research in growth & motor development

flexion of the upper limbs

In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint) - For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion - movments of the arm at the shoulder, hand at the wrist, and the fingers

Flexion of the lower limbs

In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint -Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh

opposition

Opposition is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.

Hyperflexion

hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint -flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

Retraction

Retraction is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column - For the mandible, , retraction pulls the lower jaw backward

Reposition

Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition.

Side Flexion of the head and trunk

Side Flexion (lateral flexion) is the bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side

what is upward ( lateral) and downward ( medial) rotation?

Upward and downward rotation are movements of the scapula and are defined by the direction of movement of the glenoid cavity. These movements can also be referred to as "lateral rotation" of the scapula or "medial rotation" of the scapula if one is using the inferior angle of the scapula as a reference point of movement.

Supination

movements of the forearm - In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward. This is the supinated position of the forearm - In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other - the movements of the forearm that go between these two positions.

Retrusion

moving a part of the body posteriorly (as in tucking in the chin) - Retrusion: located posterior to the normal position

Explain the movement of "Whiplash."

n cases of "whiplash" in which the head is suddenly moved backward and then forward, a patient may experience both hyperextension and hyperflexion of the cervical region.

explain rotation at a pivot joint

- At a pivot joint, one bone rotates in relation to another bone. This is a uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a pivot joint. - In the forearm, this rotation is referred to as "supination" and "pronation

Extension of the upper limbs

- in the limbs, while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint. - for the upper limb, all posterior-going motions are extension -movments of the arm at the shoulder, hand at the wrist, and the fingers

flexion of head and neck

-take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs. - flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body

Circumduction

Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.

depression

Depression are downward movements of the scapula or mandible - the downward movement of the scapula and shoulder is depression - These movements are used to shrug your shoulders. - depression is the downward movement that produces opening of the mouth

medial rotation of the scapula

Downward (medial) rotation of the scapula occurs during limb adduction and involves the downward motion of the glenoid cavity (or medial rotation of the inferior angle of the scapula).

upward rotation of scapula

During upward rotation of the scapula, the glenoid cavity moves upward (this can also be called "lateral rotation" of the scapula since the inferior angle of the scapula is moving laterally as the glenoid cavity moves upward). • This is a very important motion that contributes to upper limb abduction Upward (lateral) rotation of the scapula is thus required for full abduction of the upper limb.

excursion

Excursion is the side to side movement of the mandible.

flexion and extension of the thumb

For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm

Hyperextension

Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus possibly resulting in injury - Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow.

Inversion

Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline - The foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion. - are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint.

what does circumduction involve and what types of motion is found here

It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. This type of motion is found at biaxial condyloid and saddle joints, and at multiaxial ball-and-sockets joints.

lateral excursion

Lateral excursion (lateral deviation) moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side.

medial excursion

Medial excursion (medial deviation) returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline

Protraction

Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball - For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin

protrusion

Protrusion may also describe the forward movement of the tongue - Protrusion: located forward of the normal position (example: protrusion of the mandible or tongue) - Protusion is an alternate term for the anteiorposterior movement of the mandible

Eversion

are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. - while eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.

Dorsiflexion

are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint - Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion - These are the only movements available at the ankle joint

plantar flexion

are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint - while lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion - These are the only movements available at the ankle joint.

Pronation

are movements of the forearm - When the palm of the hand faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position, and the radius and ulna form an X-shape

elevation

elevation is upward movements of the scapula or mandible. The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation - Similarly, elevation of the mandible is the upward movement of the lower jaw used to close the mouth or bite on something - These movements are used to shrug your shoulders.

roatation

rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint. - Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae.

Extension of head and trunk

straightens trunk or neck in the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs - involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward.