Repro Exam 1

What are the different "tropes"?

-Somatropes: secrete somatotropes(Growth hormone) -Adrenotropes: secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) -Thyrotropes: Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) -Gonadotropes: Secrete gonadotropins(stimulates gonads)

What are the characteristics of a tertiary(Antral) follicle?

-Surrounded by several follicular cell layers -Differentiation of cell layers: Granulosal cells & Thecal cells -Follicle forms antrum(fluid filled cavity)

What are the characteristics of a secondary follicle?

-Surrounded by several layers of follicular cells -Formation of thecal & granulosal cells -No antrum(fluid filled pocket)

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

-Translator: sensory-hormonal (signals come in and they process them) -Pulse Generator: tonic & surge centers(sensors in blood; response in pulses) -Thermostat: signals body to control temp.

What are the different parts of the ovary?

-Tunica Albuginia(TA) -Cortex(C) -Medulla(M) -Hilus(H)

What is a corpus hemorrhagicum?

-newly ruptured follicle -essentially a blood clot -"Red body"-hemorrhage

Describe ways we can study hormones and their actions.

1. Ablation: Remove & study change in activity 2. Replacement: After removal, add substance back and observe 3. Isolate & purify hormone: study chemical property 4. Assay Changes in Hormone Concentrations

Identify the three different types of uteri shown below and give an example of a species with each uterus.

1. Bicornate; Sow 2. Duplex; opossum 3. Simplex; primates

What does the hypothalamus produce?

neurohormones

What do the follicles house?

oocytes

What are the two main functions of the ovary?

produces gametes[oocytes] & Secretes hormones

What does hypothalamus mean in greek?

"under" --"room, chamber"

What is a corpus albicans?

-"White body" -Scar tissue -Remains after CL regresses

What is a corpus luteum?

-"Yellow Body" -Produces progesterone

What are the characteristics of the primary follicle?

-1 layer if cells surround oocyte -Increase in size of oocyte and height of follicular cells

What are characteristics of the primordial follicle?

-1 layer of flattened cells surround oocyte -Primordial germ cells(squamous cells)

What are the two main regions in the reproductive system?

-Cranial region: Hypothalamus & Pituitary -Pelvic region: Gonads & Tube system

What are the main functions of the female reproductive tract?

-Hormone production -Gamete production: Oogonia -Gamete Transport -Fertilization -Growth & Development of Offspring -Parturition

What are the structures of the oviduct?

-Infundibulum: wraps around ovary; has fimbriae -Ampulla: thickened portion of the oviduct that carries oocytes down to the Isthmus junction; ciliated -Isthmus: Carries sperm cells; ciliated

What are the secondary organs of the female repro tract?

-Oviduct -Uterine horns -Cervix -Vagina -Vestibule -Vulva

What is the function of the oviduct?

-Secretory: pH & nourish -Ciliated: transport

What is the purpose of longitudinal smooth muscle layers?

-Shorten or lengthen(allows uterus to expand & contract to fit the offspring) -help push out baby

Matching: Place the letter of the term or phase in the right hand column with the word or phrases that closely matches in the left-hand column. 1. Sex hormone binding globin 2. Corpus luteum 3. Oxytocin 4. Mesovarium 5. Uterotubual junction 6. Vagina 7. Mesosalpinx 8. Tunica albuginea 9. Sertoli cells 10. Spermatic cord 11. Endometrium 12. Cervix 13. Theca cells 14. Inguinal hernia 15. Tunica dartos A. Female copulatory organ B. Provides a physical barrier between the uterus and vagina C. Protein needed to transport steroid hormones in the blood D. Site where oviduct joins the uterus E. Produces progesterone F. Supports the ovary G. Secretory lining of the uterus H. Dense whitish connective tissue covering the gonads I. Portion of intestine that passed into scrotum J. Smooth muscle of the scrotum K. Suspends the testis and required for normal function L. Stimulates muscle contractions M. Supports the oviduct N. Produces testosterone O. Produces estrogen

1. C 2. E 3. L 4. F 5. D 6. A 7. M 8. H 9. O 10. I 11. G 12. B 13. N 14. J 15. K

What are the three sections of the broad ligament?

1. Mesovarium= Ovary 2. Mesosalpinx= Oviduct 3. Mesometrium= Uterus

Identify the various parts and describe their function and/or role in the image below.

1. Posterior pituitary; site of hormone storage 2. Anterior pituitary; site of hormone synthesis 3. Sphenoid bone; secretes hormones to regulate gonads & acts as protection/barrier. 4. Hypothalamus; Releases GnRH, produces neurohormones, translates hormonal signals, controls body temp. 5. Primary Portal Plexus; Indirect connection from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

How do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary and then the body?

A neuron hormone A travels through the primary portal plexus(capillary network) to the anterior pituitary where the endocrine cells produce another kind or hormone(new product) hormone B .

Where is the anterior pituitary located?

Above the roof of the mouth & below the hypothalamus

Where does fertilization occur?

Ampulla-isthmus junction[AI Junction]

What structure on the ovary can you see with the naked eye?

Antral "tertiary" follicle

What is the most important reproductive organ?

Brain

What is a monoblatory system?

Carry 1 offspring

What is a polyoblatory system?

Carry multiple offspring

Describe the factors that determine the effectiveness of a hormone in the body.

Effectiveness of a hormone depends on the density of the hormone receptors(# of them) and the strength of the binding to the hormone receptor.

_________________ release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body.

Endocrine cells

During an erection, blood flow and pressure are only important in species with a vascular penis type. Select one: True False

False

The anterior pituitary receives signal through direct connection with the hypothalamus. Select one: True False

False

A cryptorchid male produces sperm but not any hormones. Select one: True False

False; Produces hormones but not sperm.

Gonadotropes are individual cells that can be found scattered randomly throughout the adenohypophysis. Select one: True False

False; found in clusters in the anterior pituitary

True/False There is a direct link from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

False; indirect (blood supply from hypophyseal portal system)

What are the layers of the tube system?

From the outside in: -Serosa[skin protective layer] -Muscularis[muscle to force fetus out] -Submucosa[contains blood vessels & lymphatic system] -Mucosa[what helps support structures in lumen] -Lumen[fluid filled; where fertilization occurs]

What kind of tissue makes up the anterior pituitary?

Glandular tissues(Endocrine tissues process & make its own hormone)

What hormone comes from the hypothalamus and targets the anterior pituitary?

GnRH

What are "Tropes"?

Hormone producing cells

Where is the hypothalamus located?

In the brain, sits on top of the pituitary gland.

How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

Indirectly via primary portal plexus(blood vessels)

With the pulse generator what does low frequency waves and a longer period mean?

Less input; smaller response

With the pulse generator what does high frequency waves and a shorter period mean?

More input; larger response

What is the posterior pituitary made of?

Neural tissue

How is the hypothalamus directly connected to the posterior pituitary?

Neurons

________________ synthesizing trophic hormones release them into the capillaries of the portal system.

Neurons

What does the hypothalamus contain?

Neurosecretory cells

What are some examples of hormones that are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin

What is the sphenoid bone?

Perforated bone that has lots of capillaries. Secretes necessary hormones to regulate gonads.

_______________ carry the trophic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.

Portal vessels

Which part of the pituitary gland is the direct connection from the hypothalamus?

Posterior Pituitary

Which part of the pituitary system is the extension of the hypothalamus via the infundibular stalk?

Posterior pituitary -direct extensions of axons of hypothalamus

What are the structures on the ovary?

Primordial follicles(earliest stage) Primary follicle(1 layer of cells) Secondary follicle(2 layers of cells) Tertiary follicle(developing antral) Corpus hemorrhagicum(ovulation follicle) Corpus luteum(necessary for pregnancy) Corpus albicans(scar tissue)

What is the posterior pituitary the site of?

Storage

What is the purpose of the broad ligament?

Supports the repro tract

What is the medulla?

The inner zone: -loose connective tissue -stroma(circulatory & lymphatic tissues)

What is the cortex?

The outer zone of the ovary.

What are thecal cells?

They surround granulosal cells in the tertiary follicle. They produce testosterone.

What is the purpose of the circular smooth muscle layer?

To contract around structures

The shape of the glans penis is designed to optimize semen deposition in the female's copulatory organ. Select one: True False

True

True/False The cranial region drives the pelvic region.

True

What is the Tunica Albuginia?

a layer of condensed tissue on the surface of the ovary covered by germinal epithelium

What are the structures that help keep the testicles at an ideal temperature? Select one: a. All of the above b. Scrotal skin c. Cremaster muscle d. Tunica dartos e. Pampiniform plexus

a. All of the above

Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete estrogen? a. Sertoli cells b. Theca cells c. Granulosa cells d. Stromal cells e. Leydig cells

a. Sertoli cells

Primary follicles have granulosa cells that are Select one: a. cuboidal b. columnar c. squameous d. pseudostratified

a. cuboidal

Gonads are: a. primary sex organs b. found only in he male c. only produce the gametes d. secondary sex organs e. found only in the female

a. primary sex organs

In order for spermatogenesis to take place in most mammals, testis needs to be _________ degrees Celsius below body temperature. a. 2-4 b. 4-6 c. 6-10 d. 33-34 e. 39-41

b. 4-6

What are the 2 main functions of the testicles in a mature male? Select one: a. Cryogenic and endocrine b. Cytogenic and endocrine c. Cytogenic and exocrine d. Catatonic and endocrine

b. Cytogenic and endocrine

Which of the following reproductive organs receives signals from peripheral stimuli and responds to the stimuli in a pulsatile manner? Select one: a. Portal plexus b. Hypothalamus c. Anterior pituitary d. Posterior pituitary e. Third ventricle

b. Hypothalamus

Which structure appears on the surface of the ovary following ovulation? a. corpus albicans b. corpus hemorrhagicum c. corpus albuginia d. corpus luteum

b. corpus hemorrhagicum

After the testis, the correct sequence of ducts that sperm pass through on their way towards the penis is: a. epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, pelvic urethra b. epididymis, ductus deferens, pelvic urethra, penis c. epididymis, pelvic urethra, penis, rete tubules d. rete tubules, epididymis, pelvic urethra, penis e. epididymis, rete tubules, pelvic urethra, penis

b. epididymis, ductus deferens, pelvic urethra, penis

_______________ is considered the pulse generator and regulates production of _______________. a. posterior pituitary; gonadotropin releasing hormone b. hypothalamus; gonadotropin releasing hormone c. anterior pituitary; gonadotropin stimulating hormone d. hypothalamus; follicle stimulating hormone e. hypothalamus; gonadotropin stimulating hormone

b. hypothalamus; gonadotropin releasing hormone

After the ovary, the correct sequence of ducts that oocytes pass through on their way toward the cervix is: a. infundibulum, isthmus, uterine cornua, vestibule b. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine cornua c. infundibulum, isthmus, ampulla, uterine cornua d. infundibulum, fimbriae, isthmus, uterine cornua e. infundibulum, ampulla, fimbriae, isthmua

b. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine cornua

Which of the following is present on the equine ovary that is not found on the ovary of other species? a. cortex b. ovulation fossa c. medulla d. tunica albuginia e. hilus

b. ovulation fossa

Which of the following glands are not accessory glands located in the pelvic region of the male reproductive tracts? a. seminal vesicles b. prepuital gland c. prostate d. vesicular glands e. bulbospongiosus glands

b. prepuital gland

Which structure is not a part of the epididymis? Select one: a. Cauda b. Caput c. Coruna d. Corpus

c. Coruna

How can you tell the difference between a mature sperm and an immature sperm? Select one: a. The tail is longer in a mature sperm b. The head is bigger in a mature sperm c. The cytoplasmic droplet is not present in a mature sperm d. There is no physical difference between a mature and an immature sperm

c. The cytoplasmic droplet is not present in a mature sperm

6. The ampulla of the oviduct is characterized by having Select one: a. a highly folded mucosa and a thick muscularis layer b. a highly folded mucosa c. cilliated and secretory cells and a highly folded mucosa d. cilliated and secretory cells e. a thick muscularis layer

c. cilliated and secretory cells and a highly folded mucosa

What is the name of the molecule that is the base structure of all steroid hormones? a. pregnenolone b. progesterone c. cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene d. cyclophenanthrene e. cholestropenanthrene

c. cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

Testosterone is secreted by: a. sertoli cells b. vascular glands c. interstitial cells of Leydig d. bulbourethral glands e. granulosa cells

c. interstitial cells of Leydig

The hormone is necessary for ovulation of the Graafian follicle and stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum: a. estrogen b. gonadotropin stimulating hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle stimulating hormone e. testosterone

c. luteinizing hormone

Which is not an accessory sex gland? Select one: a. Cowper's gland b. Bulbourethral gland c. Seminal vesicles d. All of the above are accessory sex glands e. Prostate gland

d. All of the above are accessory sex glands

When do the testes descend in the boar? Select one: a. At conception b. Midterm gestation c. Just before birth d. Last quarter of gestation

d. Last quarter of gestation

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and is carried to the __________ pituitary via _________. Select one: a. posterior, nerve axons b. posterior, portal vessels c. posterior, capillary plexus d. anterior, portal vessels e. anterior, nerve axons

d. anterior, portal vessels

Which is not a characteristic of nonsteriod hormones? a. large molecules b. hydrophilic molecules c. easily transported in the blood d. cell membranes and nuclear receptors e. requires a second messenger system

d. cell membranes and nuclear receptors

The correct sequence of ducts that oocytes pass through on their way toward the cervix is: Select one: a. infundibulum, isthmus, ampulla, uterine cornua. b. infundibulum, fimbriae, isthmus, uterine cornua. c. infundibulum, isthmus, uterine cornua, vestibule. d. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine cornua. e. infundibulum, ampulla, fimbriae, isthmus.

d. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine cornua.

Which of the following structures is not located in the seminiferous tubules? a. sertoli cells b. primordial germ cells c. spermatozoa d. leydig cells e. spermatogonium

d. leydig cells

Which of the following cell types nurture germ cells throughout their development? a. luteal cells b. theca cells c. leydig cells d. sertoli cells e. interstital cells

d. sertoli cells

The equine ovary can be said to be anatomically reversed because Select one: a. none of the above b. the cortex is adjacent to the tunica albuginea c. ovulation occurs from the medulla d. the medulla is adjacent to the tunica albuginea

d. the medulla is adjacent to the tunica albuginea

Complete the following statement: Severing only the pituitary stalk results in... Select one: a. No change in the hypothalamic function but complete inhibition of neurohormone secretion from the anterior pituitary b. No change in posterior pituitary function but complete inhibition of neurohormone secretion from the anterior pituitary c. Complete inhibition of pituitary function d. Complete disruption of hypothalamic neurons e. No change in anterior pituitary function but complete inhibition of neurohormone secretion from the posterior pituitary

e. No change in anterior pituitary function but complete inhibition of neurohormone secretion from the posterior pituitary

Complete the following statement: Failure to maintain the testes 4-6 degrees cooler than normal body temperature results in... Select one: a. Increased sperm production but reduced steroid output due to increased metabolism within the testicle. b. Suppression of Leydig cells inhibiting their ability to nurse sperm cells to final maturation. c. Increased testosterone production but reduced sperm output due to increased metabolism within the testicle. d. Increased apoptosis of sperm cells within the epididymis. e. Suppression of primordial germ cells resulting in a reduced sperm count, without impacting testosterone synthesis by the interstitial cells.

e. Suppression of primordial germ cells resulting in a reduced sperm count, without impacting testosterone synthesis by the interstitial cells.

What is an antrum relative to ovarian morphology? Select one: a. a bloody body b. a pseudostratified follicular structure c. a yellow-colored structure d. a multi-layered cellular structure e. a fluid-filled follicular space

e. a fluid-filled follicular space

The hormone is necessary for sperm production and causes the appearance of male secondary sex characteristics starting at puberty: a. estrogen b. gonadotropin stimulating hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. progesterone e. testosterone

e. testosterone

What is the anterior pituitary the site of?

hormone synthesis

What are granulosal cells?

inner most cells, surround oocyte

What is the primary organ of the female repro tract?

the ovary *paired in mammals