research 3,4,5

Which of the following statements are true regarding symbolic interaction and artifact analysis?

Artifact analysis predominately focuses on text-based materials, while symbolic interaction focuses on common symbols.

A qualitative researcher has checked and rechecked the data, as well as asked a colleague to also check the data. And yet, the results do not seem to describe the phenomenon of interest. What does the data lack? Generalizability

Credibility

What is main difference between experimental and non-experimental research with regard to the manipulation of the IV?

Experimental research manipulates an IV, non-experimental research does not manipulate an IV.

What is another name used to describe the reactance or reactivity effect?

Hawthorne effect

Late one night while flipping through the latest issue of "Bad Science," you read a report from a researcher claiming he has proved that watching television causes attention-deficit disorder in children. He based his claim on data showing a significant positive correlation between the number of hours children watch TV and scores on an attention-deficit survey. What is your assessment of his claim?

He might have shown a relationship between TV and attention-deficit disorder, but he cannot say one caused the other

Using the grounded-theory approach, which of the following would be the order in which you code your data? Selective, open, axial

Open, axial, selective

Which of the following survey method results in the highest completion rate?

Personal interviews conducted in the participant's home

You have designed your research project to include a random sample of Caucasian, African American, Asian, Latino, and Native American children in an inner city Head Start program. You are using which of the following research strategies?

Stratified random sampling

Which of the following studies is an example of qualitative research?

Surveying college students' perceptions about alcohol use among peers at their campus

You want to determine if a measure of alcohol abuse has good criterion validity. You would compare it against which of the following?

The number of DWI arrests in the next 12 months

What is the main reason researchers should be unobtrusive when performing naturalistic observation?

The reactions of the participants may change when they know they are being observed.

Which of the following is a good, synthetic research hypothesis?

The treatment will significantly reduce symptoms in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Freeman and Punzo (2001) sought to investigate the relation between evidence presented at trial and guilty verdicts. Which if the following corresponds to the independent, dependent, and extraneous variables, respectively?

Type of evidence; verdict; attorney preparation of witness excerpts

Whereas ________ tests evaluate an individual's level of mastery or competence, ________ tests evaluate an individual's potential ability or skill in a particular job.

achievement; aptitude

Laticia is conducting a study to determine how alcohol affects aggression levels in college students in the U.S.. In her study, what would be the dependent variable?

aggression levels

High interobserver reliability is an indication of ________ among observers.

agreement

For a perfect positive correlation between two sets of scores, when there is an increase of one unit in one variable, we would

always see an increase of one unit in the other variable

A researcher wants to investigate the psychological effects of Hurricane Katrina among residents exposed to the natural disaster. The researcher surveys residents within 30 days of the disaster. This is an example of

an ex post facto method.

______ statements are to _____ comparisons as _______ statements are to ______ comparisons.

analytical; or; contradictory; and

Using letters and photographs found in the Archives of the History of American Psychology to conduct your research is an example of using

archival data

You want to write a history of the psychology department at your school, so you look through old catalogs, department correspondence, and musty file folders you find in the basement. You are conducting

archival research

You find that people who weigh more tend to have higher levels of cholesterol. You have found that these two variables

are positively correlated

Scientists strive to accurately understand phenomena, and thus, they

are willing to self correct their hypothesis

The main difference between participant observation and naturalistic observation is for participant observation, the researcher

becomes a part of the group under study

Dr. Miller has been treating a patient for over one year. The patient has a very unique set of symptoms, ones that have been rarely documented in the literature. Dr. Miller writes a report describing the patient's presentation and uses the information gained from treating this patient to formulate hypotheses for future treatments. Dr. Miller also concludes a cause-and-effect explanation for the symptoms. Which of Dr. Miller's actions goes beyond the scope of a case study?

concluding a cause and effect relationship

Dr. Smith has conducted an extensive literature review, but cannot find an established survey that pertains to her research question. She decides to create her own survey. Prior to conducting her research project, she should

conduct pilot testing of her survey.

To protect against a researcher's subjective bias, qualitative data are judged by their

confirmability

Dr. Smith studies behavioral problems among young children in foster homes. He is concerned that his research report may be biased, so he asked Dr. Jones to review the report and provide feedback on any contradictions she finds. This is an example of analyzing

confirmability.

Dr. Jones reviews the literature to assess the usefulness of an inventory measuring anxiety symptoms in elderly nursing home residents. He determines that there is very low interrater reliability among expert nurses who administer this inventory. This is a threat to the inventory's ________ validity.

content

Dr. Smith designs a study to examine the effectiveness of giving college students who visit the student health center a pamphlet on the importance of healthy sleep habits. Dr. Smith obtains the participants' email addresses, and two weeks later, emails a survey assessing their sleep quality. Dr. Smith's study design could be improved with the addition of

control

If a researcher conducts a study in which she directly manipulates a variable of interest to determine its effects on another variable, she is exerting _______ in the research design.

control

Of the four main components of the scientific method, which best characterizes science?

control

A qualitative researcher has checked and rechecked the data, as well as asked a colleague to also check the data. And yet, the results do not seem to describe the phenomenon of interest. What does the data lack?

credibility

A graduate student in qualitative research finds only one published article addressing her area of interest. For her dissertation, the student decides to replicate the study. What is she interested in determining?

dependability

Franz Boas set the stage for qualitative research when he

described the Inuit people of the 1880s.

A new psychopharmacological drug to treat depression will significantly reduce depressive symptoms among patients compared to patients who receive a placebo drug. This is an example of a(n) ______ hypothesis.

directional

As a psychology graduate student, your advisor wants you to complete an experimental study for your dissertation. The advisor states that your ability to analyze the statistical significance of your findings is more important than whether your hypothesis is supported. Given these parameters, you would choose a _________ hypothesis.

directional

A study of college student drinking measures binge drinking by defining a binge as six or more drinks in an occasion. Indicators of risky alcohol use and associated negative consequences are assessed using psychometrically sound instruments. These aspects of the study are described by which of the following components of the scientific method?

empiricism

To increase objectivity, researchers strive for

empiricism

Journalist John Howard Griffin, a privileged white male, darkened the color of his skin to see what life was like as a poor black man in the southern United States in the late 1950s. Which nonexperimental approach did Griffin use?

ethnography

Whereas ________ research methods allow us to show how one variable produced a change in another variable, ________ research methods cannot support cause-and-effect conclusions.

experimental; descriptive

To evaluate the effectiveness on an intervention aimed at reducing binge drinking among college students, researchers randomize participants to either receive the intervention or to be put on a wait list. Participants are assessed at baseline and follow-up using a binge drinking survey. The independent variable is

exposure to the intervention or the wait list

The results of a study investigating three types of treatment for depression indicate that Treatment A is most effective for individuals with mild depression, Treatment B is most effective for individuals with severe depression, and Treatment C is most effective when severity of depression is not considered. The severity of depression is a(n) _______ variable.

extraneous

When conducting research in a natural setting, the researcher commits to spending a significant amount of time in the

field doing observation.

A researcher is interested in determining how college student athletes perceive steroid use among other athletes. The researcher prepares a list of questions and conducts several sessions with small groups (about 7-10 athletes). This is an example of a(n)

focus group

Previous research suggests visual-spatial ability varies with gender. You are interested in investigating the effect of an iPhone app to help college students improve their visual spatial ability. You randomize students to either work with the visual-spatial app or to solve crossword puzzles. You asses their performance on a measure of visual-spatial ability before and after the intervention. Which of the following extraneous variable should you control?

gender

When you conduct a test-retest procedure, you would hope to see ________ similarity among items, and thus ________ Reliability.

greater; higher

The reactance or reactivity effect refers to

he reactions of the participants when they know they are being observed

Compared to other types of research, qualitative research is more

holistic

"Students who have been given extra credit will report more satisfaction with their course than students who have not been given extra credit." This statement best represents a(n)

hypothesis

Whereas the ________ is manipulated by the experimenter, the ________ consists of the recorded information or data.

independent variable; dependent variable

As a psychology student, you conduct a series of studies investigating behaviors among children of divorced parents, and you formulate a theory that parental divorce negatively affects childhood social skills. You are using _____ reasoning.

inductive

Qualitative research evolved as the discipline of psychology became

more diverse

A researcher wants to study the eating behaviors of college students in the campus cafeteria during the first week of class. She chooses to sit in a corner of the cafeteria and record specific behaviors, such as how many times students refill their drinks. She is conducting which type of research?

naturalistic observation

If I stood in a grocery store, hidden behind a display of oranges, and gathered data on the kind of people who read the "National Enquirer," what type of descriptive research would I be performing?

naturalistic observation

Both Researchers A and B propose to study elderly nursing home residents in a rural community. Researcher A chooses to observe residents from a distance. Researcher B chooses to submerse himself among the nursing home residents. Researcher A is demonstrating ________ and Researcher B is demonstrating

naturalistic observation; participant observation.

What is the main reason why descriptive research methods do not allow researchers to support causality?

no manipulation of an IV

There is relatively little established research investigating your phenomenon of interest, and therefore you are not able to predict with certainty the results of your proposed experiment. Given this scenario, you will likely develop a ____________ hypothesis based on _______ reasoning.

nondirectional; deductive

Interobserver reliability is calculated by dividing the ________ by the ________ to find a percent agreement.

number of times observers agree; number of opportunities to agree

The term empirical describes measurements that are based on:

objectively quantifiable observations

A researcher might use a computer to obtain data from experimental participants in order to meet which characteristic of the scientific method?

objectivity

Regarding descriptive research, selective deposit refers to the

omission of archival data.

Using the grounded-theory approach, which of the following would be the order in which you code your data?

open, axial, selective

Dr. Mills is the primary researcher in a study investigating drinking behavior among young adults at bars near a college campus. Dr. Mills goes to the bar and pretends to be a regular patron as she observes others. This is an example of

participant observation

Which of the following methods would you use to evaluate and understand the impact of a Head Start program in a community of underprivileged preschool children by collecting both qualitative and quantitative data?

participatory action research

Multiple studies have documented that as one's amount of time spent in a sedentary state increases, the likelihood of obesity increases. This is an example of a(n)

positive correlation

The research hypothesis is a(n) _______ about the relation between independent and dependent variables.

prediction

To illustrate a model containing actions, interactions, and the outcome of the phenomenon under study, a researcher would employ a(n)

process

Research that is conducted in a natural setting and seeks to understand a complex human behavior by developing a complete narrative description of the behavior is called ________ research.

qualitative

One way to control for extraneous variables is to include _____ in your experimental study.

random assignment

When we predict one variable from the knowledge of another variable, we are using:

regression

The test-retest and split-half procedures are used to establish

reliability

A test can be ________ and not be ________.

reliable; valid

A researcher conducts a literature review, but can only find one study investigating his area of research interest. The researcher decides to conduct the experiment again using the exact same methodology as the published study. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

replication

In a(n) __________ study, researchers hope to confirm previous findings.

replication

A qualitative research report may lack a(n)

results section reporting statistical significance of the findings.

Which of the following best depicts a correlation?

scatterplot

This component of the scientific refers to when scientists identify an error and then change their conclusions.

self correction

In the research process, the next step after writing the research report is to

share the results with other scientists

The practice of ________ assists researchers in recording the same behavior in different locations or settings.

situation sampling

Qualitative research has its roots in

sociological and anthropological research

A research hypothesis that could be either true or false is a(n) ______ statement.

synthetic

As you think about your research project, you want to ensure the most unbiased and random sample of respondents possible. To this end, you would choose which of the following survey methods?

telephone interviews

A professor wants to know if having her students watch an online tutorial explaining what plagiarism is and how to avoid it will decrease incidents of plagiarism in her class. She randomly assigns students to either watch the tutorial or not to watch it. She tracks incidents of plagiarism before and after the tutorial is shown. The dependent variable is

the rate of plagiarism

Mail surveys provide the advantage of increasing

the size of the recruitment sample.

Unlike experimental research reports, a qualitative research report would incorporate

the views of informants

In order to collect a representative sample of behavior at different times of the day or week, a researcher might employ this technique.

time sampling

Making naturalistic observations at different periods is an example of

time sampling

A qualitative researcher reads a recently published study describing the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder on returning soldiers. The researcher wonders if the same results would occur among victims of date rape on college campuses. The researcher is interested in the issue of

transferability

A qualitative researcher reads a recently published study describing the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder on returning soldiers. The researcher wonders if the same results would occur among victims of date rape on college campuses. The researcher is interested in the issue of dependability.

transferability

In order to increase the ________ of a qualitative report to other researchers who may read it, the report must be thorough, clear, and detailed in all assumptions.

transferability

The Results section of a qualitative research report evaluates

trustworthiness

Archival research is characterized by

using data recorded by other individuals

Archival research is characterized by cause-and-effect statements

using data recorded by other individuals

Which of the following is not a potential problem when using archival data?

validity of data drops significantly with time

Correlational studies are helpful when

variables can be measured but not manipulated.

Experimental studies are unique in that they help researchers understand ________ a cause-and-effect relation occurred.

why

When writing a qualitative research report, it is formed predominantly with

words