Research Methods 12-14
A researcher is interested in knowing whether responses to lowering the legal age for drinking alcohol varies by gender. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this type of data?
chi-square test
In ________ replications, researchers attempt to understand the relationships among abstract ________ variables by using new, or different, operational definitions of those variables.
conceptual; conceptual
The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( r) does not detect
curvilinear relationships.
A(n) ________ replication is an attempt to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.
exact
________ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized, while ________ validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect.
external, internal
Which of the following is one of the most important reasons a meta-analysis can lead to clear conclusions?
focuses on effect size
A ________ uses bars to display a frequency distribution for a quantitative variable.
histogram
The ________ is an appropriate measure of central tendency when scores are on an ordinal scale.
median
When findings are replicated using ________, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings ________.
multiple methods; increases
Which of the following scales of measurement lacks numerical properties?
nominal scale
According to the ________ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect.
null
A professor at a university ranks subjects based on students' preferences identified through a survey. Science is ranked first, mathematics second, and management third. In this scenario, which of the following types of measurement scale has the professor employed?
ordinal scale
A multiple correlation is the correlation between a combined set of ________ variables and a single ________ variable.
predictor; criterion
The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to as
probability
________ variables have both equal intervals and an absolute zero point that indicates the absence of the variable being measured.
ratio scale
________ of research is a way of overcoming any problems of generalization that occur in a single study.
replication
All statistical techniques rely on ________ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis.
sampling distributions
A ________ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal.
significant
The ________ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other.
t-test
A one-tailed statistical test is used when
there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.
When describing relationships between variables, a Pearson r correlation of 0.00 indicates that
there is no relationship between the variables.
Inferential statistics
used to make conclusions about data
The scores obtained by five college students on a test are 25, 25, 30, 35, and 40. What is the mean for this set of scores?
31
Which of the following is true of standard deviation?
It becomes larger as more people have scores that lie farther from the mean value.
Which of the following is true of error variance?
It is the variability of scores within a group.
Which of the following is true of effect size?
It ranges from 0.00 to 1.00, irrespective of the variables used.
________ are calculations used to predict a person's score on one variable when that person's score on another variable is already known.
Regression equations
Which of the following is true of frequency polygons?
They use a line to represent the distribution of frequencies of scores.
The grades received by 10 college students on a test are A, B, D, A, A, A, C, B, C, and A. From this data, it can be inferred that the mode is
a
Which of the following examples best represents the use of an interval scale?
assessing students' ratings of their professors' performance on a five-point scale ranging from poor to excellent
