Respiratory

What is the difference between the conducting and the respiratory zones? What structures comprise the conducting zone? What structures comprise the respiratory zone?

-conducting: passage ways that carry the air to sites of gas exchange -respiratory: actual site of gas exchange (lungs, alveoli

Why is the nose called the "air conditioner" of the respiratory system? What structures facilitate warming, filtering, and humidifying air? (be specific - some jobs are done by multiple structures, some structures do multiple jobs)

-incoming air is warmed, filtered, humidified -nasal conchae, respiratory mucosa, nasal hair

What are the functions of the larynx?

-produces vocalizations -provides open airway -routes air and food to proper tube

What is the layman's (simple) term fro the pharynx? Be able to identify the location of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

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What are the four components of the respiratory system? Which happens at the lungs? Which happens in the bloodstream? Which happens in the tissues?

1. Pulmonary ventilation (ventilation) -air is moved into and out of the lungs so that gases are continuously replaced. 2. External respiration: gas exchange between blood and air. Takes place at the alveoli of the lungs. 3. Transport: transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body cells via bloodstream. 4. Internal respiration: gas exchange between the gases in the blood and the gases in the tissue cells.

What can lead to atelectasis? When this happens, what part of the pleura has been compromised?

Air or fluid in pleural cavity, airway obstruction or lack of surfactant can result in a collapsed lung -pleural cavity compromised

What materials make up the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar and capillary walls + basal laminae = respiratory membrane

What kind of tissue lines the bronchioles? What is the job of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

As the bronchioles branch further they become smaller and narrower; Pseudostratified columnar changes to simple columnar and then to simple cuboidal epithelium. Smooth muscles regulate diameter of bronchioles

Levels of what materials are monitored by the chemoreceptors. What changes would trigger stimulation of the VRG to increase rate/depth of breathing?

Central chemoreceptors in medulla; peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) in bloodstream. -Falling oxygen, rising carbon dioxide, or increase in acidity produces stimulus for VRG to increase rate/depth of breathing

What is asthma? How does it affect the smooth muscle and mucus of the bronchioles?

Histamine from mast cells stimulate contraction of bronchial smooth muscle and increased secretion of mucus. Lining of air passages swells, airflow is restricted.

What structures are the actual sites of gas exchange in the respiratory zone? Of what tissue are they composed? Why is this helpful for gas exchange?

Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli -Alveoli are the actual sites of gas exchange. Constructed of simple squamous epithelium for diffusion of gases

What is the ventral respiratory group and how does it work?

Located in reticular formation of the medulla. Acts as a pacemaker - uses input from pons and dorsal medulla to regulate basic rate and rhythm

What is the function of the respiratory system?

To supply the body with oxygen (O2) and dispose of carbon dioxide (CO2)

What are type II alveolar cells? What do they secrete? Why is this material crucial for breathing?

Type II cells are cuboidal epithelial cells - secrete surfactant. Surfactant keeps alveoli from sticking together

Why does it matter whether entering/exiting air is conditioned or not?

When air enters your nose, it is loaded with pollutants, particles, pathogens and lots of other stuff that you really don't want to have in your lungs. So it filters as much of this out as possible. The warming and moistening part have to do with conditioning the air before it reaches the lungs - warming it up by passing it by the capillaries means we don't chill the body core with cold air. And moistening dry air means that gas exchange takes place easily - oxygen needs a moist environment for optimal diffusion into the bloodstream.

What is meant by pulmonary ventilation?

air being moved into and out of the lungs

Trace the path of air molecules as they enter the body at the nostrils, through gas exchange at the lungs and tissues, and back out of the body. List all structures encountered along the way.

air enters through nostrils, flows through nasal cavity to pharynx, past larynx, through trachea, from there into bronchi and bronchioles- ultimately reach tiny air sacs lined with simple squamous epithelial tissue (external gas exchange)

What is meant by the term lung "root"? What is the function of this region?

blood vessels, bronchi, and lymph vessels grouped together and attaches to the rest of the mediastinum

What is meant by the term "ventilation"?

breathing

What is the mucociliary escalator? How might smoking affect its function?

composed of ciliated pseudo. columnar epithelium, sticky mucus produced helps capture particles that made it past initial inhalation -coughing from smoking causes you to cough up mucociliary

What structures are connected by the trachea? Describe the structure of the trachea.

connects larynx to bronchi, trachea branches into bronchi, composed of cartilaginous rings (+ muscle) that keep it open, hold shape at all times.

How does the epiglottis prevent food from going down the wrong tube?

covers larynx during swallowing, flips over glottis to seal it off

What muscles are used to expand the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm, external and internal intercostal muscles

Why is the process of diffusion so vital to gas exchange in the lungs and tissues? Be able to explain what happens to oxygen and co2 at the lungs; at the body tissues.

diffusion: particles or gases are moved from a higher concentration to a lower concentration -at lungs: Oxygen in alveoli is higher than in blood, so it enters blood. CO2 in blood is higher than in alveoli, so it enters alveoli -In body tissues: Oxygen in blood is higher than in tissues, so it enters tissues. CO2 in tissues is higher than in blood, so it enters bloodstream

Be able to differentiate between the epiglottis, the glottis and the vocal cords.

epiglottis: flap stops food going down trachea glottis: vocal cords and opening to trachea vocal cords: either side of trachea, produces vibrations

What connective tissues make up the nose?

epithelium w/ respiratory mucosa

Be able to distinguish between esophagus and trachea. Which one has rings of cartilage? Why is this cartilage useful/necessary? Which one expands for food passage?

esophagus: expands for good passage trachea: rings of cartilage necessary so it is always help open, never collapses

Why are there so many capillaries surrounding the alveoli?

for gas exchange to take place

What is the uvula? Does it have a function?

hanging in back of throat, , reflects upward to seal nasopharynx/keep food out of nasal cavity

Why is surface tension so important in lung expansion (both in the alveoli and relative to the thoracic wall)

helps expand lung when thoracic cavity expands, helps attach lung to thoracic cavity

What is the job of the trachealis muscle?

in back that allows the trachea to be constricted some what, but doesn't collapse

To what structures superior/inferior structures does the larynx attach?

larygopharynx superior, attaches to hyoid bone superiorly , trachea inferiorly

Where are the nasal conchae located? What is the difference between a concha and a meatus? What is the job of the nasal conchae?

located inside nasal cavity concha: scrolls of bone inside nasal cavity covered in muss membrane that allows them to increase the surface area available for warming, moistening, and filtering air meatus: grooves that underline each of the conchae

Why would an illness that breaks down alveolar walls be so debilitating?

loss of elasticity of lungs, loss of surface area for gas exchange

Why are lungs so light and elastic?

makes lungs light and stretchy

What muscles are used to decrease the thoracic cavity?

mostly passive, elastic fibers recoil

What bones/cartilage comprise the nasal septum?

nasal bone, frontal bones, maxillary bone and the lateral, septal and alar cartilages (hyaline cartilage

How is the nasopharynx different from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx in terms of : passage of food/air and tissue type

nasopharynx: lined with pseudo. column epithelium, passaged designed for air only oropharynx/laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium, food and air passage way

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

occupy thoracic cavity lateral to mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus).

What cavity holds the lungs (be specific).

pleural cavity

What kind of tissue makes up the nasal mucosa? What cells cause it to be so moist/sticky?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -goblet cells that secrete mucus make it moist/sticky

What is meant by the term "bronchial tree"?

series of smaller branching elements of bronchi

What is the difference between tidal volume and residual volume?

tidal volume: normal amount of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing residual volume: Air remaining after forced exhalation

What structures does the trachea subdivide into?

trachea-primary bronchi, secondary bronci, terminale bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Which membrane lines the lung tissue itself?

visceral pleural

What is the job of the capillary networks in the nose?

warm incoming air

Why would the air pressure in the lungs drop when the thoracic cavity expands?

when thoracic cavity expands, pressure inside lung cavity drops - causing air to rush in air cavity from increasing pressure of environment

What is the hilum?

where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung

What is the cardiac notch?

where heart is placed