Research Final Exam

you are studying treatment A and B. the null hypothesis would be that

A and B will not differ

you read a study in which a group of male and a group of females subjects perform sit-ups in 3 positions with order randomized, horizontal, 25 degrees incline, and 40 degrees incline. abdominal muscle EMG activity was recorded in each position in the above example, what is the dependent variable

EMG activity

A researcher wants to assess the effect of two types of exercise regimes aiming to improve flexibility following lower limb fracture. Patients were divided into the two types of exercise programs. The measurements were performed prior to the exercise program and following exercise program. The measurements included ROM of knee flexion, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, hip extension, hip flexion, hip abduction and hip adduction. What statistical procedure is MOST appropriate for this study?

MANOVA

A randomized control trial was conducted consisting of 2 groups who had knee osteoarthritis. Group A (n = 50) received hot pack Group B (n = 50) received strength training, What statistical test would be performed to: If there was a Group C (n = 50) which served as control and received no treatment, what test would be performed to test the difference in ROM between the three groups after 2 weeks

One way ANOVA

3 DPT students are looking at the effects of drugs on falls in older individuals, the student are using data from PAST patients medical records, which is the most appropriate study design

Retrospective controlled trials

cluster sampling is often preferred to other random sampling strategies because it

can be used when a sampling frame is not available

if the same therapist was used to measure data on both control and experimental groups what type of validity would be most likely violated?

compensatory equalization

in a study that was designed to compare the effects of TENS on shoulder pain, measurements and treatment were all preformed by the same PT. Identify the threat to validity

compensatory equalization

you read a study in which knee ROM was measured in a group of male and a group of female subjects in 2 positions with the order randomized. Knee ROM was recorded in each position. which of the following best described the design?

mixed

you read a study in which knee flexor strength was measured in a group of male and a group of females in 2 position with the order randomized: knee extension 20 degree, and knee extension 45 degree. knee flexor muscle EMG was recorded in each position. what of the following best describes the design?

mixed

MANOVA can be used with

multiple dependent variables

in a double blind study

neither the subject nor the researcher knows groups membership or treatment received

You want to determine whether a knee eccentric exercise program helps to increase strength in older adults. You enlist volunteers at a nursing home to participate in an exercise program for two months. Prior to beginning the class all participants were measured for strength and you re-measured them at the end of two months. You also asked residents of the nursing home who did not want to be in the exercise program if they would serve as controls and participate in the strength testing at the beginning and end of the two months. Which of the following best describes this design?

nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest

a randomized control trial was conducted consisting of 2 groups who had knee osteoarthritis. Group A (n = 50) received hot pack Group B (n = 50) received strength training. Which statistical test should be used to determine the individual differences in knee flexion ROM across both groups (regardless of the groups) from prior to intervention to 2 weeks to 2 months, when the assumptions of parametric tests are met

one way repeated subject ANOVA

a researcher wants to determine the effect of 3 types of breathing exercises on the respiratory rate following asthma. patients with asthma were divided into 3 types pf breathing exercise programs. the measurements included respiratory rate and heart rate. what statistical procedure is most appropriate for this study?

one-way ANOVA

you read a study with one group performed hamstring stretched in 3 positions with the order randomized. hamstring flexibility was recorded in each position. which of the following would be the most appropriate statistical test?

one-way ANOVA

functional status scale (normal, good, poor)

ordinal

A researcher wants to determine the relationship of stretching and the amount of flexibility without the effect of muscle length. Which statistical procedure is appropriate for this study

partial correlation

A researcher wants to study the relationship between the amount of hemoglobin and, VO2 max without the effect of training. Which statistical procedure is appropriate for this study

partial correlation

The purpose of the study was to study the reliability and validity of Herrington's method, a method used to measure the position of patella in women who play soccer. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. The gold standard method to measure the position of patella is Xray. In this study, the position of the patella was measured using Herrington's method. To do this, the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur and mid-point of the patella were palpated on the subject's knee, which was positioned and supported in 20° of knee flexion (in order to place the patella within the trochlea groove). The distance from the palpated position of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur to the mid-point of the patella was then marked on a piece of folded zinc oxide tape. The measurements on all subjects were repeated three times in one session by one physical therapist. The study also tested in Herrington's method can be used as a substitute for X ray. what statistic would be appropriate for the authors to test the validity in this study

pearson's correlational coefficient

mr smiths son has applied to sage DPT program but the application was denied solely on low score on SAT. which of the following characteristics if the SAT scores is this student questioning?

predictive validity

Effects if adjunctive exercise on physiological and psychological parameters in depression: a randomized pilot trial

primary

you are asked to find an article on e-stim. what database will be most suited to find articles related to this topic?

pubmed/medline

a well written research question should have all of the following except

quantifiable and measurable independent variables

you are asked to find an article on E-stim, what type of research article will be your first choice?

randomized controlled trial

2 DPT students are reviewing the literature for the effects of cupping technique in increasing hamstring flexibility. according to the levels of evidence, what studies provides the BEST evidence for support of cupping in increasing the hamstrings flexibility

randomized controlled trials

head circumference measured in cm

ratio

researcher wants to study the predictive relationship between blood pressure and physical activity. Which statistical procedure is appropriate for this study

regression analysis

which design allows subjects to act as their own controls? (hint: same subjects measured under all levels of IV)

repeated measure design

stratified sampling is used when

researchers want to represent different subgroups of the study

Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale , NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Association; 1988.

secondary

Systematic Review of outpatient services for chronic pain control.

secondary

____ occurs when every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample

simple random sampling

you read a study in which a group of male and a group of females subjects perform sit-ups in 3 positions with order randomized, horizontal, 25 degrees incline, and 40 degrees incline. abdominal muscle EMG activity was recorded in each position. what is the within subjects variable?

sit up position

case study

study includes description of patient or documentation of unusual conditions or the effects of unique interventions

cohort study

study where one group is followed over a period of time

when engaging in evidence based practice which of the following is considered the best evidence when making a clinical decision?

systematic review

all of the following are examples of non parametric tests except

t test

Which of the following is a continuous variable

age

After conducting a One-way ANOVA, if the main effect is significant what is your next step

analyze post hoc tests

after conducting a one-way ANOVA, if the main effect is significant what is your next step

analyze post hoc tests

A multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict the relationship between the heart rate, blood pressure and cholesterol levels in individuals with cardiac disease. The following results were obtained: R2 = 0.76, p = 0.02. For this study, the correlation coefficient between heart rate and blood pressure was found to be 0.88. You would conclude:

the could lead to multicollinearity and this could be a problem. you do not want high correlation between the two predictor variables

you plan to use a parametric test to analyze your data. which of the following may limit your ability to correctly use a parametric test?

the experimental group has 30 subjects, the control group has 20 and there is an unequal variance

main difference between the single factor and multiple factor design is

the number of independent variables

A multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict the relationship between the blood glucose, blood pressure and BMI in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The following results were obtained: R2 = 0.81, p = 0.08. You conclude that:

the p value is statistically not significant, hence we cannot comment on the R2 value

you read a study that tests the effect of two types of treadmill program on heart rate. Thirty subjects complete a low endurance treadmill program and the other thirty subjects complete a high endurance treadmill program. The 95% Confidence Interval constructed for the difference in the means for the above data is as follows: 95% Confidence Interval = -3.4 to 5.6 beats per minute. Based on these findings, the following will be the most appropriate conclusion:

there is NO statistically signifiant differences between the two treadmill programs

which of the following is not a purpose of non experimental research?

to determine if a treatment is effective by using cause and effect

you are treating a patient with balance problems who is part of a study testing the effectiveness of a balance exercise program. following 16 weeks of treatment, the subjects berg balance score has improved 40% compared to prior to starting the balance program. patient is not receiving any other treatment for her problems other than this exercise program. the patients responses are most likely due to

treatment (balance exercise program)

A purpose of a study is to assess the effects of wrist splint for managing pain in adults with carpal tunnel syndrome. in the above statement, the independent variable is wrist splint the best statement to describe directional alternative hypothesis is "wrist splint will decrease wrist pain in adults with carpal tunnel syndrome."

true

a purpose of a study is to assess the effects of wrist splint for managing pain in adults with carpal tunnel syndrome. in the above statement, the independent variable is wrist splint

true

in evidence based practice, systematic review is considered higher than randomized control trial in regards to hierarchy of evidence

true

you read a study using decongestive therapy to treat lymphedema, one group receives no treatment and the other receives decongestive compression therapy. which test is the most appropriate

two tailed t test, also one tailed t test

A researcher wants to determine the effect of two types of breathing exercises on the respiratory rate following asthma. Patients with asthma were divided into two types of breathing exercise programs. The measurements were performed prior to the exercise program, during the exercise program and following the exercise program. The measurements included respiratory rate and heart rate. What statistical procedure is MOST appropriate for this study?

two- way ANOVA mixed

An interaction effect is analyzed in a

two-way ANOVA

if your study's sample size is low, you are more likely to commit

type II error

you are asked to find an article on e-stim, your search yields 300 words. what option will help you narrow it down?

use key words

single subject design

using this design, a researcher draws conclusions about the effects of treatment based on a single patient under controlled conditions

a repeated measure design can be best described as which type of design?

within subjects

a researcher is conducting a study investigating the effectiveness of 3 different E-Stim techniques. Each participant in the study is assigned to one and only one e-stin technique, in order to examine the differences of one group to another. this is a ___ design

between-subjects

if a study uses too many statistical tests (alpha level inflation), this can be fixed by

bonferroni correction

your elderly patients performance on a balance test is 20. if the sample mean for the population is 30 and the standard deviation is 5. what is the z score?

-2

Approximately what percentage of mean scores fall below you observed mean if it is one standard deviation below the population mean?

34.13%

multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict the relationship between the heart rate, blood pressure and cholesterol levels in individuals with cardiac disease. The following results were obtained: R2 = 0.76, p = 0.02. You conclude that:

76% of the variability in cholesterol can be explained by both heart rate and blood pressure together

the ability of a research study to be generalizable to a population OUTSIDE the study is referred to as

external validity

you are successful in locating a study that was conducted in Australia. what type of validity are you concerned when using this in your clinic?

external validity

an experimental design can be conducted both retrospectively and prospectively

false

in a case control study a group of people are followed over a defined period of time

false

operational definition is how well the independent variable is well defined

false

which of the following means, standard deviation and sample size combinations would result in the most powerful statistical analysis?

group 1: 105.4 (10.1), n=100; group 2: 125.5 (12.4), n= 100

A rejection of the null hypothesis when in reality it should have been accepted is

Type I error

the difference between one tailed and two tailed test is

a one tailed t test yields a lower p value compared to the two tailed t tests

systematic review

a research study which includes a statistical summary of the results of many randomized control trials

The purpose of the study was to study the reliability and validity of Herrington's method, a method used to measure the position of patella in women who play soccer. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. The gold standard method to measure the position of patella is Xray. In this study, the position of the patella was measured using Herrington's method. To do this, the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur and mid-point of the patella were palpated on the subject's knee, which was positioned and supported in 20° of knee flexion (in order to place the patella within the trochlea groove). The distance from the palpated position of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur to the mid-point of the patella was then marked on a piece of folded zinc oxide tape. The measurements on all subjects were repeated three times in one session by one physical therapist. The study also tested in Herrington's method can be used as a substitute for X ray. what VALIDITY was tested in this study

concurrent vaildity

a researcher is using a "fatigue" questionnaire in his study, the researcher wants to check if the questionnaire includes a list of all items necessary to assess a person's fatigue. what type of measurement validity is the researcher concerned about

content validity

Head circumference measured in cms is

continuous variable

you have chosen to study the effects of a new treatment for patient who had TKR surgery. over the next 3 months you randomly assign patients coming to your clinic status post TKR surgery to traditional or new treatment protocol. this is an example of

convenience sampling with random assignment

a study designed to establish the relationship between two variables is best described as

correlational

when engaging in evidence-based practice, which of the following is considered the best evidence when making a clinical decision?

correlational studies

functional status scale (normal, good, poor) is a

discrete variable

The purpose of the study was to study the reliability and validity of Herrington's method, a method used to measure the position of patella in women who play soccer. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. The gold standard method to measure the position of patella is Xray. In this study, the position of the patella was measured using Herrington's method. To do this, the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur and mid-point of the patella were palpated on the subject's knee, which was positioned and supported in 20° of knee flexion (in order to place the patella within the trochlea groove). The distance from the palpated position of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur to the mid-point of the patella was then marked on a piece of folded zinc oxide tape. The measurements on all subjects were repeated three times in one session by one physical therapist. The study also tested in Herrington's method can be used as a substitute for X ray. What outcome measure is the primary variable being investigated in this study

herrington method

Assume that the regression predicting blood glucose (BG) from a patien's BMI is BG = 35 (BMI) + 15. This means

increase in BG of 35 mmol/L for every 1kg/m2 increase in BMI

A randomized control trial was conducted consisting of 2 groups who had knee osteoarthritis. Group A (n = 50) received hot pack Group B (n = 50) received strength training. What statistical test would be performed to determine the difference in knee ROM between Group A and Group B at 2 weeks

independent t test

a researcher used a posttest that was far too easy for the subjects in both the experimental and treatment groups, most subjects earned a perfect score. what threat to internal validity is a problem?

instrumentation

After conducting a Two-Way ANOVA, which result is analyzed FIRSt

interaction effect

in a study that was designed to compare the effects of e-stim and ice on ankle edema, 10%of the e-stim and 30% of the ice treatment groups dropped out. this is a threat to what type of validity

internal validity

in another study that looked at age related changes in balance, the sample was selected from individuals living in a nursing home. you should be concerned about the sampling procedures as a threat to

internal validity

which of the following in not considered as a descriptive statistic

intra class correlation coefficient

The purpose of the study was to study the reliability and validity of Herrington's method, a method used to measure the position of patella in women who play soccer. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. The gold standard method to measure the position of patella is Xray. In this study, the position of the patella was measured using Herrington's method. To do this, the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur and mid-point of the patella were palpated on the subject's knee, which was positioned and supported in 20° of knee flexion (in order to place the patella within the trochlea groove). The distance from the palpated position of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur to the mid-point of the patella was then marked on a piece of folded zinc oxide tape. The measurements on all subjects were repeated three times in one session by one physical therapist. The study also tested in Herrington's method can be used as a substitute for X ray. what type of reliability was tested in this study

intra rater

you did a reliability study and wanted to determine whether two sets of measurements were similar. which of the following would be the most appropriate statistic?

intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)

the hypothesis is found in which section of a research article

introduction

the purpose statement is found in which section of an article

introduction

A null hypothesis should be rejected when the p-value

is less than the significance level

A study determined the relationship between strength and muscle mass in individuals with muscle myopathy. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.49 (p = 0.76) was observed. Based on the results you conclude that

low correlation which is NOT statistically significant

A study determined the relationship between strength and muscle mass in individuals with muscle myopathy. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.49 (p < 0.0001) was observed. Based on the results you conclude that:

low correlation which is statistically significant

After conducting a One-way ANOVA, which result is analyzed FIRST

main effect

Following a two way ANOVA, if an interaction effect is NOT significant, what would you analyze next

main effect

after conducting a one-way ANOVA, which result is analyzes first

main effect

a randomized control trial was conducted consisting of 2 groups who had knee osteoarthritis. Group A (n = 50) received hot pack Group B (n = 50) received strength training. What statistical test would be performed to determine the difference in pain using Visual Analog scale (pain rating 0 -10) between Group A and Group B at 2 weeks, when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met.

man whitney

you are treating a pt with stroke (1 month post stroke) who is part of your study testing the effectiveness of electronic AFO. The subjects gait speed has improved 35% prior to the use of the AFO. Patients UE and speech function also has shown significant improvements. Her responses are most likely due to

maturation

The purpose of the study was to study the reliability and validity of Herrington's method, a method used to measure the position of patella in women who play soccer. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. The gold standard method to measure the position of patella is Xray. In this study, the position of the patella was measured using Herrington's method. To do this, the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur and mid-point of the patella were palpated on the subject's knee, which was positioned and supported in 20° of knee flexion (in order to place the patella within the trochlea groove). The distance from the palpated position of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur to the mid-point of the patella was then marked on a piece of folded zinc oxide tape. The measurements on all subjects were repeated three times in one session by one physical therapist. The study also tested in Herrington's method can be used as a substitute for X ray. the value of reliability statistic in this study is 0.91. will you use the herringtons method in your clinic

yes