Reproductive System

The male reproductive system

Generates male gametes (sperm) and delivers them to the female reproductive system.

Bartholin's glands (greater vestibular gland)

Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina or a lubricating fluid during sexual excitement.

Testosterone

The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

Epididymis

Is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.

Vulva vestibule

Is a part of the vulva between the labia minora into which the urinary meatus (urethral opening) and the vaginal opening open.

Urethral orifice (urinary meatus)

Is the external opening of the urethra. It is the point where urine exits the urethra in males and in females, and also where semen exits the urethra in males. *Leads to a woman's bladder*

Prostate gland

(accessory gland) The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes (produces) a part of semen (prostate fluid) that enhances motility and fertility of sperm once it reaches inside the vagina. The muscles of this gland also help propel this seminal fluid into the urethra during ejaculation. *Secretes a milky white fluid with proteins and enzymes as part of the semen.* An exocrine gland that secretes an alkaline fluid that preserves the life of the sperm when it hits the acidic female vagina.

Seminal vesicles

(accessory gland) two small glands that secrete a *fluid* rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move, provides energy for swimming sperm cells. *Secrete alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into the ejaculatory duct.*

What is spermiogenesis? (a) A process happening in the spermatic cord. (b) The process of meiosis in males. (c) Selection of spermatogonia to become sperm. (d) Shedding of unnecessary cytoplasm.

(d) Shedding of unnecessary cytoplasm.

How long does it take for a baby to develop?

40 weeks or 9 months

What is the correct trajectory of sperm during ejaculation? (a) Epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra (b) Ejaculatory duct, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, urethra (c) Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ampulla of vas deferens, vas deferens urethra (d)Vas deferens,ejaculatory duct, ampulla of vas deferens, urethra

(a) Epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla of vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Each breast consists of __________. a) 1 mammary gland b) 15‐20 mammary glands c) over 20 mammary glands

a) 1 mammary gland

Menstrual cycle

Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.

Corpus luteum

Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo

Vaginal orifice

Exterior opening of the vagina partially covered by the hymen, entrance to the vagina, *orifice means opening*

Vulva

External female genitalia; includes the labia majora and minora , hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice

Vagina

Female organ of intercourse; birth canal The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix.

Cervix

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus. It's the opening to the uterus.

Isthmus

The portion of the uterus between the corpus and the cervix. This is where the walls of the uterus begin to narrow toward the cervix.

Scrotum

The pouch of skin that contains the testes. Helps keep the testicles at a temperature lower than body temperature.

Labia minora (minor lips)

The smaller inner pair of skin folds that protect the vaginal opening, (literally, small lips) lie just inside the labia majora and surround the openings to the vagina and urethra. A rich supply of blood vessels gives the labia a pink color. During sexual stimulation, these blood vessels become engorged with blood, causing the labia to swell and become more sensitive to stimulation.

Urethra (male reproductive system)

The tube that transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. Is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the ______, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

labia majora (major lips)

The two outer folds of the vulva, (literally, large lips) are relatively large, fleshy folds of tissue that enclose and protect the other external genital organs. They are comparable to the scrotum in males. It contains sweat and sebaceous glands, which produce lubricating secretions. During puberty, hair appears on it.

Uterus

The womb. Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Ureter

Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

When menstruation ends in middle age. a) Menopause b) Gestation c) Implantation

a) Menopause

During the menstrual cycle, which of the following events happens if a released egg does not become fertilised? a) The lining of the womb wall breaks down. b) The lining of the womb wall stays built up. c) Another egg is immediately released. d) The lining of the womb wall builds up again.

a) The lining of the womb wall breaks down.

Whenever an egg is ovulated, the body will prepare the endometrial lining for implantation just in case the egg is fertilized. In order to prepare for potential pregnancy, the __________ releases __________. a) corpus luteum; progesterone b) corpus callosum; estrogen c) ovary; luteinizing hormone

a) corpus luteum; progesterone

After an egg is fertilized, it will implant in the __________ for further development. a) endometrium b) myometrium c) perimetrium

a) endometrium

The tiny female sex cell that unites with a male sperm to form a zygote or fertilized egg. a) Ovary b) Ovum c) Gonad

b) Ovum

After an egg is ovulated, the remaining follicular mass is called a __________. a) theca folliculi b) corpus luteum c) vesicular follicle

b) corpus luteum

The __________ ligament anchors the ovary to the uterine wall. a) round b) ovarian c) suspensory

b) ovarian

The development of the corpus luteum occurs during the __________ cycle. a) uterine b) ovarian c) menstrual

b) ovarian

Which of the following ligaments assists in anchoring the uterus in position? a) round b) ovarian c) suspensory

b) ovarian

When the myoepithelial cells contract, milk is forced from the alveoli to the nipple. Which of the following hormones causes the myoepithelial cells to contract? a) estrogen b) oxytocin c) progesterone

b) oxytocin

Spermatic cord

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

Testis (plural: testes, testicles)

The organs that produce sperm and testosterone

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Estrogen

Females sex hormones.

Spermatogenesis

the production of sperm cells

Gonads

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

two small, pea-size glands located posterior to the membranous urethra at the root of the penis. The glands produce a clear, viscous secretion that lubricates the penile urethra for the passage of sperm and neutralizes any acid urine in the urethra. Secretions are released during sexual arousal and are described as pre-ejaculate. *Secrete a fluid into the urethra to neutralize the acidity in the urethra.*

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women. It regulates the menstrual cycle and it gets the uterus ready to accept and maintain a fertilized egg.

Anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

semen

A thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system. Sperm + Fluid

Fallopian tubes

Also known as uterine tubes, are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

Gametes

Are an organism's reproductive cells, they are referred to as SEX CELLS. - male gametes: sperm -female gametes: ovum or egg

Sperm

The male gamete or reproductive cell (sex cell) involved in sexual reproduction

Fimbriae

Finger or fringe like projections at the end of the uterine (fallopian) tubes that drape over the ovary. When an egg is released by the ovary it is 'caught' by one of the _____ and transported along the fallopian tube to the uterus. The egg is moved along the fallopian tube by the wafting action of cilia — hairy projections on the surfaces of cells at the entrance of the fallopian tube — and the contractions made by the tube.

The female reproductive system

Generates female gametes (eggs) and incubates the fetus during pregnancy.

Implantation

In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow.

Fundus

Is the upper part of the uterus. It's broad and curved. The fallopian tubes attach to the uterus just below the ________.

Hymen

Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

Penis

Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body. contains the urethra, it can fill with blood and become erect, enabling the deposition of semen and sperm into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse.

Ovaries

Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction. Secretes estrogen and progesterone

Clitoris

Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra, between the labia

Kidney

Organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter. (Produces urine)

accessory glands of male reproductive system

Provide sperm with things that they need along their journey. Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Seminal vesicles

Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins. The

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Secrete viscous fluid that contains mucus

spermiogenesis

Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa. The spermatid is a more or less circular cell containing a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria.

Epididymis

Stores the sperm as it matures Mature sperm moves from the _______ through the vas deferens (ductus deferens) to the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland. Lastly, it enters the urethra, through the penis, and into the vagina. Gains more mitochondria, develops a flagella

Urinary bladder

Stores urine until it is excreted

Acronym

Ted Eats Veggie Stew Everyday People Believe U Put V

sperm movement

Ted - Testes Eats - Epidiymis Veggie - Vas deferens (duct deferens) Stew - Seminal vesicles Everyday- Ejaculatory ducts People - Prostate gland Believe- Bulbourethral glands U- Urethra Put- Penis V- Vagina

vas deferens (ductus deferens)

The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra. Also known as the ductus deferens, is a tiny muscular tube in the male reproductive system that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

The diagram shows the female reproductive system during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle. Select what happens to the lining of the uterus during this time? a) The uterus releases an egg. b) Sperm become implanted in the uterus. c) It gets bigger. d) It breaks down.

c) It gets bigger.

In humans, which meiotic phase has the longest duration? a) Anaphase I in females b) Prophase II in males c) Prophase I in females d) Metaphase II in females

c) Prophase I in females

Successful fertilization of the egg normally occurs in the __________. a) ovaries b) uterus c) ampulla of the uterine tube

c) ampulla of the uterine tube

Which of the following hormones is involved in the development of the mammary glands and ducts, thus preparing the body for pregnancy? a) prolactin b) oxytocin c) progesterone

c) progesterone

During menstruation a portion of the endometrial lining is shed. Which of the following layers of the endometrium is involved in the "shedding" process? a) stratum basalis b) stratum epidermalis c) stratum functionalis

c) stratum functionalis

Which of the following ligaments anchors the ovary to the pelvic wall? a) round b) ovarian c) suspensory

c) suspensory

Ejaculatory duct

duct formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle; its fluid is carried into the urethra

Gestation

growth process from conception to birth; pregnancy the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth.

Endometrium

inner lining of the uterus, if implantation doesn't occur, the functional (outermost) layer of the endometrium is shed and expulsed, leading to menstruation.

Corpus

is the main body of the uterus. It's very muscular and can stretch to accommodate a developing fetus. During labor, the muscular walls of the ________ contract to help push the baby through the cervix and vagina. The ______ is lined by a mucus membrane called the endometrium. This membrane responds to reproductive hormones by changing its thickness during each menstrual cycle. If an egg is fertilized, it attaches to the endometrium. If no fertilization occurs, the endometrium sheds its outer layer of cells, which are released during menstruation.

Vagina canal

its the space inside the vagina that the baby passes through to get out into the world.

Bulb of vestibule

masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice (opening), the clitoris sits at the top, the chambers fill with blood when a female is sexually aroused and it expands the external structures of the vulva outward as it fills with blood and it puts pressure on the walls of the vaginal canal all along its length, pushing it inward on both sides.

Myometrium

muscle layer of the uterus, induces uterine contractions.