research quizes for finals
Which of the following sources are you most likely to consult when assessing the evidence on the relationship between vaccines and autism
An Institute of Medicine report by a panel of experts analyzing more than 1,000 research articles on the topic
Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle?
Anonymity Respect Anonymity Beneficence Justice
Lack of representation of minorities in clinical trials is a one of the challenges affecting the:
Applicability of evidence in systematic reviews to patients seen along the Texas-Mexico border (a population that is majority Hispanic).
Inter-rater or inter-observer reliability refers to:
Assessing the degree to which different observers give consistent ratings for an attribute being measured
Which is the most likely study design that the following excerpt employs? "In a hospital-based study of the association between coffee consumption and the occurrence of a stroke, a group of patients hospitalized after suffering a stroke was compared to a control population hospitalized for other reasons."
Case control
Categorical, ordinal
What type of variable is body mass index (BMI) in the following table? Body mass index Percent < 21 kg/m2 3.2 21-24.9 kg/m2 42.4 25-29.9 kg/m2 44.2
Anonymity is different from confidentiality. Anonymity requires that the researcher:
does not collect info from participants
The width of a confidence interval depends on S
All of the above Sample size Variation within a population of interest
A series of two cross-sectional studies, one conducted in 2010 and the other in 2015, is the same as a cohort study over the same time period and assessing the same variables.
false
According to Murad et al.'s article, the less consistent the results across studies, the higher the level of confidence in the effect estimates
false
In systematic reviews, any published article is eligible to be included.
false
True or False: After informed consent for a research study is given, a research participant must complete the study
false
True or False: Inconsistent or negative findings should not be included in a meta-analysis.
false
In the following research question, identify the independent variable(s). Do elderly patients have lower pain thresholds than younger patients?
pain
The baseline survey you completed at the beginning of this course is not likely to be approved by an Institutional Review Board because:
participants not vountary
Do prenatal vitamins during pregnancy impact delivery outcomes? The independent variable(s) in this research question is
prenatal vitamins INdependant first then dependat variable
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "We calculated means or percentages of participant characteristics by survey year and diabetes status. We then used multivariable logistic regression models with diabetes as the outcome and terms for survey year, age, race/ethnicity, and BMI to find the adjusted prevalence of diabetes by survey period, for which we computed predicted margins
: Methods
In the Adolescent Suicide Study by Shah et al., the conduct disorder variable was measured as a:
A dichotomous categorical variable
Which of the following is NOT likely to be considered when using evidence-based practice?
Administrative policies
In the following research question, identify the dependent variable(s). Are physician judgments of the direction of U.S. health care under the Affordable Care Act related to political affiliation and perceived social responsibility?
Affordable Care Act
To assess the association between Kawasaki syndrome* (KS) and carpet shampoo, investigators conducted a study with 100 cases (children with KS) and 100 controls (children without KS). Which study design does this excerpt refer to?
Case-control
To examine the association between fluoride exposure and a rare cancer in children (osteosarcoma), which research design is most appropriate?
Case-control
In a study of diabetes among Korean adults, participants were classified as having diabetes mellitus (DM) if they met one of the following conditions: 1) fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL or higher, 2) medical diagnosis of DM by a trained medical professional, or 3) treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin injections.
Categorical, dichotomous
In a study of factors associated with diabetes prevalence in the United States, fasting glucose was measured by obtaining a blood sample from participants according to a standardized protocol. The mean fasting glucose level was 89.9 mg/dL.
Categorical, nominal
The gender of patients is an example of which type of variable?
Categorical, nominal
The question on the baseline survey asking you about employment status with three answer options to select from (full-time, part-time, not currently working) is an example of:
Closed-ended question
Identify the type of sampling design described below. One hundred patients were randomly selected from a random sample of eight private oncology practices.
Cluster sampling
0 out of 4 points To assess the association between fitness levels and the incidence of dementia, which research design is most appropriate?
Cohort
The following research study title most likely reflects which type of research design? Association between Asthma and Risk of Developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Cohort
The following research study title most likely reflects which type of research design? Incidence of Lung Cancer among Persons with HIV in China
Cohort
Which is the most likely study design that the following excerpt employs? "We examined the association between acculturation and diabetes risk among Hispanic adults in the Houston area. During an annual follow-up survey over 3 years, participants indicated whether they were diagnosed with diabetes by a physician."
Cohort
The revised Declaration of Helsinki includes the following (Mark all that apply):
Compensation and treatment of research-related injuries Recommendation on increasing the participation of underrepresented groups in medical research Compensation and treatment of research-related injuries Emphasis on the dissemination of only positive research results Recommendation on increasing the participation of underrepresented groups in medical research Issues relevant to conducting research only in developed countries
Based on the following excerpt, please indicate the type of sampling design used: "The list of the previous day's hospital admissions was obtained from the admissions office each morning. The admission list was reviewed sequentially and the first patient who met the eligibility criteria and was an appropriate match to a case was approached." The next eligible patient was then approached until 60 patients were recruited over the three-week period.
Consecutive sampling
We developed the first draft [of the Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs] scale... by extracting items from gray and peer-reviewed literature directly documenting emergency affected people's views of perceived needs, such as previous humanitarian needs assessments, existing assessment reports of nongovernmental organizations, and published journal articles on perceived need." The aforementioned process refers to:
Content validity External validity Content validity Internal relaibility
In a study on the experiences of Rio Grande Valley residents with the enrollment process under the Affordable Care Act, researchers approached individuals at La Plaza Mall to see if they were interested in participating in the study. This is an example of:
Convenience sampling
To examine the association between smoking intensity (measured by number of cigarettes per day) and bone density (measured in g/cm3), which test would you use?
Correlation coefficient
The following research study title most likely reflects which type of research design? Overweight and Diabetes Prevalence among Immigrants to the United States
Cross-sectional
To examine physicians' current attitudes towards rising health care costs, which research design is most appropriate?
Cross-sectional
Which is the most likely study design that the following excerpt employs? "We assessed the association between religiosity and HIV stigma through a survey of 2345 congregants at primarily Latino faith-based organizations in Summer 2015."
Cross-sectional
The online survey you completed at the beginning of this course is an example of: Selected Answer:
Cross-sectional design Qualitative design Case control
To understand how access to and use of health care changed over time as provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) were implemented, a ______________ measure of time period (before the ACA and after the ACA) was included. What type of variable is the time period in this context?
Dichotomous
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "These cross-sectional data cannot establish causal relationships between any of the variables assessed in this analysis. We also did not ask for in-depth opinions about specific components of the ACA. Instead, we asked physicians whether they agreed or disagreed with the direction of U.S. health care under the ACA. Whether physicians agree with specific components of the ACA despite a visceral reaction against the law as a whole remains unclear. Although novel, the outcome measures reported here have not been extensively validated by multiple investigators in multiple samples overtime."
Discussion
The following are strengths of case-control studies (check all that apply):
Efficient for rare health conditions
According to Murad et al.'s Users' Guides to the Medical Literature, a credible systematic review requires (check all that apply):
Exhaustive literature search Well-defined and relevant clinical question Optimal summary and presentation of results in a useful manner
All of the following are true about a cohort research design,
Expensive to conduct Prospective Allows for the calculation of incidence Expensive to conduct
The following excerpt refers to the authors' attempt to establish which type of validity: "Participants completed the survey and then a trained interviewer asked questions encouraging participants to verbalize their thought process as they reviewed each question. We assessed whether participants interpreted the items as we intended, the adequacy of the response categories, and the variability of the item responses
Face validity Predictive validity
In the following research question, identify the independent variable(s). Does a face-to-face education and counseling intervention for patients with ischemic heart disease decrease their use of emergency medical services
Face-to-face education and counseling intervention
True or False: Non-probability samples are typically more representative than probability samples.
Fals
True or False: All the names and addresses of the subjects in a research study must be published to enable the replication of an investigation
False
True or False: Exclusion criteria are used to reject people from participating in a study based on personal biases.
False
True or False: The smaller the expected effect size, the smaller sample size needed.
False The same person measured twice tends to produce different results
Policies to minimize attrition bias include (check all that apply):
Follow up with participants between data collection points Collect multiple phone numbers for every particpant Provide incentives, such as gift cards, for participants Try to contact people more than once if they cannot be reached Follow up with participants between data collection points
This study has several limitations, including its small sample size that is partially related to the small patient load of the clinic." This limitation will most likely affect the
Generalizability of study findings
If a well-designed study shows a convincing advantage of one treatment over another, but is based on a sample size of 8 people in the two groups, then the study is likely to have
High internal and low external validity
1. Which of the following is a recent regulation that addresses an individual's privacy?
Hippa
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "Our study has several limitations. First, our sample size was relatively small. Despite this, we find significant results. Second, our survey had a low cumulative response rate. The rate was on par, however, with other nationally representative surveys conducted by nongovernmental organizations." Selected Answer:
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "Our study has several limitations. First, our sample size was relatively small. Despite this, we find significant results. Second, our survey had a low cumulative response rate. The rate was on par, however, with other nationally representative surveys conducted by nongovernmental organizations." Selected Answer: Discussion Answers: Introduction Methods Results Discussion
We recruited adult smokers who were addicted to tobacco, defined as those who smoked at least 15 cigarettes or 12.5 grams of loose-leaf tobacco daily..." This excerpt refers
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
The methods section of a research report
Informs the reader as to how the research study was carried out
One neuropsychiatrist administered the Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, and all sessions were videotaped. Then one clinical psychologist, one public health nurse and one neurologist, and one occupational therapist from another institution, viewed the videotape and performed reassessments." This excerpt refers to:
Inter-rater reliability
"Cronbach's alpha for the 912 participants is 0.88, which supports a good _____________ of the Drug Abuse Screening Test.."
Internal consistency
Which of the following should NOT be considered when estimating the sample size?
Internal consistency of measures Effect size Dropouts
The reader is acquainted with the research problem in which section of the report? Selected Answer: Introduction
Introduction
The sections to a quantitative research article are in this order
Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion Methods, Results, Discussion, Abstract Introduction, Results, Discussion, Methods
Given the myriad ways in which marijuana might potentiate vascular disease, we conducted a systematic review to assess the effect of regular marijuana use on cardiovascular outcomes and their associated risk factors." The independent variable in this study is:
Marijuana use
A population-based survey that contacts individuals by phone using a landline random-digit-dial is likely to suffer from the following bias:
Non-coverage bias
To evaluate the impact of influenza vaccine text message reminders in a low-income group of pregnant women, which of the following is an exclusion criteria?
Not having a cell phone Planning to move over the next three months Pregnancy
Consent forms include specific information required by the law and the institutions' Institutional Review Board. The consent forms must include the following information (Mark all that apply
Overall purpose of the study Possible risks and benefits to participants Confidentiality statement Investigators' names and institutional affiliations Overall purpose of the study Possible risks and benefits to participants Confidentiality statement Investigators' names and institutional affiliations
To compare the mean depression scores in patients treated with two different antidepressants, which statistical test would you use?
Probability sampling Consecutive sampling Convenience sampling
What type of bias is reflected in the following quote: "If multiple related studies are conducted but only positive results are reported ... [this] can distort the evidence base." (Hudson and Collins, 2015)
Publication bias
Level VI evidence per the hierarchy pyramid for levels of evidence (Polit et al, 2012) refers
Qualitative studies Systematic reviews Qualitative studies Expert opinions Randomized controlled trials
What are the components of evidence-based practice
Research findings Patient values Clinical expertise
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "We uncovered a statistically significant increase in the proportion of Flint children with [elevated blood lead levels] (EBLL) from the pre period to the proportion of Flint children in the post period. In the pre period, 2.4% of children in Flint had an EBLL; in the post period, 4.9% of children had an EBLL (P < .05)."
Results
Which of the following are important issues to be addressed when developing consent forms (Mark all that apply)?
Selected Answers: Readability level of the consent document Availability of consent form in different languages if research involves non-English speaking population groups Preferences of the research team for a short, concise, and quick-to-administer document Ensuring that subjects understand the risks and benefits of their participation in the study Answers: Readability level of the consent document Availability of consent form in different languages if research involves non-English speaking population groups Preferences of the research team for a short, concise, and quick-to-administer document Ensuring that subjects understand the risks and benefits of their participation in the study
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) has monitored the health of the nation annually since 1957. The NHIS collects data on a broad range of health topics through personal household interviews. Every year, a new household sample is drawn. Survey results have been instrumental in providing data to track health status, health care access, and progress toward achieving national health objectives. The NHIS is an example of which study design
Serial cross-sectional
Identify the type of sampling design described below. A sample of 300 physicians randomly selected from a roster of the American Medical Association members.
Simple random sampling Cluster sampling
Which group meets the study's inclusion criteria and is enrolled in the study?
Study subjects
The dependent variable in the Adolescent Suicide study by Shah et. is:
Suicide
The purpose of an abstract is to: Selected Answer:
Summarize the key elements of an article. Recommend key words to help in literature search.
Which of the following constitutes the highest level of evidence?
Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials
Identify the type of sampling design described below. Every 30th patient admitted to the emergency department at Valley Medical Center between June and December.
Systematic sampling Simple random sampling Cluster sampling
"In the current validation study, 912 patients answered questionnaires on an Ipad within 48 h of their admission at the emergency department. This is referred as Time 1 (T1) ... A subsample of 151 participants answered the questionnaires a second time within a 30-day interval just before they were discharged from the hospital. This is referred at Time 2 (T2)." Based on the above excerpt and this week's material, what in your opinion is the most likely reason to collect data at two points in time. To check for:
Test-retest reliability Content validity
A well-known project for constructing and disseminating the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses online is called
The Cochrane Collaboration
Your boss asks you to find out the guidelines for the management of diabetes mellitus. Which resource is most likely to provide the most rigorous evidence-based information?
The National Guideline Clearinghouse
As sample size increases
The random error decreases
The research question "How prevalent is depression among college students?" would be asked in a cross-sectional study.
True
True or False: In today's environment, a literature search uses both the Internet and traditional means as resources for identifying relevant papers.
True
True or False: The outcomes of systematic reviews and meta-analyses enable researchers and practitioners to make decisions based on overall evidence.
True
The term used to describe a patient's agreement to participate in a study about cognitive competencies before and after an intervention
informed consent
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major public health challenge because of its large effect on health. Diabetes affected an estimated 171 million people worldwide in 2000, and this number is projected to rise to 366 million by 2030, owing to increases in age, obesity, and urbanisation of the world's population."
introduction
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "The United States is experiencing an epidemic of physical inactivity. Recent national survey data indicate that over one-third of U.S. adults engage in no physical activity, and less than 10 % achieve the recommended dose of 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week when measured by accelerometry. This lack of regular moderate to vigorous physical activity has important consequences for our nation's health: epidemiologic studies have consistently shown a strong association of inactivity with morbidity and mortality risk."
introduction
If a study is externally valid then:
its results can be generalized to other equivalent settings
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "We performed a cost-benefit analysis of electronic medical record usage by primary care physicians in an ambulatory-care setting. The primary outcome measure was net financial costs or benefits per provider during a 5-year period. The model was framed from the perspective of the health care organization, and the reference strategy was the traditional paper-based medical record. All costs and benefits were converted to 2002 U.S. dollars."
methods
In the following research question, identify the dependent variable(s). Can home visits by nurses to released psychiatric patients reduce readmission rates
readmission rates
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from. "At 2 years, patients in the two surgical groups had greater percent reductions in average body weight from baseline than did patients receiving medical therapy (−4.74±6.37%), with −33.31±7.88% for gastric bypass and −33.82±10.17% for biliopancreatic diversion (P<0.001 for both comparisons)."
results
In the following excerpt, identify which section of an article the excerpt is drawn from: The top 3 diagnoses associated with antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population were sinusitis (56 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 48-64]), suppurative otitis media (47 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 41-54]), and pharyngitis (43 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 38-49]) (Table 2).
results Percentage and numbers
A literature review Selected Answer: should be a critical review of findings relevant to an investigation should be a critical review of findings relevant to an investigation
should be a critical review of findings relevant to an investigation
In the following research question, identify the dependent variable(s). Are the sleeping patterns of infants affected by different forms of stimulation?
sleeping pattern
According to Murad et al.'s article, an exhaustive search of relevant studies is one of the essential elements to establishing the credibility of a systematic review
true
True or False: A result is called "statistically significant" whenever the p-value is less or equal to the significance level of 0.05.
true
True or False: If a patient population is 50% males and 50% females, and the study sample has 5% males and 95% females, then this sample is said to be biased.
true