Research Methods Quiz 3

You read: "People who sit within two tables of the bartender have three more alcoholic drinks, on average than those who sit three tables away." What are the variables in this claim? A. Sitting within two tables of the bartender versus sitting three tables away B. Sitting within two tables of the bartender C. How far you sit from the bartender and how many drinks you have D. Having three extra alcoholic drinks

How far you sit from the bartender and how many drinks you have

In most experiments, trade-offs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common trade-off? A. Internal and external validity B. Construct and statistical validity C. Statistical and internal validity D. External and statistical validity

Internal and external validity

Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. A. Perceived prejudiced attitudes B. Self-reported race on a questionnaire C. Age of participants D. Questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived

Perceived prejudice attitudes

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? A. Operational definitions answer the question, "why did the researchers measure this variable?" B. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others C. Conceptual and operational definition mean the same thing D. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally

Which of the following headlines is a causal claim? A. Taking a deep breath helps minimize high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression B. Younger people can't read emotions on wrinkled faces C. Strange but true: Babies born in the autumn are more likely to live to 100. D. Check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD

Taking a deep breath helps minimize high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression

Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in ____________ than _____________. A. External Validity; validating their casual claims B. The effect size of their findings; construct validity C. Generalizing to all minority groups; statistical validity D. Construct Validity; generalizing to all minority groups

The effect size of their findings; construct validity

Which of the following headlines is an association claim? A. Chewing gum can improve your mood and focus B. Handling money decreases helpful behavior in young children C. Workaholism is tied to psychiatric disorders D. Eating kiwis may help you fall asleep

Workaholism is tied to psychiatric disorders

A Type I error is known as which of the following? a. a near miss b. a missed opportunity c. a false negative d. a false positive

a false positive

Which of the following is an example of an association claim? A. "41% of people surveyed reported that they were having a good day." B. "Guzzling a 20-ounce bottle of soda ramps up cellular aging." C. "People who sit within two tables of the bartender have three more alcoholic drinks, on average than those who sit three tables away." D. "Viewing a recent conflict as it would look one year in the future led to increased feelings of forgiveness."

"People who sit within two tables of the bartender have three more alcoholic drinks, on average, than those who sit three tables away."

You read: "People who sit within two tables of the bartender have three more alcoholic drinks, on average than those who sit three tables away." What kind of study was this probably based on? A. A correlational study B. An experimental study

A correlational study

Which of the following phrases would indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? a. curbs b. seems to decrease c. may enhance d. All of these should be treated as a causal claim.

All of these should be treated as a causal claim.

Which of the following variables are manipulated, rather than measured? (Could be more than one.) A. Number of shoes owned, in pairs. B. A person's height, in cm. C. Amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325 mg or 500 mg. D. Degree of happiness, rated on a scale from 1 to 10. E. Type of praise a researcher uses in groups of dogs: verbal praise or a clicking sound paired with treats.

Amount of aspirin a researcher gives a person to take, either 325 mg or 500 mg.

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? A. Casual claim B. Frequency claim C. Anecdotal claim D. Association claim

Casual claim

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study? A. Construct validity B. Statistical validity C. External validity D. Internal validity

Construct validity

Which of the following headlines is a frequency claim? A. Obese kids are less sensitive to tastes B. Eighty percent of women feel dissatisfied with how their bodies look C. Feeling fat? Facebook is to blame. D. Daycare and behavioral problems are not linked

Eighty percent of women feel dissatisfied with how their bodies

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How did the researchers get their sample of people for this survey? A. Construct validity B. Statistical validity C. External validity D. Internal validity

External validity

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? A. He must conduct an experiment B. He must make a frequency claim first C. He must manipulate all his variables D. He must measure all of his variables

He must conduct an experiment

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? a. the covariance of the study b. the internal validity of the study c. the temporal precedence of the study d. the external validity of the study

the internal validity of the study

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. the number of words remembered b. the number of words on the list c. the emotional or neutral content of the words d. the length of the distractor task

the number of words remembered

Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment.In this study, the article's headline is ________ because ________. a. justified; the findings are significant b. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism c. justified; the researchers manipulated sexism d. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist

unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist