Respiratory Anatomy

Fissures divide the lungs into lobes, three on the right and __________ on the left.

2

The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs.

2

Predict the vital capacity of a 20-year-old 5'5" female who weighs 120 pounds using the equation below: VC = (0.041) H - (0.018) A - 2.69

3.71 L Actual vital capacity may vary as much as 20% above or below the predicated vital capacity in healthy adults. Vital capacity increases with exercise. Exercise increases the strength of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which allows for greater expansion of the thoracic cavity and the lungs.

Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls. T/F

True

Four processes—pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration—must all occur in order for the respiratory system to function fully. T/F

True

The epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow food: it closes off the respiratory passageway to incoming food or drink.

True

Destruction of the walls of the highlighted structures, as occurs in emphysema, results in ________.

a decrease in the surface area for gas exchange

Vesicular breathing sounds probably result from ________.

air filling the alveolar sacs

Inspiration is the time during which ________.

air is taken into the lungs

Mike has difficulty breathing when he's experiencing cold-induced asthma due to a change in which of these physical factors?

airway resistance. Bronchoconstriction is narrowing of the conducting airways, which leads to an increase in airway resistance.

tidal volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500 ml)

Because the conducting zone structures have no gas exchange function, they are called

anatomical dead space

inspiration

breathing in. External intercostals and diaphragm contract, size of thoracic cavity increases, gas pressure in the lungs increases, air flows in.

The respiratory membrane includes the ________.

capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basal laminae

tiny balloonlike structures, are composed of a single thin layer of squamous epithelium. They are the main structural and functional units of the lung and the actual sites of gas exchange.

Alveoli

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

residual volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation. (1200ml)

inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated __________, which propels dust particles, bacteria, and other debris away from the lungs

columnar epithelium

conducting zone

conduits to gas exchange sites. nose to terminal bronchioles. Includes respiratory passageways, cleanses, humidifies and warms incoming air

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?

constant (C) region

The larynx ________.

contains the apparatus for speech

Lymph is __________.

excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of capillaries

Nervous system centers set the normal resting rate and depth of respiration. Which factors below can alter this normal respiratory rate and depth?

exercise, changes in blood CO2 levels, and changes in the pH of the blood

The main bronchi enter the lungs at an area called the ________.

hilum of the lung

During inspiration, the volume of the lungs ________

increases

Air flows from the larynx to the trachea, and then enters the __________.

left and right main bronchi

The upper respiratory structures include the nose, the larynx, and the __________.

pharynx

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

All of the following physical factors affect the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) EXCEPT

pulmonary blood flow The physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation are airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, and lung compliance. Pulmonary blood flow does not affect the mechanics of breathing.

Which lung volume term represents the amount of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs?

residual volume

The alveoli are made up of

simple squamous epithelium

total lung capacity

sum of all lung volumes

The major role of the respiratory system is to __________.

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

The function of the respiratory system is to ________.

supply the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

To measure forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEVT), the subject should ________.

take a deep inspiration, then rapidly and forcefully exhale as much air as possible

What is the correct order of passageways, from proximal to distal?

terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct

The boundary between conducting zone and respiratory zone structures occurs at the ________.

terminal bronchiole/respiratory bronchiole junction

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the additional inhaled air taken into the lungs by taking a very deep breath. the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration (3100 ml)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the extra air that is pushed out of the lungs during a forcible exhalation (1200ml)

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

respiratory capacity

the sum of two or more respiratory volumes

The prominence on this laryngeal cartilage is called the Adam's apple.

thyroid

The __________ is the largest and most prominent of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

thyroid cartilage. Laryngeal prominence on thyroid cartilage Helps protect VF

expiratory capacity

tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. the volume of air that you could exhale after a normal inhalation

If I have the following lung volumes, the inspiratory capacity would be _______________. tidal volume = 500 ml expiratory reserve volume = 1,000 ml inspiratory reserve volume = 1,100 ml residual volume = 1,200 ml

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. 500(TV) + 1100(IRV) =1600 ml

inspiratory capacity (IV)

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

minute respiratory volume

tidal volume x respirations per minute. the total amount of gas that flows in and out of the lungs in one minute

total capacity

total volume of air that the lungs can hold.

The lymphatic system protects the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria from the lymphatic stream. (T/F)

true

The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called the

visceral pleura

Speech occurs when air is moved through this passageway between the ________.

vocal folds

Functional Residual capacity

vol of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive respiration. ERV + RV

can all change with exercise

IRV, TV, &ERV.

These muscles are active during quiet expiration.

No muscles are active

doesn't change with activity but may change through age as lung elasticity decreases

RV

All but the smallest branches of the bronchial tree have cartilaginous reinforcements in their walls.

TRUE

vital capacity

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation. TV + IRV + ERV (avrg 4800 ml)

In order to maintain a normal air flow during inspiration while Mike is experiencing cold-induced asthma, his body must ___________.

decrease intrapulmonary pressure more than usual. Decreasing intrapulmonary pressure such that it becomes more negative than atmospheric pressure (and increases the pressure gradient) allows air flow to be maintained in the face of higher airway resistance.

hilum

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

Under normal conditions airway resistance is highest in which segment of the conducting airway?

medium-sized bronchi. Resistance is highest in the medium-sized bronchi. Resistance is relatively lower in the large bronchi because of their large diameters. Resistance increases and peaks in the medium airways, then drops dramatically as the airways branch into bronchioles. The reason there is a drop in resistance across the bronchioles (even though they are smaller in diameter) is that there are so many of them, dramatically increasing the total cross-sectional area of the airways.

The right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Which lobe is missing on the left side?

middle

This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway.

nasopharynx