Research Methods Practice & Graded Quizzes 1-5
A researcher measured the hemoglobin of 100 students, and found that the mean was 12, with standard deviation of 2. The data were normally distributed. What is the z-score for a hemoglobin of 14? 1 2 -1 1.5
1
2. Be able to describe the 3 principles of human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont Report (hint: check the end of CA 4)
1. Respect for persons, 2. Benefice, 3. Justice
A researcher measured the hemoglobin of 100 students, and found that the mean was 12, with standard deviation of 2. The data were normally distributed. What is the range for 68% of all values fall? 10-12 10-14 12-16 18-24
10-14
A researcher measured the hemoglobin of 100 students, and found that the mean was 12, with standard deviation of 2. The data were normally distributed. What is the range for 95% of all values fall? 10-12 12-16 18-24 8-16
8-16
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Summary of article. with the correct answer from above. B = Background/Introduction A = Abstract D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions R = Results M = Methods
A = Abstract
4. Lesser et al. (2007) report that published research studies funded exclusively by food and beverage companies were 4 to 8 times more likely to report conclusions favorable to the financial interests of the sponsoring company than published research studies that were not sponsored by food and beverage companies. This finding illustrates which of the following considerations in evaluating the ethical conduct of published research: a. conflict of interest b. breach of confidentiality C. case of subject deception d. failure of disclosure
A.
A study was done to determine if a 4-week novel strengthening program improved reaction speed among college soccer players. Forty soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group 1- novel strength training (intervention group) and group 2 - standard conditioning (control group). Reaction speed (in seconds) was measured in all study participants upon enrollment into the study (Baseline) and after the study (Final). Reaction speed was normally distributed at both time points. P-values for the difference in reaction speed between groups was P=0.90 at Baseline and P=0.01 at Final. Which was the statistical test for these analyses? Student's (Independent) T-test Paired T-test
Student's (Independent) T-test
Research is done to learn more about human health, and/or to find better ways to prognose, diagnose, and treat health conditions and improve health. True False
True
Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions True False
True
The goal of translational science is to speed up the process of moving research discoveries from the laboratory into healthcare practices and into the community. True False
True
Smoking recorded as number of cigarettes per week is a ______________ . dichotomous categorical variable nominal categorical variable discrete numerical variable ordinal categorical variable
discrete numerical variable
Quasi-experimental studies are the gold standard for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. True False
false
At the study design phase, an investigator set the alpha level (significance level) at 0.05. Which of the following p-value results would be considered statistically significant given an alpha level of 0.05? P=.18 P=.01 P=0.40 P=.09
p=0.01
A study was done to determine the effect of regular exercise on quality of life among CAHS students. The primary dependent (outcome) variable is: exercise gender college quality of life
quality of life
Identify the type of research question for this scenario: In adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, is consuming turmeric tea more effective than taking Humira at reducing joint pain? prognostic diagnostic treatment
treatment
The following are the steps of Evidence Based Practice. Match the steps on the left with their correct order on the right. Critically appraise the evidence Evaluate your performance Formulate a clinical question Implement the evidence into clinical practice Find the evidence with efficiency
Critically appraise the evidence-3 Evaluate your performance-5 Formulate a clinical question-1 Implement the evidence into clinical practice-4 Find the evidence with efficiency-2
Match What is the best way to determine nutritional status in a child with a traumatic brain injury? with the correct question type. I = Intervention (treatment) question D = Diagnostic question P = Prognostic question
D = Diagnostic Question
Match What is the best way to assess executive functioning skills in adults with traumatic brain injury? with the correct question type. P = Prognostic question D = Diagnostic question I = Intervention (treatment) question
D = Diagnostic question
Match Will the anterior drawer test accurately identify an acute ACL injury? with the correct question type. I = Intervention (treatment) question P = Prognostic question D = Diagnostic question
D = Diagnostic question
A hypothesis is a wild guess about how a research study will turn out. True False
False
Evidence based practice is the same process as conducting research. True False
False
Health is the absence of disease or infirmity. True False
False
Identify the type of research question for this scenario: What are the dietary factors that predict a healthy weight (BMI <25) in individuals who have a family history of obesity? prognostic diagnostic treatment
prognostic
________________ refers to the reproducibility (consistency) of the measurements using your instrument, while ________________ is indicative of your instrument measuring what you actually intend to measure. stability, dependability validity, reliability dependability, stability reliability, validity
reliability, validity
Inferential (analytical) statistics make inferences from a ________ to a ___________ . sample, population mean, standard deviation population, sample
sample, population
A researcher collected hemoglobin of 100 students. The data are normally distributed. What is an appropriate way to express the variability of the data? standard deviation median mean quantile
standard deviation
The scientific method is: the approach scientists use to predict problems and question solutions the approach scientists use to make problems and ask questions the approach scientists use to ask questions and solve problems
the approach scientists use to ask questions and solve problems
The mean is: the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution the most frequent score in a distribution the midpoint in a distribution; the score that divides the group in half the arithmetic average of a distribution of scores and the most commonly used measure of central tendency
the arithmetic average of a distribution of scores and the most commonly used measure of central tendency
The mode is: the arithmetic average of a distribution of scores and the most commonly used measure of central tendency the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution the most frequent score in a distribution the midpoint in a distribution; the score that divides the group in half
the most frequent score in a distribution
Identify the type of research question for this scenario: For women under age 65, does the daily use of 80mg low-dose Aspirin reduce the future risk of stroke compared with no usage of low-dose Aspirin? prognostic treatment diagnostic
treatment
Some types of PICOT questions may not have a control/comparison group. True False
true
1. Which of the following was the first document in the history of research methods to establish the rights of research participants? Which was the first U.S. based document to establish basic principles of ethical research with human subjects? a. The Belmont Report b. The Tuskegee Report c. The HELA Code d. The Nuremberg Code
a. Belmont Report
The PICOT format is best designed for asking which type of research questions: Clinical Descriptive Qualitative Basic science
clinical
When using a t-test, the format of the dependent variable is: nominal continuous dichotomous
continuous
When using a t-test, the format of the independent variable is: dichotomous continuous and normally distributed nominal
dichotomous
Hearing loss recorded as "yes" or "no" is a _____________ . nominal categorical variable continuous variable dichotomous categorical variable ordindal categorical variable
dichotomous categorical variable
A study was done to determine the effect of regular exercise on quality of life among CAHS students. The primary independent variable is: gender quality of life college exercise
exercise
The goal of translational science is to: A. help scientists understand how their research impacts diverse populations of people B. expedite the translation of science from the laboratory into clinical practice and the community C. increase cost-effectiveness of science and medicine
expedite the translation of science from the laboratory into clinical practice and the community
When a conclusion holds true for a population, group, setting or event beyond what was tested in a research study, then the study is considered to be: A. participatory B. generalizable C. reproducible
generalizable
Participants are tested for COVID. The results are either "negative", "positive", or "equivocal." What kind of format is this variable? Continuous Ordinal Discrete Nominal
nominal
A student rates her satisfaction with a course she is taking on a 5-point scale from 1 = not at all satisfied to 5 = very satisfied. What kind of format is this variable? Discrete Nominal Continuous Ordinal
ordinal
Research participants' weight status was classified as "underweight", "normal", "overweight" or "obese" for data analysis. What variable format was used in data analysis? continuous variable nominal categorical variable ordinal categorical variable dichotomous categorical variable
ordinal categorical variable
Based on the title, identify the type of scientific publication: A study was done involving 50 college students to determine the effect of 8 weeks of daily meditation on stress. Original research article Review article
original research article
When you want to compare outcomes within groups you should use a _____________, while when you want to compare outcomes between groups you should use a _________. student's independent t-test, paired t-test paired t-test, student's independent t-test
paired t-test, student's independent t-test
A study was designed to analyze the age-specific pattern of auditory brain response (ABR) in preterm children as a function of their gestational age at birth. Two hundred preterm children aged from 6 months to 15 years old were divided into two groups: children with a gestational age at birth of 32-36 weeks (Group 1) and children with a gestational age of 22-31 weeks (Group 2). Hearing was assessed by measuring ABR at three time points over one year. What is the dependent variable? Gestational age ABR Subject group Testing time
ABR
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Describes what's known, what's not known and explains the gap in the literature and how this study will fill that gap and why it's important. with the correct answer from above. A = Abstract D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions M = Methods R = Results B = Background/Introduction
B = Background/Introduction
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Usually the purpose of the study and/or the research question and/or the hypothesis is at the end of this section. with the correct answer from above. M = Methods R = Results B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions A = Abstract
B=Background/introduction
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement The objective of the present research is to confirm the effectiveness of Kaledo in improving nutrition knowledge and in promoting long-term healthy dietary behavior in a large cohort study. with the correct answer from above B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
B=background/Introduction
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Comparing the results to previous studies and speculating why there may be differences between the current study and previous studies. with the correct answer from above. A = Abstract R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions B = Background/Introduction M = Methods
D = Discussion and/or summary or conclusions
3. According to the CITI training modules, which of the following is an accurate list of the specifically identified "vulnerable populations," requiring extra consideration in research study design and informed consent? a. Students/employees, prisoners, elderly, and ethnic minorities b. Prisoners, elderly, terminally ill, and pregnant women and children c. Pregnant women and children, prisoners, ethnic minorities, and students/employees d. Pregnant women and children, prisoners, terminally ill, and students/employee
D.
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Our results agree with previous studies showing that school-based programs can be effective in increasing consumption of healthy foods, knowledge nutrition, and physical activity [17, 31]. with the correct answer from above B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
D=Discussion
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Limitations of the study: External factors (e.g., education at school or from parents) could have possibly biased our results. We could also not control for the number and the conditions of the extra game sessions (played by children that were absent during a scheduled session) therefore introducing a possible positive bias if the extra game sessions were numerous and the players were in a favorable context for learning (e.g. less children and classroom noise)... with the correct answer from above R = Results B = Background/Introduction M = Methods D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
D=Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Implications of the study findings (e.g., how this new knowledge may influence clinical practice). with the correct answer from above. D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction R = Results M = Methods
D=Discussion and/or summary or conclusions
Participants are tested for COVID. The results are either "negative" or "positive". What kind of format is this variable? Dichotomous Ordinal Nominal Discrete
Dichotomus
What section of a scientific article compares the results to previous studies and speculating why there may be differences between the current study and previous studies? Methods Discussion Intro/background Results
Discussion
Select the list that shows the correct sequence of Evidence Based Practice: A. Find the evidence with efficiency, Critically appraise the evidence, Formulate a clinical question, Implement the evidence into clinical practice, Evaluate your performance B. Evaluate your performance, Formulate a clinical question, Find the evidence with efficiency, Critically appraise the evidence, Implement the evidence into clinical practice C. Formulate a clinical question, Find the evidence with efficiency, Critically appraise the evidence, Implement the evidence into clinical practice, Evaluate your performance D. Find the evidence with efficiency, Critically appraise the evidence, Formulate a clinical question, Implement the evidence into clinical practice, Evaluate your performance
Formulate a clinical question, Find the evidence with efficiency, Critically appraise the evidence, Implement the evidence into clinical practice, Evaluate your performance
Match Will a special I-phone app improve healthy eating in a teenager with Type 1 diabetes? with the correct question type. I = Intervention (treatment) question D = Diagnostic question P = Prognostic question
I = Intervention (treatment) question
Match Will a weightlifting program (3x/week x 12 weeks) increase bone density in an older female with osteopenia? with the correct question type. D = Diagnostic question P = Prognostic question I = Intervention (treatment) question
I = Intervention (treatment) question
Match Will hearing aids increase social participation in older adults with hearing loss? with the correct question type. D = Diagnostic question I = Intervention (treatment) question P = Prognostic question
I = Intervention (treatment) question
Match Will lower extremity strengthening improve balance in an older adult? with the correct question type. I = Intervention (treatment) question P = Prognostic question D = Diagnostic question
I = Intervention (treatment) question
The question "Will hearing aids increase social participation in older adults with hearing loss?" is is what type of research question? Intervention (treatment) Diagnostic Prognostic
Intervention
Usually the purpose of the study and the hypothesis is at the end of this Section Results Methods Intro/background Discussion
Intro/background
Which is a correct reason to utilize a quasi-experimental study design over a randomized controlled trial study design for answering a treatment research question? There is an increased likelihood of there being differences between groups with an RCT. You are less likely to have differences in the distribution of baseline characteristics with a quasi-experimental study design. The RCT has decreased internal validity. It can be unethical or illegal to randomize participants.
It can be unethical or illegal to randomize participants.
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Describes how the data analysis was conducted, including the statistical tests used. with the correct answer from above. D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions M = Methods B = Background/Introduction R = Results A = Abstract
M=Methods
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Describes the sample and participants and how they were recruited. with the correct answer from above. R = Results B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions M = Methods A = Abstract
M=Methods
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement If the study involves randomized groups, the details of how the randomization was conducted will be in this section. with the correct answer from above. B = Background/Introduction A = Abstract M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
M=Methods
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Outcomes: The primary outcomes were (i) score on the Adolescent Food Habits Checklist (AFHC) [20], (ii) scores on six sections of the dietary questionnaire of Turconi et al. [32], and (iii) BMI zscore. The AFHC is a useful tool for the examination of healthy eating behaviors in adolescents (23 items, question type: "I make sure I eat at least one serving of fruit a day. True/False" [20]). (ii) The questionnaire of Turconi et al. is a dietary questionnaire on food habits, eating behavior, and nutrition knowledge. This questionnaire was used for the primary outcomes including: "Nutrition knowledge", "Physical activity and lifestyle," "Self efficacy", "Barriers to change." BMI z-score was calculated for each BMI measure with reference to age- and sex-specific limits provided by the Italian growth charts for south Italy [10]. BMI z-score was used to evaluate adiposity change in the growing children [12]. BMI threshold values for overweight and obesity during growth were calculated according to the method described by Cole et al. [11]. with the correct answer from above M = Methods R = Results B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
M=Methods
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Participants: We invited the principals and teachers of 12 public middle schools and 8 public high schools to take part in the trial. Eligibility criteria for the schools were to be placed in the province of Naples or in the province of Salerno (Campania, Italy). with the correct answer from above M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions B = Background/Introduction
M=Methods
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Statistical analysis: ANOVA was used to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients. Regression Modeling was used to determine differences in outcomes by randomization groups. with the correct answer from above M = Methods R = Results B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions
M=Methods
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement The 20 schools participating in the trial were randomly allocated to two independent groups. Similar to our previous pilot study [1], once a week, during the first 20 weeks after the trial start, in class, students from the schools assigned to the treatment group were involved in 15-30 min-long game sessions in class with the board game Kaledo. with the correct answer from above D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results
M=Methods
Match this statement A study was done by examining 10 previous studies to summarize the overall evidence for hearing aids to improve quality of life in older adults. The article states the inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select articles for the summary. with the correct type of scientific publication. Original Research--Qualitative Study Original Research--Quantitative Study Narrative Review
Narrative
Match this statement An article was written by an expert to describe the overall evidence for nutrition education in decreasing obesity in teenagers. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were provided for the selection of studies included in the article. with the correct type of scientific publication. Original Research--Quantitative Study Narrative Review Original Research--Qualitative Study
Narrative Review
A study examines if nicotine affects auditory performance. Young (18-27 years old), normal-hearing nonsmokers were randomly assigned to receive nicotine (Nicorette gum, 6mg) or placebo gum. Subjects performed four tasks to assess auditory performance (tone-in-noise detection, temporal gap detection, spectral ripple discrimination, and selective auditory attention) before and after treatment. Auditory performance differences between posttreatment nicotine and placebo conditions were measured. What is the null hypothesis? Nicotine compromises auditory performance. Nicotine affects auditory performance. Nicotine improves auditory performance. Nicotine does not affect auditory performance.
Nicotine does not affect auditory performance.
Match this statement A study was done involving 1,000 children under 6 years old to determine the risk factors associated with dyslexia. with the correct type of scientific publication. Original Research--Qualitative Study Original Research--Quantitative Study Narrative Review
Original Research - Quantitative study
Match this statement A study involving 20 subjects who were interviewed in-depth about their back pain to understand their coping strategies. Text from each interview was transcribed and analyzed for themes. with the correct type of scientific publication. Original Research--Quantitative Study Narrative Review Original Research--Qualitative Study
Original Research--Qualitative Study
Match this statement A study was done involving focus groups of caregivers of children under 6 years old to determine their perceived risk factors and lived experiences associated with dyslexia. with the correct type of scientific publication. Original Research--Qualitative Study Narrative Review Original Research--Quantitative Study
Original Research--Qualitative Study
Match this statement The electronic medical record was used to examine the frequency of pediatric COVID infections hospitalized at CCHMC in 2020. with the correct type of scientific publication. Narrative Review Original Research--Qualitative Study Original Research--Quantitative Study
Original Research--Quantitative Study
Match What are the risk factors of high cholesterol in persons with diabetes? with the correct question type. P = Prognostic question I = Intervention (treatment) question D = Diagnostic question
P = Prognostic question
Match What are the risk factors of falls in older adults? with the correct question type. D = Diagnostic question P = Prognostic question I = Intervention (treatment) question
P=Prognostic Question
A study was done to determine if a 4-week novel strengthening program improved reaction speed among college soccer players. Reaction speed (in seconds) was measured in 20 soccer players at the start of the study (PRE) and four weeks later (POST). Reaction speed was normally distributed. The P-value for mean change in reaction speed from PRE to POST was P=0.01. Which is the appropriate statistic for this analysis? Paired t-test Student's (Independent) T-test
Paired t-test
What does PICOT stand for? Patient/Investigation/Correlation/Outcome/Time Patient/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome/Time Problem/Intervention/Causation/Occurrence/Treatment Investigation/Causation/Occurrence/Treatment
Patient/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome/Time
The question "What is the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in 20 years in young adults with obesity?" is what type of research question? Intervention (treatment) Diagnostic Prognostic
Prognostic
A study was done to examine ways to improve the quality of life of older adults who previously had experienced a stroke. The article states that investigators held 4 focus groups each made up of 5 adults and their partners or caregivers. Based on this description, was this a qualitative or quantitative study design? Quantitative Qualitative
Qualitative
Does the following study use a randomized controlled trial or a quasi-experiment design: Self-regulation strategies are helpful for increasing goal commitment and maintaining behavior change. Evidence suggests that the self-regulation strategy of mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) shows promise in helping people increase their physical activity. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether these self-regulation strategies would increase physical activity, which would, in turn, improve well-being and mental health. In this study, participants attending high school A were allocated to an experimental group (n = 40) and those attending high school B were allocated to a control group (n = 45). The experimental group received self-regulation strategies, whereas the control group did not. Both groups were given a Fitbit and the goal of 10,000 steps per day. Participants' well-being and depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms were measured at baseline and after the 3-week intervention." Randomized Controlled Trial Quasi-Experimental study
Quasi-Experimental study
Does the following study use a randomized controlled trial or a quasi-experiment design: "This study tested the outcomes of a 3-month Sit Less, Walk More (SLWM) workplace intervention for office workers compared with usual care at 12 months from the baseline. The study was conducted in two different workplaces based on employer preference where Workplace 1 (n = 51 participants) received the multi-component intervention and Workplace 2 (n = 50 participants) received newsletters only. The outcomes of the study (self-reported psychosocial, physical activity, sitting, and lost productivity; objectively measured cardiometabolic biomarkers) were compared at baseline, 3, and 12 months. Generalized estimating equations analyses found that the intervention group had significant improvements in self-regulation for sitting less and moving more (P = 0.017), walking (P = 0.003), weight (P = 0.013), waist circumference (P = 0.002), and insulin (P = 0.000) at 12 months compared with the comparison group. Quasi-experimental design Randomized controlled trial
Quasi-experimental design
As a clinician or public health professional, it will be important for you to efficiently and effectively find the information you need in research articles. For each statement below, identify the section where the information is likely located in a research article. Note: A = Abstract is just used once for this matching exercise--use for the description that best describes overall purpose of the abstract. A = Abstract B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Most of the Tables and Figures are in this section. with the correct answer from above. B = Background/Introduction A = Abstract M = Methods D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions R = Results
R=Results
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement For Nutrition Knowledge, the regression model showed a significant effect for the factor treatment (p<0.001) and for the interaction treatment × time (p=0.001). with the correct answer from above R = Results B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions M = Methods
R=Results
Consider the following article: Viggiano et al. Kaledo, a board game for nutrition education of children and adolescents at school: cluster randomized controlled trial of healthy lifestyle promotion. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;174(2):217-28. PMID: 25048788. For each statement below, identify the section in the article where the information is likely located in the research article. You do not need to read the article to respond. B = Background/Introduction M = Methods R = Results D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions Match the statement Questionnaire scores for the treatment and control groups are shown in Table 2. with the correct answer from above B = Background/Introduction D = Discussion and/or Summary or Conclusions M = Methods R = Results
R=Results
In which type of study are participants assigned to a group using a randomization technique such as a random number generator, fair coin flip, or random envelop draw? Randomized Controlled Trial Quasi-Experimental study
Randomized Controlled Trial
The strongest type of study design for answering a Therapy/Treatment oriented PICOT question is: Case Report Randomized Controlled Trial Case Control Study Cohort Study
Randomized Controlled Trial
Weight is a continuous variable. The mean (standard deviation) weight among students in HLTH 3098 section 001 was 157 (12.2) pounds, and among students in section 002 was 165 (8.7) pounds, respectively. Which section has more variability in student weight? there is not enough information to answer this question two sessions have the same variability Section 002 Section 001
Section 001
A study examines if nicotine affects auditory performance. Young (18-27 years old), normal-hearing nonsmokers were randomly assigned to receive nicotine (Nicorette gum, 6mg) or placebo gum. Subjects performed four tasks to assess auditory performance (tone-in-noise detection, temporal gap detection, spectral ripple discrimination, and selective auditory attention) before and after treatment. Auditory performance differences between posttreatment nicotine and placebo conditions were measured. What is the independent variable? Hearing status Subject group assignment (nicotine or placebo gum) Age group Auditory performance
Subject group assignment (nicotine or placebo gum)
Analytical (inferential) statistics are used to... Describe the research findings Describe a sample (e.g., mean, mode, median) Test a hypothesis and infer results from a sample to a population Justify why the research is conducted
Test a hypothesis and infer results from a sample to a population
A study was designed to explore the effects of peer tutoring on the competencies of first-year students of a master program in speech-language pathology. Questionnaires were used to assess motivation, expectations, learning success, and competencies of 69 tutees in response to a peer-tutoring project that was designed to optimize the speech sound proficiency skills of the tutees. Quantitative assessment scores were statistically compared with those of a control group of students who did not participate in the peer-tutoring project. What is/are the dependent variable(s)? speech sound proficiency skills Tutoring method Student group The scores for motivation, expectations, learning success, and competencies
The scores for motivation, expectations, learning success, and competencies
A study was done to determine if reaction time is significantly different in 40 male college soccer players as compared to 40 male college basketball players. Reaction time is a continuous variable and was normally distributed, and in comparing this variable between groups, the Student's T-test P-value was p=.76. Based on the information given, what would you conclude? Male college basketball players have significantly faster reaction time than male college soccer players. There is no significant difference in reaction time between the groups. Not enough information is provided to answer this question.
There is no significant difference in reaction time between the groups.
The following are the types of translations research. Match the steps on the left with their correct order number on the right. Translation to Practice Basic Science Research Translation to Patients Translation to Community Translation to Humans
Translation to Practice-T3 Basic Science Research-T0 Translation to Patients-T2 Translation to Community-T4 Translation to Humans-T1
A study examined the effect of a physical therapy program for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Fifty-eight patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were enrolled in a 6-week physical therapy programs. The outcome is a treadmill test performance, which was normally distributed. Testing occurred at baseline, 6 weeks, and 1 year. What is the dependent variable for this study? Treadmill test performance Whether the person has lumbar spinal stenosis Study timepoint (duration of physical therapy program) Whether the person participated in the physical therapy program
Treadmill test performance
Evidence based practice (EBP) is the integration of evidence (research), clinical expertise and patient values. True False
True
Generalizability is a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations True False
True
It is important that participants in health research reflect the diversity of our culture. True False
True