Reptile Quiz

what is unique about the heart of a croc

it has 4 chambers because it has a complete septum most only have 3 becayse they have an incomplete septum

how does hte process of obtaining oxygen differ between amphibians and reptiles

amphibians have to suck air into their lungs or use skin reptiles use their muscles to expnd their ipper body cavity and inhale air

External fertilization is not common on land because

Both the sperm and egg are at risk of drying out

Reptiles have

Internal fertilization

Which of the following is usually characteristic of reproduction in a terrestrial enviroment?

Internal fertiliztion

what type of fertilization occurs in reptiles

internal

The Brain and Senses

1. Cerebrum of reptiles is larger a. This means vision and muscle function are more complex, so optic lobes and cerebellum are also larger 2. Vision is main sense; some even have color 3. Snakes seem through tongues a. The odor molecules stick to the tongue, which the snake places in its mouth b. The odor molecules are transferred to a pair of Jacobson's organs

Evolution of Reptiles

1. Early amniotes underwent adaptive radiation, giving rise to reptiles as well as modern birds and mammals 2. Early amniotes separated into 3 lines, each having a different skull structure 3. Anapsids, which might have given rise to turtles, have a skull that has no opening behind the eye sockets 4. Diapsids, which gave rise to crocodiles, dinosaurs, modern birds, tuataras, snakes, and lizards, have a skull with 2 pairs of openings behind each eye socket 5. Synapsids, which gave rise to modern mammals, have one opening behind each eye socket A. Dinosaurs 1. Dominated earth for 165 million years 2. Placed in two groups by the structure of their hips a. Saurischians had hip bones that radiated out from the center of the hip area b. Ornithischians had some bones projecting back toward the tail 3. They built nests and cared for eggs and young 4. Some had the ability to regulate their body temperature 5. One group had feathers and evolved into todays birds 6. Cretaceous Period a. Known for the worldwide mass extinction of many species including all dinosaurs b. A meteorite crashed to earth c. Clouds of dust blocked the sun, changing the climate, along with fires, toxic dust, and gases caused much death d. The niches they had occupied were made availed for other vertebrates to evolve

Temperature Control

1. Ectoderms that cannot generate their own body heat 2. They regulate body temperatures behaviorally a. Body temperature can be raised by sitting in sun b. Can be lowered by moving to shade c. In winter they can burrow or go into a state of inactivity with lower body metabolism and lower body temperature 1. Some gather together in masses and cover each other

Circulation

1. Have 2 separate atria and one ventricle that is partially divided by an incomplete septum a. In crocodiles, the septum in the ventricles is complete, making a four chambered heart b. This separation in the 2 ventricles keeps oxygen rich blood separated from the oxygen poor blood throughout the heart 2. Since reptiles are larger, they need to pump blood forcefully enough to reach parts of the body far away from the heart

Order Crocodilia

1. Includes crocodiles, alligators, and caimans 2. Crocodiles a. Four chambered heart 1. Can deliver oxygen more efficiently so powerful muscles can more quickly and aggressively both in and out of water so they can attack large animals b. Long snout, sharp teeth that are similar to dinosaurs and early birds, and powerful jaws 3. Alligators a. Broader snout b. Upper jaw is wider than lower jaw 1. Upper jaw overlaps lower jaw and teeth are almost completely covered 2. Upper and lower are about the same width 3. When mouth is closed, some teeth in the lower jaw are easily visible

Reproduction

1. Internal 2. After fertilization, the egg develops to form the new embryo and all membranes associated with an amniotic egg to help ensure safe development a. The female reproductive system produces a leathery shell around the eggs that will be laid 3. The female digs a hole and lays the egg in the ground or in plant debris a. The females leave them alone to hatch 4. Alligators and crocodiles build a nest in which to lay eggs and tend to young after they hatch a. Eggs are protected in the mothers body until they hatch

Order Squamata

1. Lizards a. Legs with clawed toes b. Moveable eyelids, a lower jaw with moveable hinge joint allowing for flexibility in jaw movement, and tympanic membranes c. Includes iguanas, chameleons, geckos, and anoles 2. Snakes a. Snakes are legless and have shorter tails than lizards b. Lack moveable eyelids and tympanic membranes c. Have joints in their jaws enabling them to eat prey larger than their heads d. Some have venom that can slow down or kill prey e. There are also constrictors which are very large and suffocate their prey by wrapping around the preys body and tightening until the prey dies because it can no longer breathe

Feeding

1. Most are carnivores a. But iguanas and tortoises are herbivores that feed on plant b. Turtles are omnivores 2. Turtles and crocodiles have tongues that help them shallow 3. Some lizards have long sticky tongues for catching insects 4. Snakes have the ability to ingest prey much larger than itself because the bones of the skull and the jaws of snake are joined loosely so they can spread apart when eating. a. To shallow, the opposite sides of the upper and lower jaws can alternately thrust forward and retract to draw in food b. Some snakes have venom that can paralyze and begin digestion of prey

Respiration

1. Most depend on lungs for gas exchange a. Suck air into lungs (inhale) by contracting g muscles of the rib cage and body wall to expand the upper portion of the body cavity in which the lungs are held b. They exhale by relaxing these same muscle groups 2. Lungs have more surface area 3. With more oxygen, more energy can be released through metabolic reactions and made more available for more complex movements

Movement

1. Some, like amphibians, move with limbs sprawled to their sides and push against the ground while swinging their bodies side to side 2. Crocodiles however have their limbs rotated farther under body and can bear more weight and move faster 3. To bear more weight their skeletons are stronger with heavier bone structure 4. Have claws on toes which aid in digging, climbing, and gripping the ground for traction

Jacobson's organs

1. These are saclike structure on the roof go a snakes mouth that sense odors 2. Without them, snakes have trouble finding prey and mates

Ecology of Reptiles

1. They are an important part of food chain as prey and predators and the balance of the ecosystem can be disrupted when a reptile species is removed a. When certain snakes are removed, rodent population increases A. Habitat Loss 1. Alligators and crocodiles have been affected by habitat loss in the Florida Everglades 2. Endangered 3. With the passage of laws to protect wetlands in certain areas, the American alligator population has rebounded enough so its now just threatened B. Introduction of Exotic Species 1. Local animals suffer due to predation or completion for resources 2. When mongoose was introduced to Jamaica, it killed many lizard species 3. San Francisco garter snake suffered from both a. Land is used for building b. American Bullfrog eats their food

Reptiles, except for alligators and crocodiles, have a heaert that has

2 atria and one ventricle

During internal fertilization

A male deposits sperm directly into the female

Amniotic Eggs

An amnion Animals that undergo this are called amniotes and include reptiles, birds, and mammals covered with a protective shell and has several internal membranes with fluids contained between the membranes a. Inside the egg, the embryo is self sufficient because it gets its nutrition from food in the yolk sac inside the egg b. Amniotic fluid baths the egg within the embryo and mimics the aquatic environments of fish and amphibian embryos c. Allantois- d. Chorion-

The difference between repilian eggs and amphibian eggs is that repitian eggs

Are surrounded by protective shell and membranes

Reptiles are least active

At sunrise

Unlike other living reptiles, croccodilians

Care for their young after hatching

In a retiles egg, gas exchange is performd by the

Chorion

One method snakes use to licated prey is to flick their tongue in the air and then draw their tongue across the roof of their mouth. In this method, the function of hte tongue is to

Collect chemicals in the air

Unlike other reptiles, turtles and tortoises

Do not have teeth

The skin of a reptile is

Dry and watertight

Skin

Dry, Scaly Skin 1. Keeps them from losing fluids from the body to the air 2. A layer of scales on the exterior also keeps them from drying out 3. But the tough outer covering prevents them from getting larger

Reptiles are

Ectothermic

Some animals are oviparous. This means their young

Hatch from eggs laid outside the mothers body

Which of the following is not an adaptation that enables reptiles to live out of water?

Having 4 legs

A small animal crouches 1 m in front of a pit viper in total darkness. A gentle breeze is blowing in the direction from the viper toward the small animal. The viper will have the freatest chance of detecting the small animal if the small animal

Is warmer than its surroundings

Excretion

Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products 2. When urine enters the cloaca, water is reabsorbed to form uric acid which is a semisolid excretion. This method enables reptiles to conserve water and maintain homeostasis of water and minerals in their bodies

Most reptiles exchange gases through their

Lungs

Reptiles respire through

Lungs

The heat sensing organs between the eyes and nostril on each side of hte head of a rattlesnake are the

Pit organs

The fangs of a rattlesnake are used for

Predation

One reason for the early success of reptiles was that

Reptiles could reproduce away from water

One disadvantage of endothermy is that

Requires that the oranism consume a relatively great amount of food

The geographical range of reptiles is limited by

Temperature

Which of the following is a repilian adaptation to living on land?

The amniotic egg

molting

They have to periodically shed their skins

Which of the following is true of snakes?

They lack limbs, they lack moveable eyelids, and they lack external ears

Order Sphenodonta

Tuataras 1. Look like large lizards 2. Only found in islands off the coast of New Zealand 3. 2 species 4. Have a spiny crest that runs from the back and a third eye on top of the head a. Eye is covered in scales but can detect light and keeps them from overheating in the sun 5. Two rows of teeth on the upper jaw shear against one row in the lower jaw, making them effective predators of smaller vertebrates

Order Testudinata

Turtles 1. The protective shell makes it different a. Dorsal part is the carapace 1. Vertebrae and ribs are fused to the inside of this b. Ventral part is plastron 2. They can pull their head and legs inside shells to protect themselves 3. Some are aquatic and some live on land a. Ones that live on land are tortoises 4. They don't have teeth but a sharp beak

Allantois

a membrane that forms a sac that contains wastes produced by the embryo

An amnion

a membrane that surrounds a developing embryo. It is filled with fluid that protects the embryo during development

Characteristics that allowed them to succeed include

a shelled egg, scaly skin, and more efficient circulatory and respiratory systems

what adaptations are present in the skin of a reptile that helps prevent against water lose

dry and scaely

in what way is the body plan of a snake different from that of a typical reptile?

no legs

what class of animals were the first to fully adapt to land

reptiles

Chorion

the outer most membrane of the egg which allows oxygen to enter and keep fluid inside the egg. This leathery shell protects the internal fluids and embryo and prevent the egg from drying out on land

are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic? explain the difference

they are ecto edtos must regulate body temperature by using external factors, while endos can regulate body temperature by using metabolism