has just had a generalized seizure and collapsed in the school nurse's office. When should the nurse call 911? A. The child fell at the onset of the seizure. B. The child is sleepy and lethargic after the seizure. C. The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes. D. The child is confused and has slurred speech after the seizure.

C. The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes.

Which is a true statement describing the differences in the pediatric genitourinary system compared with the adult genitourinary system? A. Unlike adults, most children do not regain normal kidney function after acute renal failure. B. After 6 years of age, kidney function is nearly like that of an adult. C. Young children have shorter urethras, which can predispose them to urinary tract infections. D. The young infant's kidneys can more effectively concentrate urine than can an adult's kidneys.

C. Young children have shorter urethras, which can predispose them to urinary tract infections.

Submersion injury in cold water is thought to have neuroprotective properties during a drowning.

False

You are the nurse assigned to work with a child with nephrotic syndrome. By following the prescribed treatment regimen, the child experiences a remission. You are now checking to make sure the child does not have a relapse. Which finding would most lead you to the conclusion that a relapse was happening? A. a temperature of 37.8 degrees C (100 degrees F), flank pain, burning, frequency, urgency on voiding, and cloudy urine B. the urine dipstick showing glucose in the urine for 3 days, extreme thirst, increase in urine output, and a moon face C. a urine dipstick measurement of 2+ proteinuria or more for 3 days, or the child .... found to have 3-4+ proteinuria plus edema D. elevated temperature, cough, sore throat, changing complete blood count (CBC) with differential

C. a urine dipstick measurement of 2+ proteinuria or more for 3 days, or the child found to have 3-4+ proteinuria plus edema

Which of the following best describes a vector? A. the area of initial bite or contact by the disease-bearing animal or insect B. the point at which an infection entering the body intersects with an infection leaving the body C. an animal or insect that carries the infectious organism from one host to another D. a person or animal who is infected with an organism but does not have the disease

C. an animal or insect that carries the infectious organism from one host to another

Which of the following signs and symptoms will the nurse most likely find when assessing an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation? A. difficulty sleeping, hypervigilant, and an arching of the back B. weakness of the leg muscles, loss of sensation in the legs, and restlessness C. difficulty swallowing, diminished or absent gag reflex, and respiratory distress D. paradoxical irritability, diarrhea, and vomiting

C. difficulty swallowing, diminished or absent gag reflex, and respiratory distress

The difference between encephalitis and meningitis is: A. meningitis is less serious than encephalitis B. encephalitis is more common is Caucasian males and meningitis is more common in males C. encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself and meningitis is an infection in the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord D. meningitis is bacterial infection of the brain and encephalitis is bacterial infection caused by west nile virus

C. encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself and meningitis is an infection in the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

You are the nurse assigned to work with a child who has just returned from the recovery room postoperatively for placement of a shunt as a treatment for hydrocephalus. Which of the following positions will you place this child in? A. flat and lying on the operated side B. elevated 45 degrees in a supine position C. flat and lying on the unoperated side D. elevated 30 degrees and prone E. Reverse Trendelenburg

C. flat and lying on the unoperated side

The mother of a child who was recently diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis asks the nurse why the physician keeps talking about "casts" in the urine. The nurse's response is based on the knowledge that the presence of RBC casts in the urine indicates: A. glomerular healing. B. excessive amounts of protein in the urine. C. glomerular injury. D. recent streptococcal infection.

C. glomerular injury.

Chronic treatment with phenytoin for seizures may cause: A. active HSV type I B. calcium deficiency disease C. gum hypertrophy D. damage to the retinas, resulting in cortical blindness

C. gum hypertrophy

Acute bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency which needs immediate intervention to prevent death and avoid residual disabilities. These interventions would include the following: A. contact isolation precautions B. wait for culture & sensitivity lab results before administering antibiotic to ensure correct causative organism is covered C. monitoring and control fever D. limit numbers of family and friend visitors E. admitted to regular pediatric nursing floor F. respiration isolation precautions G. start IV for antimicrobials & antiepileptic drugs, & blood transfusions if needed

C. monitoring and control fever D. limit numbers of family and friend visitors G. start IV for antimicrobials & antiepileptic drugs, & blood transfusions if needed

The school nurse should send the child with a chronic seizure disorder home from school or to the hospital after witnessing a seizure regardless of the parents desire for the child to remain in the school environment.

False

With increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumonia, _____________ should be used for bacterial meningitis until antibiotic susceptibility test results are available. A. tetracycline B. cephalosporins C. vancomycin D. metronidazole

C. vancomycin

Physical forces act on the head through acceleration, deceleration, or deformation. This deformation can cause bruising at the point of impact called ________ or at a distance as the brain collides with the unyielding surfaces opposite or far removed from the point of impact called __________. (Please type you answer in all lowercase letters).

Coup Contrecoup

Parents ask the nurse to explain what it means then the pediatrician says that their child's vesicoureteral reflux is a grade I. Which of the following is the nurse's best response to explain the significance of the grade? A. In grade I there is already some amount of renal scarring. B. There is some loss of kidney function, but it is no more than 50%. C. Grade I is the most serious grade of vesicoureteral reflux. D. This grade of reflux is most likely to resolve spontaneously.

D. This grade of reflux is most likely to resolve spontaneously.

The nurse is providing information to parents of a child born with bilateral cryptorchidism. What information is accurate to include? A. Occurs more commonly with uncircumcised males . B. Testicular self-examination should be taught as early as possible, like late preschool, to potentially facilitate early detection. C. Surgical intervention is recommended within the first six months of life to improve fertility and testicular growth. D. This is the most common disorder of sexual development in boys

D. This is the most common disorder of sexual development in boys

The most common cause of painless scrotal swelling from peritoneal fluid in the scrotum in children and adolescents, other than non-incarcerated inguinal hernia is: A. cryptorchidism B. ectopic testis C. chorditis D. hydrocele E. Balanitis

D. hydrocele

In the United States human fatalities associated with rabies occur: A. because the rabies vaccine has stopped working in a domesticated animal B. in people who fail to thoroughly scrub and cleanse the wound with soap and water before suturing the animal bite C. because the human body rejecting the inactivated rabies vaccine D. in people who fail to seek medical attention because they are unaware of their exposure

D. in people who fail to seek medical attention because they are unaware of their exposure

The ability to concentrate urine varies between adults and newborns. Which of the following describes the ability of the newborn to concentrate urine when compared to the adult? A. better B. about the same C. slightly less D. much more poorly

D. much more poorly

Emergency treatment for a child having a tonic-clonic seizure, especially during the seizure are: A. remove child from the wheelchair and go for help B. pry open mouth and insert padded tongue blade to prevent biting tongue C. start IV and administer anti epileptic drugs D. remain calm and begin timing the seizure episode

D. remain calm and begin timing the seizure episode

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from growth failure, especially during the preadolescents years; both before and after hemodialysis. A treatment that has proven to be successful for children with growth retardation is: A. supplemental GT feedings at bedtime to provide sufficient calories B. administration of Marinol (oral marijuana-THC) 30-60 minutes prior to each meal to stimulate appetite C. to increase dietary protein through additional shakes or smoothies D. the use of recombinant (manufactured) human growth hormone

D. the use of recombinant (manufactured) human growth hormone

A status epileptic is a continuous seizure that lasts more than 10 minutes. True or False

False

Hyperspadias is a congenital anomaly of the male urethra that results in abnormal ventral placement of the urethral opening on the underside of the penis, ranging from the glans to the perineum.

False

In a child with diabetes insipidus (DI), scant quantities of urine are excreted and manifestations of over-hydration are evident.

False

In a health education program at the local high school, drinking cranberry juice is the best treatment for the prevention of UTIs that the school nurse will currently recommend to the students.

False

Most febrile seizure children require a short term treatment plan of antiepileptic prophylaxis drug therapy.

False

Submersion in ____________ water is associated with better outcomes than submersion in ____________ water, although duration of submersion is the main factor that predicts outcome. (Type your answer in all lowercase letters).

salt fresh

The presentation at birth may be a genital appearance that does not permit gender declaration and this is called ________________

ambiguous genitalia

_____________________ is known as the complete absence of a testis.

anorchism

A series of seizures at intervals too brief to allow the child to regain consciousness between the time one events ends and the next begins, which requires immediate emergency intervention is refer to as _________ ______________. (Type your answer in all lowercase letters).

status epilepticus

The most useful clinical estimation of glomerular filtration is the clearance of _______________, an end product of protein metabolism in muscle and a substance that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and secreted by renal tubular cells.

creatinine

All children who have a submersion injury should be hospitalized for observation, unless the child's vital signs are stable, and oxygenation is stable above 95% on room air

false

The introduction of conjugate vaccines _______________ and _______________ has led to dramatic changes in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. (Please type your answers in all lowercase letters).

hiB Pneumococcus

Resistant flexion of the neck, which is called __________ ___________ is a classic symptom found in a child with meningitis. (Please type your answer in all lowercase letters.)

nuchal rigidity

A child with permanently lost function of cerebral cortex, demonstrating facial grimacing, while all four limbs are spastic but can withdraw from painful stimuli is considered to be in a _______________ _______________ ___________ of consciousness. (Type you answer in all lowercase letter.)

persistent vegetative state

A narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin, which prevents the foreskin from being retracted over the penis is called

phimosis