Research Methods I: Chapter 10

*a nonequivalent groups design is always threatened by

assignment bias

which threat occurs in nonequivalent group designs because the groups probably have different participant characteristics

assignment bias

*a strength of longitudinal design

avoids cohort effects

one of multiple individuals who are of similar age and grew up under similar circumstances

cohort

difference between age groups that's caused by characteristics other than age

cohort effect

pre-post designs are threatened by

factors related to the passage of time

a differential research design comes closer to being a true experiment that other similar designs

false

a pretest-posttest study is an example of a nonequivalent groups design

false

a repeated-measures analysis of variance is the appropriate statistical analysis for comparing mean differences for a differential design comparing samples representing three population

false

history effects occur in nonequivalent group designs because the groups probably have different participant characteristics

false

the changes that occur as a person ages from child to adult to elderly are called cohort effects

false

the concept of nonequivalent groups means that the number of participants is different from one group to another

false

a researcher studies language development by selecting a sample of two year old children and giving them a language skills test. each year for the next two years, the children are brought back and tested again. the researcher plans to compare the children's scores at age two, three, and four. this study is an example of a

longitudinal developmental design

developmental research strategy that makes a series of observations or measurements overtime

longitudinal developmental research design

strategy in which the researcher uses preexisting groups as treatments and controls

nonequivalent control group design

strategy in which different groups of participants are formed without the researcher controlling assignment

nonequivalent group design

the researcher is LEAST likely to randomly assign individuals to treatment groups in which type of study

nonequivalent group design

a series of observations before treatment allows a researcher to determine whether

scores are influenced by some factor unrelated to the treatment

a research study that evaluates changes in behavior related to age by examine different groups of individuals, with each group representing a different age, is called

a cross-sectional developmental design

which study illustrates a non experimental study

a study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability vs scores for children without a learning disability

last year, the state increased the speed limit on one section of highway from 55 to 65 mph. to evaluate the effect of the change, a researcher gathered accident reports for 6 months before the change and for 6 months after the change. this is an example of

a time-series design

which of these designs comes closest to being a true experiment

a time-series design

non experimental research design used to examine the relationship between age and other variables

developmental research design

time-related threat to internal validity that affects the groups differently

differential effect

nonexperimental method that compares preexisting groups, rather than randomly assigning individuals to groups

differential research design

which research design is used by a researcher comparing self-esteem scores for children from divorced families vs scores for children from families with no divorce

differential research design

strategy consisting of a series of observations before and after an event

interrupted time-series design

loss of participants that occurs during the course of a research study conducted over time

participant attrition

a problem with nonequivalent group designs is that any difference found could be explained by

participant characteristics

method in which two groups (no treatment & treatment) are measured after treatment

posttest-only nonequivalent control group design

quasi-experimental or non-experimental method consisting of a series of observations made over time

pre-post design

single-group method involving one measurement before treatment and one after

pretest-posttest design

quasi-experimental method comparing two nonequivalent groups before and after treatment

pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design

a researcher introduces a new mathematics program in one school district and uses a neighboring district as a no-treatment control group. before the program begins, the students in both districts are given a standardized mathematics test. after the program is in place for 6 months, the students are tested again and the researcher compares the before and after scores for the 2 groups. this research study is classified as

quasi-exerimental

construct that differentiates the groups or conditions being compared

quasi-independent variable

evaluation of mean differences on the same measures for subjects measured at different times

repeated-measured t test

occurrence wherein participants' responses are affected by participation i earlier treatment

testing effect

*a nonequivalent groups design is characterized by

the lack of random assignment of subjects

a clinical psychologist measures body satisfaction for a group of clients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa each day for one week before and one week after the psychologist begins a series of group therapy sessions. this is an example of a

time-series design

quasi-experimental research strategy consisting of a series of observations before and after a treatment

time-series design

a cross-sectional design comparing three different ages would require three separate groups of participants

true

a researcher in mississippi measured visits to the school counselor for a group of students for three weeks in the spring. in the fall, immediately after a major hurricane, the researcher again measured the students' counselor visits to see if there had been any changes. this researcher is using an interrupted time-series design

true

non experimental research typically involves looking at differences between preexisting groups or at changes that occur over time

true

one group is measured before and after a treatment in a typical pre-post study

true

quasi-experimental studies attempt to minimize threats to validity but non experimental studies make little or no attempt

true

the pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design reduces the threat of assignment bias and limits time-related threats and therefore is a quasi-experimental design

true