Reproductive System/Menstrual Cycle

male urethra

is an 18-22 cm long muscular tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior via an external opening in the perineum and also functions to provide an exit for semen (sperm) and glandular secretions during ejaculation.

fertilization

is a complex multi-step process that is complete in 24 hours. The sperm from a male meets an ovum from a female and forms a zygote; this is the point in which pregnancy begins and leads to a 280-day journey for a female.

vas deferns

is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

Cervix

is a tube of tissue that connects the vagina to the uterus and produces cervical mucus that changes in consistency during the menstrual cycle to either prevent or promote pregnancy.

implantation

is an essential early stage in conception when cells attach to the uterine wall. Signs of implantation include bleeding, cramps, discharge, and breast tenderness. These can be early signs of pregnancy.

scrotum

is the bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles. The testicles make sperm, and, to do this, the temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body. This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body.

Endometrium

is the layer of tissue that lines the uterus.

ovulation

is the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary. After it's released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube and stays there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can be fertilized.

MENOPAUSE

the point in time when menstrual cycles permanently cease due to the natural depletion of ovarian oocytes from aging

MENARCHE

this is the first occurence of the menstrual cycle

Luteal Phase PMS or Premenstrual Syndrome is a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur during the last week of the luteal phase (1 to 2 weeks before menstruation). The symptoms typically start 5 days before menstruation begins and go away within 4 days after bleeding starts.

During which phase of the menstrual cycle can premenstrual syndrome be experienced?

23 A gamete or sex cell is a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Gametes are haploid, having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Since the egg cell contains 23 chromosomes and the sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes as well, when they unite, a diploid zygote is formed.

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

46 A somatic cell is any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. In humans, somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes - one inherited from each parent. Since the egg cell contains 23 chromosomes and the sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes as well, when they unite, a diploid zygote is formed.

How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?

Fission Bacterial binary fission is the process that bacteria use to carry out cell division. Binary fission is similar in concept to the mitosis that happens in multicellular organisms (such as plants and animals), but its purpose is different. When cells divide by mitosis in the body of a multicellular organism, they cause the organism to grow larger or replace old, worn-out cells with new ones. In the case of a bacterium, however, cell division isn't just a means of making more cells for the body. Instead, it's actually how bacteria reproduce, or add more bacteria to the population.

What mechanism of asexual reproduction do bacteria mostly undergo?

- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Changing birth control pills or using certain medications - Too much exercise - Stress - Hyperthyroidism or Hypothyroidism

What are the possible reasons for irregularities in the menstrual cycle?

Ovulation is one of the phases of the menstrual cycle. It usually takes place around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle and is also the time when a female is most fertile. During this process, an egg is released from one of the ovaries and travels from your fallopian tube to the uterus. One of the ovaries usually releases just one egg during ovulation per menstrual cycle. Sometimes, more than one egg can mature and be released by an ovary in a process called hyperovulation, which can lead to getting pregnant with multiple babies.

What will happen if more than one egg is released from one of the ovaries during ovulation?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Which hormone triggers the release of an egg from one of the ovaries?

budding

Which of the following is a mechanism of asexual reproduction that involves and results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region?

Sperm duct → Urethra → Penis

Which of the following is the correct route that sperm take, out of the male's body during sexual intercourse?

endometrium sheds

Which of the following occurs during the days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle?

ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

Which of the following sequences the female reproductive system from innermost to outermost?

fallopian tubes

are bilateral conduits between the ovaries and the uterus in the female pelvis.

testes

are responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone. Testosterone is an important hormone during male development and maturation for developing muscles, deepening the voice, and growing body hair.

Ovaries

are two solid egg-shaped structures that are attached to the uterus by ligaments. They function to store and release the ovum and produce female sex hormones Estrogen and Progesterone.