Respiratory Lippincott

Which of the following techniques for administering the Mantoux test is correct? ■ 1. Hold the needle and syringe almost parallel to the client's skin. ■ 2. Pinch the skin when inserting the needle. ■ 3. Aspirate before injecting the medication. ■ 4. Massage the site after injecting the medication.

1. The Mantoux test is administered via intradermal injection. The appropriate technique for an intradermal injection includes holding the needle and syringe almost parallel to the client's skin, keeping the skin slightly taut when the needle is inserted, and inserting the needle with the bevel side up. There is no need to aspirate, a technique that assesses for incorrect placement in a blood vessel, when giving an intradermal injection. The injection site is not massaged.

A client with tuberculosis is taking Isoniazid (INH). To help prevent development of peripheral neuropathies, the nurse should instruct the client to: ■ 1. Adhere to a low-cholesterol diet. ■ 2. Supplement the diet with pyridoxine (vitamin B6). ■ 3. Get extra rest. ■ 4. Avoid excessive sun exposure.

2. INH competes for the available vitamin B6 in the body and leaves the client at risk for development of neuropathies related to vitamin deficiency. Supplemental vitamin B6 is routinely prescribed. Following a low-cholesterol diet, getting extra rest, and avoiding excessive sun exposure will not prevent the development of peripheral neuropathies.

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) has been ordered as a nasal decongestant. Which of the following is a possible adverse effect of this drug? • 1. Constipation. • 2. Bradycardia. • 3. Diplopia. • 4. Restlessness.

4. Adverse effects of pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) are experienced primarily in the cardiovascular system and through sympathetic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The most common CNS adverse effects include restlessness, dizziness, tension, anxiety, insomnia, and weakness. Common cardiovascular adverse effects include tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, and arrhythmias. Constipation and diplopia are not adverse effects of pseudoephedrine. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, is a adverse effect of pseudoephedrine.

Which of the following findings would most likely indicate the presence of a respiratory infection in a client with asthma? ■ 1. Cough productive of yellow sputum. ■ 2. Bilateral expiratory wheezing. ■ 3. Chest tightness. ■ 4. Respiratory rate of 30 breaths/minute.

1. A cough productive of yellow sputum is the most likely indicator of a respiratory infection. The other signs and symptoms-wheezing, chest tightness, and increased respiratory rate-are all findings associated with an asthma attack and do not necessarily mean an infection is present.

The nurse reviews an arterial blood gas report for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). pH 7.35; PC02 62; PO2 70; HCO3 34 The nurse should: ■ 1. Apply a 100% non-rebreather mask. ■ 2. Assess the vital signs. ■ 3. Reposition the client. ■ 4. Prepare for intubation.

2. Clients with chronic COPD have CO2 retention and the respiratory drive is stimulated when the PO2 decreases. The heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure should be evaluated to determine if the client is hemodynamically stable. Symptoms, such as dyspnea, should also be assessed. Oxygen supplementation, if indicated, should be titrated upward in small increments. There is no indication that the client is experiencing respiratory distress requiring intubation.

Which of the following mental status changes may occur when a client with pneumonia is first experiencing hypoxia? ■ 1. Coma. ■ 2. Apathy. ■ 3. Irritability. ■ 4. Depression.

3. Clients who are experiencing hypoxia characteristically exhibit irritability, restlessness, or anxiety as initial mental status changes. As the hypoxia becomes more pronounced, the client may become confused and combative. Coma is a late clinical manifestation of hypoxia. Apathy and depression are not symptoms of hypoxia.

A client with pneumonia has a temperature of 102.6° F (39.2° C), is diaphoretic, and has a productive cough. The nurse should include which of the following measures in the plan of care? ■ 1. Position changes every 4 hours. ■ 2. Nasotracheal suctioning to clear secretions. ■ 3. Frequent linen changes. ■ 4. Frequent offering of a bedpan.

3. Frequent linen changes are appropriate for this client because of the diaphoresis. Diaphoresis produces general discomfort. The client should be kept dry to promote comfort. Position changes need to be done every 2 hours. Nasotracheal suctioning is not indicated with the client's productive cough. Frequent offering of a bedpan is not indicated by the data provided in this scenario.

After nasal surgery, the client expresses concern about how to decrease facial pain and swelling while recovering at home. Which of the following discharge instructions would be most effective for decreasing pain and edema? ■ 1. Take analgesics every 4 hours around the clock. ■ 2. Use corticosteroid nasal spray as needed to control symptoms. ■ 3. Use a bedside humidifier while sleeping. ■ 4. Apply cold compresses to the area.

4. Applying cold compresses helps to decrease facial swelling and pain from edema. Analgesics may decrease pain, but they do not decrease edema. A corticosteroid nasal spray would not be administered postoperatively because it can impair healing. Use of a bedside humidifier promotes comfort by providing moisture for nasal mucosa, but it does not decrease edema.

Which of the following would be a significant intervention to help prevent lung cancer? ■ 1. Encourage cigarette smokers to have yearly chest radiographs. ■ 2. Instruct people about techniques for smoking cessation. ■ 3. Recommend that people have their houses and apartments checked for asbestos leakage. ■ 4. Encourage people to install central air cleaners in their homes.

2. Epidermoid cancer involving the larger bronchi is almost entirely associated with heavy cigarette smoking. The American Cancer Society reports that smoking is responsible for more than 80% of lung cancers in men and women. The prevalence of lung cancer is related to the duration and intensity of the smoking, so nurses can best prevent lung cancer by persuading clients to stop smoking. Chest radiographs aid in detection of lung cancer; they do not prevent it. Exposure to asbestos has been implicated as a risk factor for lung cancer, but cigarette smoking is the major risk factor. There are no data to support the use of home air cleaners in the prevention of lung cancer.

Following a thoracotomy, the client has severe pain. Which of the following strategies for pain management will be most effective for this client? ■ 1. Repositioning the client immediately after administering pain medication. ■ 2. Reassessing the client 30 minutes after administering pain medication. ■ 3. Verbally reassuring the client after administering pain medication. ■ 4. Readjusting the pain medication dosage as needed according to the client's condition.

2. It is essential that the nurse evaluate the effects of pain medication after the medication has had time to act; reassessment is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the pain management plan. Although it is prudent to check for discomfort related to positioning when assessing the client's pain, repositioning the client immediately after administering pain medication is not necessary. Verbally reassuring the client after administering pain medication may be useful to help instill confidence in the treatment plan; however, it is not as important as evaluating the effectiveness of the medication. Readjusting the pain medication dosage as needed according to the client's condition is essential, but the effectiveness of the medication must be evaluated first.

The nurse observes a constant gentle bubbling in the water-seal column of a water-seal chest drainage system. This observation should prompt the nurse to do which of the following? ■ 1. Continue monitoring as usual; this is expected. ■ 2. Check the connectors between the chest and drainage tubes and where the drainage tube enters the collection bottle. ■ 3. Decrease the suction to -15 cm H2O and continue observing the system for changes in bubbling during the next several hours. ■ 4. Drain half of the water from the water-seal chamber.

2. There should never be constant bubbling in the water-seal bottle; normally the bubbling is intermittent. Constant bubbling in the water-seal bottle indicates an air leak, which means that less negative pressure is being exerted on the pleural space. Decreasing the suction or draining part of the water in the water-seal chamber will not reduce the leak.

The Client with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome The nurse has placed the intubated client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in prone position for 30 minutes. Which of the following would require the nurse to discontinue prone positioning and return the client to the supine position? Select all that apply. ■ 1. The family is coming in to visit. ■ 2. The client has increased secretions requiring frequent suctioning. ■ 3. The SpO2 and PO2 have decreased. ■ 4. The client is tachycardic with drop in blood pressure. ■ 5. The face has increased skin breakdown and edema.

3, 4, 5. The prone position is used to improve oxygenation, ventilation, and perfusion. The importance of placing clients with ARDS in prone positioning should be explained to the family. The positioning allows for mobilization of secretions and the nurse can provide suctioning. Clinical judgment must be used to determine the length of time in the prone position. If the client's hemodynamic status, oxygenation, or skin is compromised, the client should be returned to the supine position for evaluation. Facial edema is expected with the prone position, but the skin breakdown is of concern.

A client has the following arterial blood gas values: pH, 7.52; PaO2, 50 mm Hg; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; HCO3-, 24 mEq/L. The nurse determines that which of the following is a possible cause for these findings? ■ 1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ■ 2. Diabetic ketoacidosis with Kussmaul's respirations. ■ 3. Myocardial infarction. ■ 4. Pulmonary embolus.

4. A PaCO2 of 28 mm Hg and PaO2 of 50 mm Hg are both abnormal; the PaO2 of 50 mm Hg signifies acute respiratory failure. In evaluating possible causes for this disorder, the nurse should consider conditions that lead to hypoxia and hyperventilation, such as pulmonary embolus. COPD is typically associated with respiratory acidosis and elevated PaCO2. The client with diabetic ketoacidosis most often has metabolic acidosis. A myocardial infarction does not often cause an acid-base imbalance because the primary problem is cardiac in origin.

The nurse has calculated a low PaO2/FIO2 (P/F) ratio < 150 for a client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nurse should place the client in which position to improve oxygenation, ventilation distribution, and drainage of secretions? ■ 1. Supine. ■ 2. Semi-fowlers. ■ 3. Lateral side. ■ 4. Prone.

4. Prone positioning is used to improve oxygenation in clients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who are receiving mechanical ventilation. The positioning allows for recruitment of collapsed alveolar units, improvement in ventilation, reduction in shunting, mobilization of secretions, and improvement in functional reserve capacity (FRC). When the client is supine, side-to-side repositioning should be done every 2 hours with the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees.

A nurse receives the taped change-of-shift report for assigned clients and prioritizes client rounds. In what order should the nurse assess these clients? 1. A client with an endotracheal tube transferred out of the intensive care unit that day. 2. A client with type 2 diabetes who had a cerebrovascular accident 4 days ago. 3. A client with cellulitis of the left lower extremity with a fever of 100.8°F (38.2°C). 4. A client receiving D5W I.V. at 125 mL/hour with 75 mL remaining.

1. A client with an endotracheal tube transferred out of the intensive care unit that day. 3. A client with cellulitis of the left lower extremity with a fever of 100.8°F (38.2°C). 4. A client receiving D5W I.V. at 125 mL/hour with 75 mL remaining. 2. A client with type 2 diabetes who had a cerebrovascular accident 4 days ago. Because two major complications of endotracheal tube intubation, inadvertent extubation and aspiration,can be catastrophic events, assessment of this client is the first priority. Cellulitis is a serious infection as there is inflammation of subcutaneous tissues; third spacing of fluid may promote the formation of a fluid volume deficit, which can be exacerbated by the fever due to insensible fluid loss. The nurse should assess this client next to determine current vital signs and fluid status. The nurse should assess the client with the I.V. fluids next because the new bag of fluids will need to be hung in 30 to 40 minutes. I.V. therapy necessitates that the client be assessed for signs and symptoms of adequate hydration (moist mucous membranes, elastic skin turgor, vital signs within normal limits, adequate urine output, and level of consciousness within normal limits), and the I.V. access site needs to be assessed. From the information provided, there is no indication that the client who had the cerebrovascular accident is unstable. Thus, this client is the last priority for assessment.

When teaching a client to deep breathe effectively after a lobectomy, the nurse should instruct the client to do which of the following? ■ 1. Contract the abdominal muscles, take a slow deep breath through the nose and hold it for 3 to 5 seconds, then exhale. ■ 2. Contract the abdominal muscles, take a deep breath through the mouth, and exhale slowly as if trying to blow out a candle. ■ 3. Relax the abdominal muscles, take a slow deep breath through the nose, and hold it for 3 to 5 seconds. ■ 4. Relax the abdominal muscles, take a deep breath through the mouth, and exhale slowly over 10 seconds.

1. The recommended procedure for teaching clients postoperatively to deep breathe includes contracting (pulling in) the abdominal muscles and taking a slow, deep breath through the nose. This breath is held 3 to 5 seconds, which facilitates alveolar ventilation by improving the inspiratory phase of ventilation. Exhaling slowly as if trying to blow out a candle is a technique used in pursed lip breathing to facilitate exhalation in clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is recommended that the abdominal muscles be contracted, not relaxed, to promote deep breathing. The client should breathe through the nose.

A 21-year-old male client is transported by ambulance to the emergency department after a serious automobile accident. He complains of severe pain in his right chest where he struck the steering wheel. Which is the primary client goal at this time? ■ 1. Reduce the client's anxiety. ■ 2. Maintain adequate oxygenation. ■ 3. Decrease chest pain. ■ 4. Maintain adequate circulating volume

2. Blunt chest trauma may lead to respiratory failure, and maintenance of adequate oxygenation is the priority for the client. Decreasing the client's anxiety is related to maintaining effective respirations and oxygenation. Although pain is distressing to the client and can increase anxiety and decrease respiratory effectiveness, pain control is secondary to maintaining oxygenation. Maintaining adequate circulatory volume is also secondary to maintaining adequate oxygenation.

Which of the following is an expected outcome for an elderly client following treatment for bacterial pneumonia? ■ 1. A respiratory rate of 25 to 30 breaths/minute. ■ 2. The ability to perform activities of daily living without dyspnea. ■ 3. A maximum loss of 5 to 10 lb of body weight. ■ 4. Chest pain that is minimized by splinting the rib cage.

2. An expected outcome for a client recovering from pneumonia would be the ability to perform activities of daily living without experiencing dyspnea. A respiratory rate of 25 to 30 breaths/ minute indicates the client is experiencing tachypnea, which would not be expected on recovery. A weight loss of 5 to 10 lb is undesirable; the expected outcome would be to maintain normal weight. A client who is recovering from pneumonia should experience decreased or no chest pain.

The nurse administers two 325 mg aspirin every 4 hours to a client with pneumonia. The nurse should evaluate the outcome of administering the drug by assessing which of the following? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Decreased pain when breathing. ■ 2. Prolonged clotting time. ■ 3. Decreased temperature. ■ 4. Decreased respiratory rate. ■ 5. Increased ability to expectorate secretions.

1, 3. Aspirin is administered to clients with pneumonia because it is an analgesic that helps control chest discomfort and an antipyretic that helps reduce fever. Aspirin has an anticoagulant effect, but that is not the reason for prescribing it for a client with pneumonia, and the use of the drug will be short term. Aspirin does not affect the respiratory rate, and does not facilitate expectoration of secretions.

A nurse is teaching a client about taking antihistamines. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. • 1. Operating machinery and driving may be dangerous while taking antihistamines. • 2. Continue taking antihistamines even if nasal infection develops. • 3. The effect of antihistamines is not felt until a day later. • 4. Do not use alcohol with antihistamines. • 5. Increase fluid intake to 2,000 mL/day.

1, 4, 5. Antihistamines have an anticholinergic action and a drying effect and reduce nasal, salivary, and lacrimal gland hypersecretion (runny nose, tearing, and itching eyes). An adverse effect is drowsiness, so operating machinery and driving are not recommended. There is also an additive depressant effect when alcohol is combined with antihistamines, so alcohol should be avoided during antihistamine use. The client should ensure adequate fluid intake of at least 8 glasses per day due to the drying effect of the drug. Antihistamines have

The nurse is teaching the client how to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) to administer a corticosteroid. Which of the following client actions indicates that he is using the MDI correctly? Select all that apply. ■ 1. The inhaler is held upright. ■ 2. The head is tilted down while inhaling the medicine. ■ 3. The client waits 5 minutes between puffs. ■ 4. The mouth is rinsed with water following administration. ■ 5. The client lies supine for 15 minutes following administration.

1, 4. The client should shake the inhaler and hold it upright when administering the drug. The head should be tilted back slightly. The client should wait about 1 to 2 minutes between puffs. The mouth should be rinsed following the use of a corticosteroid MDI to decrease the likelihood of developing an oral infection. The client does not need to lie supine; instead, the client will likely to be able to breathe more freely if sitting upright.

Which of the following is a priority goal for the client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? ■ 1. Maintaining functional ability. ■ 2. Minimizing chest pain. ■ 3. Increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. ■ 4. Treating infectious agents.

1. A priority goal for the client with COPD is to manage the signs and symptoms of the disease process so as to maintain the client's functional ability. Chest pain is not a typical symptom of COPD. The carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is increased to an abnormal level in clients with COPD; it would not be a goal to increase the level further. Preventing infection would be a goal of care for the client with COPD.

The nurse in the perioperative area is preparing a client for surgery and notices that the client looks sad. The client says, "I'm scared of having cancer. It's so horrible and I brought it on myself. I should have quit smoking years ago." What would be the nurse's best response to the client? ■ 1. "It's okay to be scared. What is it about cancer that you're afraid of?" ■ 2. "It's normal to be scared. I would be, too. We'll help you through it." ■ 3. "Don't be so hard on yourself. You don't know if your smoking caused the cancer." ■ 4. "Do you feel guilty because you smoked?"

1. Acknowledging the basic feeling the client expresses-fear-and asking an open-ended question allows the client to explain any fears. The other options dismiss the client's feelings and may give false reassurance or label the client's feelings. The client should be encouraged to explore feelings about a cancer diagnosis.

Which of the following areas is a priority to evaluate when completing discharge planning for a client who has had a lobectomy for treatment of lung cancer? ■ 1. The support available to assist the client at home. ■ 2. The distance the client lives from the hospital. ■ 3. The client's ability to do home blood pressure monitoring. ■ 4. The client's knowledge of the causes of lung cancer.

1. Because clients are discharged as soon as possible from the hospital, it is essential to evaluate the support they have to assist them with self-care at home. The distance the client lives from the hospital is not a critical factor in discharge planning. There are no data indicating that home blood pressure monitoring is needed. Knowledge of the causes of lung cancer, although important, is not the most essential area to evaluate given the client's postoperative status.

The client with pneumonia develops mild constipation, and the nurse administers docusate sodium (Colace) as ordered. This drug works by: ■ 1. Softening the stool. ■ 2. Lubricating the stool. ■ 3. Increasing stool bulk. ■ 4. Stimulating peristalsis.

1. Docusate sodium (Colace) is a stool softener that allows fluid and fatty substances to enter the stool and soften it. Docusate sodium does not lubricate the stool, increase stool bulk, or stimulate peristalsis.

A client with deep vein thrombosis suddenly develops dyspnea, tachypnea, and chest discomfort. What should the nurse do first? ■ 1. Elevate the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees. ■ 2. Encourage the client to cough and deep breathe. ■ 3. Auscultate the lungs to detect abnormal breath sounds. ■ 4. Contact the physician.

1. Elevating the head of the bed facilitates breathing because the lungs are able to expand as the diaphragm descends. Coughing and deep breathing do not alleviate the symptoms of a pulmonary embolus, nor does lung auscultation. The physician must be kept informed of changes in a client's status, but the priority in this case is alleviating the symptoms.

Bed rest is prescribed for a client with pneumonia during the acute phase of the illness. The nurse should determine the effectiveness of bed rest by assessing the client's: ■ 1. Decreased cellular demand for oxygen. ■ 2. Reduced episodes of coughing. ■ 3. Diminished pain when breathing deeply. ■ 4. Ability to expectorate secretions more easily.

1. Exudate in the alveoli interferes with ventilation and the diffusion of gases in clients with pneumonia. During the acute phase of the illness, it is essential to reduce the body's need for oxygen at the cellular level; bed rest is the most effective method for doing so. Bed rest does not decrease coughing or promote clearance of secretions, and it does not reduce pain when taking deep breaths.

A client has just returned from the postanesthesia care unit after undergoing a laryngectomy. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? ■ 1. Maintain the head of the bed at 30 to 40 degrees. ■ 2. Teach the client how to use esophageal speech. ■ 3. Initiate small feedings of soft foods. ■ 4. Irrigate drainage tubes as needed.

1. Immediately after surgery, the client should be maintained in a position with the head of the bed elevated 30 to 40 degrees (semi-Fowler's position) to decrease tissue edema, facilitate breathing, and decrease pain related to edema formation. Immediately postoperatively, the client should be provided alternative means of communicating, such as a communication board. As healing progresses and edema subsides, a speech therapist should work with the client to explore various voice restoration options, such as the use of a voice prosthesis, electrolarynx, artificial larynx, or esophageal speech. Food is not initiated in the immediate postoperative phase; enteral feedings are usually used to meet nutritional needs until edema subsides. Irrigation of the drainage tubes is an inappropriate action.

Which of the following physical assessment findings are normal for a client with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? ■ 1. Increased anteroposterior chest diameter. ■ 2. Underdeveloped neck muscles. ■ 3. Collapsed neck veins. ■ 4. Increased chest excursions with respiration.

1. Increased anteroposterior chest diameter is characteristic of advanced COPD. Air is trapped in the overextended alveoli, and the ribs are fixed in an inspiratory position. The result is the typical barrel-chested appearance. Overly developed, not underdeveloped, neck muscles are associated with COPD because of their increased use in the work of breathing. Distended, not collapsed, neck veins are associated with COPD as a symptom of the heart failure that the client may experience secondary to the increased workload on the heart to pump blood into the pulmonary vasculature. Diminished, not increased, chest excursion is associated with COPD.

A client is prescribed metaproterenol (Alupent) via a metered-dose inhaler, two puffs every 4 hours. The nurse instructs the client to report adverse effects. Which of the following are potential adverse effects of metaproterenol? ■ 1. Irregular heartbeat. ■ 2. Constipation. ■ 3. Pedal edema. ■ 4. Decreased pulse rate.

1. Irregular heartbeats should be reported promptly to the care provider. Metaproterenol (Alupent) may cause irregular heartbeat, tachycardia, or anginal pain because of its adrenergic effect on beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart. It is not recommended for use in clients with known cardiac disorders. Metaproterenol does not cause constipation, pedal edema, or bradycardia.

Which of the following health promotion activities should the nurse include in the discharge teaching plan for a client with asthma? ■ 1. Incorporate physical exercise as tolerated into the daily routine. ■ 2. Monitor peak flow numbers after meals and at bedtime. ■ 3. Eliminate stressors in the work and home environment. ■ 4. Use sedatives to ensure uninterrupted sleep at night.

1. Physical exercise is beneficial and should be incorporated as tolerated into the client's schedule. Peak flow numbers should be monitored daily, usually in the morning (before taking medication). Peak flow does not need to be monitored after each meal. Stressors in the client's life should be modified but cannot be totally eliminated. Although adequate sleep is important, it is not recommended that sedatives be routinely taken to induce sleep.

A female client diagnosed with lung cancer is to have a left lower lobectomy. Which of the following increase the client's risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications? ■ 1. Height is 5 feet, 7 inches and weight is 110 lb. ■ 2. The client tends to keep her real feelings to herself. ■ 3. She ambulates and can climb one flight of stairs without dyspnea. ■ 4. The client is 58 years of age.

1. Risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications include malnourishment, which is indicated by this client's height and weight. It is thought that emotional responses can affect overall health; however, not verbalizing one's feelings is not a contributing factor in postoperative pulmonary complications. The client's current activity level and age do not place her at increased risk for complications.

A nurse is teaching a client to use a metered dose inhaler (MDI) to administer his bronchodilator medication. Indicate the correct order of the steps the client should take to use the MDI appropriately. 1. Shake the inhaler immediately before use. 2. Hold breath for 5 to 10 seconds and then exhale. 3. Activate the MDI on inhalation. 4. Breathe out through the mouth.

1. Shake the inhaler immediately before use. 4. Breathe out through the mouth. 3. Activate the MDI on inhalation. 2. Hold breath for 5 to 10 seconds and then exhale. When using inhalers, clients should first shake the inhaler to activate the MDI, and then breathe out through the mouth. Next, the client should activate the MDI while inhaling, hold the breath for 5 to 10 seconds, and then exhale normally.

A 79-year-old female client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. While obtaining the client's health history, the nurse learns that the client has osteoarthritis, follows a vegetarian diet, and is very concerned with cleanliness. Which of the following would most likely be a predisposing factor for the diagnosis of pneumonia? ■ 1. Age. ■ 2. Osteoarthritis. ■ 3. Vegetarian diet. ■ 4. Daily bathing.

1. The client's age is a predisposing factor for pneumonia; pneumonia is more common in elderly or debilitated clients. Other predisposing factors include smoking, upper respiratory tract infections, malnutrition, immunosuppression, and the presence of a chronic illness. Osteoarthritis, a nutritionally sound vegetarian diet, and frequent bathing are not predisposing factors for pneumonia.

A client is receiving streptomycin for the treatment of tuberculosis. The nurse should assess the client for eighth cranial nerve damage by observing the client for: ■ 1. Vertigo. ■ 2. Facial paralysis. ■ 3. Impaired vision. ■ 4. Difficulty swallowing.

1. The eighth cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve, which is responsible for hearing and equilibrium. Streptomycin can damage this nerve (ototoxicity). Symptoms of ototoxicity include vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and ataxia. Facial paralysis would result from damage to the facial nerve (VII). Impaired vision would result from damage to the optic (II), oculomotor (III), or the trochlear (IV) nerves. Difficulty swallowing would result from damage to the glossopharyngeal (IX) or the vagus (X) nerve.

The nurse is planning to teach a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease how to cough effectively. Which of the following instructions should be included? ■ 1. Take a deep abdominal breath, bend forward, and cough three or four times on exhalation. ■ 2. Lie fl at on the back, splint the thorax, take two deep breaths, and cough. ■ 3. Take several rapid, shallow breaths and then cough forcefully. ■ 4. Assume a side-lying position, extend the arm over the head, and alternate deep breathing with coughing.

1. The goal of effective coughing is to conserve energy, facilitate removal of secretions, and minimize airway collapse. The client should assume a sitting position with feet on the floor if possible. The client should bend forward slightly and, using pursed-lip breathing, exhale. After resuming an upright position, the client should use abdominal breathing to slowly and deeply inhale. After repeating this process three or four times, the client should take a deep abdominal breath, bend forward, and cough three or four times upon exhalation ("huff" cough). Lying fl at does not enhance lung expansion; sitting upright promotes full expansion of the thorax. Shallow breathing does not facilitate removal of secretions, and forceful coughing promotes collapse of airways. A side-lying position does not allow for adequate chest expansion to promote deep breathing.

The Client with Lung Cancer The nurse has assisted the physician at the bedside with insertion of a left subclavian, triple lumen catheter in a client admitted with lung cancer. Suddenly, the client becomes restless and tachypneic. The nurse should: ■ 1. Assess breath sounds. ■ 2. Remove the catheter. ■ 3. Insert a peripheral I.V. ■ 4. Reposition the client.

1. The nurse should first assess for bilateral breath sounds since a complication of central line insertion is a pneumothorax which would cause an increase in respiratory rate and drop in oxygen, causing irritability. The nurse should also assess blood pressure and heart rate for the complication of bleeding. A chest x-ray will be performed to determine correct placement and complications. A central line was most likely placed because peripheral I.V. access was not available or adequate for the client. Repositioning may be considered after assessments are done.

The Client with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease The nurse is instructing a client with COPD how to do pursed-lip breathing. In which order should the nurse explain the steps to the client? ■ 1. "Breathe in normally through your nose for 2 counts (while counting to yourself, one, two)." ■ 2. "Relax your neck and shoulder muscles." ■ 3. "Pucker your lips as if you were going to whistle." ■ 4. "Breathe out slowly through pursed lips for 4 counts (while counting to yourself, one, two, three, four)."

2, 1, 3, 4. The nurse should instruct the client to first relax the neck and shoulders and then take several normal breaths. After taking a breath in, the client should pucker the lips, and finally breathe out through pursed lips.

A client who has been diagnosed with tuberculosis has been placed on drug therapy. The medication regimen includes rifampin (Rifadin). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the client's teaching plan related to the potential adverse effects of rifampin? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Having eye examinations every 6 months. ■ 2. Maintaining follow-up monitoring of liver enzymes. ■ 3. Decreasing protein intake in the diet. ■ 4. Avoiding alcohol intake. ■ 5. The urine may have an orange color.

2, 4, 5. A potential adverse effect of rifampin (Rifadin) is hepatotoxicity. Clients should be instructed to avoid alcohol intake while taking rifampin and keep follow-up appointments for periodic monitoring of liver enzyme levels to detect liver toxicity. Rifampin causes the urine to turn an orange color and the client should understand that this is normal. It is not necessary to restrict protein intake in the diet or have the eyes examined due to rifampin therapy.

The nurse is teaching a client who has been diagnosed with tuberculosis how to avoid spreading the disease to family members. Which statement(s) by the client indicate(s) that he has understood the nurse's instructions? Select all that apply. ■ 1. "I will need to dispose of my old clothing when I return home." ■ 2. "I should always cover my mouth and nose when sneezing." ■ 3. "It is important that I isolate myself from family when possible." ■ 4. "I should use paper tissues to cough in and dispose of them promptly." ■ 5. "I can use regular plates and utensils whenever I eat."

2, 4, 5. When teaching the client how to avoid the transmission of tubercle bacilli, it is important for the client to understand that the organism is transmitted by droplet infection. Therefore, covering the mouth and nose when sneezing, using paper tissues to cough in with prompt disposal, and using regular plates and utensils indicate that the client has understood the nurse's instructions about preventing the spread of airborne droplets. It is not essential to discard clothing, nor does the client need to isolate himself from family members.

The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) reports to the registered nurse that a client admitted with pneumonia is very diaphoretic. The nurse reviews the following vital signs in the chart obtained by the UAP. Vital Signs Time 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM Temperature 38.3° C 38.8° C Pulse 90 104 118 Respirations 16 18 24 BP 112/74 110/68 116/78 Spo2 93% 92% 92% The nurse should: ■ 1. Maintain complete bed rest. ■ 2. Check the urine output. ■ 3. Ask the UAP to change the linens. ■ 4. Administer a beta blocker.

2. A client with pneumonia experiencing diaphoresis is at risk for dehydration. The fluid status, intake, and output should be monitored closely. The client is febrile, causing an increase in heart rate. Fluid volume deficit may also increase the heart rate. A beta blocker is not indicated since the underlying cause of the tachycardia can be treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol) and fluid volume. Bed rest limits lung expansion and sitting up and deep breathing should be encouraged in a client with pneumonia. The blood pressure is stable enough to allow the client to get out of bed to the chair, with assistance to ensure safety.

A client with bacterial pneumonia is to be started on I.V. antibiotics. Which of the following diagnostic tests must be completed before antibiotic therapy begins? ■ 1. Urinalysis. ■ 2. Sputum culture. ■ 3. Chest radiograph. ■ 4. Red blood cell count.

2. A sputum specimen is obtained for culture to determine the causative organism. After the organism is identified, an appropriate antibiotic can be prescribed. Beginning antibiotic therapy before obtaining the sputum specimen may alter the results of the test. Neither a urinalysis, a chest radiograph, nor a red blood cell count needs to be obtained before initiation of antibiotic therapy for pneumonia.

Which of the following home care instructions would be appropriate for a client with a laryngectomy? ■ 1. Perform mouth care every morning and evening. ■ 2. Provide adequate humidity in the home. ■ 3. Maintain a soft, bland diet. ■ 4. Limit physical activity to shoulder and neck exercises.

2. Adequate humidity should be provided in the home to help keep secretions moist. A bedside humidifier is recommended. A high fluid intake is also important to liquefy secretions. Mouth care is important to prevent drying of mucous membranes and should be performed frequently throughout the day, especially before and after meals, to help stimulate appetite. The client may eat any food that can be chewed and swallowed comfortably. The client may resume physical activity as tolerated.

Which of the following activities should the nurse teach the client to implement after the removal of nasal packing on the second postoperative day? ■ 1. Avoid cleaning the nares until swelling has subsided. ■ 2. Apply water-soluble jelly to lubricate the nares. ■ 3. Keep a nasal drip pad in place to absorb secretions. ■ 4. Use a bulb syringe to gently irrigate nares.

2. After removal of nasal packing, the client should be instructed to apply water-soluble jelly to the nares to lubricate the nares and promote comfort. Swelling gradually subsides over several weeks; the client can gently clean the nares as soon as packing is removed. A nasal drip pad is not needed after removal of packing. Irrigation with a bulb syringe may interfere with healing and introduce infection.

A 27-year-old female has had elective nasal surgery for a deviated septum. Which of the following would indicate thaat bleeding was occurring even if the nasal drip pad remained dry and intact? ■ 1. Nausea. ■ 2. Repeated swallowing. ■ 3. Increased respiratory rate. ■ 4. Increased pain.

2. Because of the dense nasal packing, bleeding may not be apparent through the nasal drip pad. Instead, the blood may run down the throat, causing the client to swallow frequently. The back of the throat, where the blood will be apparent, can be assessed with a flashlight. An accumulation of blood in the stomach can cause nausea and vomiting, but nausea would not be the initial indicator of bleeding. An increased respiratory rate occurs in shock but is not an early sign of bleeding in a client who has undergone nasal surgery. Increased pain warrants further assessment but is not an indicator of bleeding.

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is experiencing dyspnea and has a low PaO2 level. The nurse plans to administer oxygen as ordered. Which of the following statements is true concerning oxygen administration to a client with COPD? ■ 1. High oxygen concentrations will cause coughing and dyspnea. ■ 2. High oxygen concentrations may inhibit the hypoxic stimulus to breathe. ■ 3. Increased oxygen use will cause the client to become dependent on the oxygen. ■ 4. Administration of oxygen is contraindicated in clients who are using bronchodilators.

2. Clients who have a long history of COPD may retain carbon dioxide (CO2). Gradually the body adjusts to the higher CO2 concentration, and the high levels of CO2 no longer stimulate the respiratory center. The major respiratory stimulant then becomes hypoxemia. Administration of high concentrations of oxygen eliminates this respiratory stimulus and leads to hypoventilation. Oxygen can be drying if it is not humidified, but it does not cause coughing and dyspnea. Increased oxygen use will not create an oxygen dependency; clients should receive oxygen as needed. Oxygen is not contraindicated with the use of bronchodilators.

The nurse teaches the client how to instill nose drops. Which of the following techniques is correct? • 1. The client uses sterile technique when handling the dropper. • 2. The client blows the nose gently before instilling drops. • 3. The client uses a new dropper for each instillation. • 4. The client sits in a semi-Fowler's position with the head tilted forward after administration of the drops.

2. The client should blow the nose before instilling nose drops. Instilling nose drops is a clean technique. The dropper should be cleaned after each administration, but it does not need to be changed. The client should assume a position that will allow the medication to reach the desired area; this is usually a supine position.

The nurse should teach the client with asthma that which of the following is one of the most common precipitating factors of an acute asthma attack? ■ 1. Occupational exposure to toxins. ■ 2. Viral respiratory infections. ■ 3. Exposure to cigarette smoke. ■ 4. Exercising in cold temperatures.

2. The most common precipitator of asthma attacks is viral respiratory infection. Clients with asthma should avoid people who have the flu or a cold and should get yearly flu vaccinations. Environmental exposure to toxins or heavy particulate matter can trigger asthma attacks; however, far fewer asthmatics are exposed to such toxins than are exposed to viruses. Cigarette smoke can also trigger asthma attacks, but to a lesser extent than viral respiratory infections. Some asthmatic attacks are triggered by exercising in cold weather.

The nurse should teach clients that the most common route of transmitting tubercle bacilli from person to person is through contaminated: ■ 1. Dust particles. ■ 2. Droplet nuclei. ■ 3. Water. ■ 4. Eating utensils.

2. Tubercle bacilli are spread by airborne droplet nuclei. Droplet nuclei are the residue of evaporated droplets containing the bacilli, which remain suspended and are circulated in the air. Dust particles and water do not spread tubercle bacilli. Tuberculosis is not spread by eating utensils, dishes, or other fomites.

The client with a laryngectomy communicates to the nurse that he does not want his family to see him. He indicates that he thinks the opening in his throat is disgusting. Which of the following nursing diagnoses would be most appropriate? ■ 1. Deficient knowledge about the care of a stoma. ■ 2. Disturbed personal identity related to change in appearance. ■ 3. Disturbed body image related to neck surgery. ■ 4. Hopelessness related to irreversible changes in body functioning.

3. Disturbed body image is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis based on the client's statements at this time. Most clients are concerned about how their family members will respond to the physical changes that have occurred as a result of radical neck surgery. The nurse should allow the client to communicate any negative feelings or concerns that exist because of the surgery. Referral to a support group for laryngectomy clients may be helpful to the client and family members in coping with the changes in their lives. The client's feelings are not related to a knowledge deficit, but rather to a permanent change in physical appearance and functioning. The diagnosis of Disturbed personal identity refers to a client's inability to distinguish self from nonself. Hopelessness may be an issue for the client experiencing a body image disturbance; however, there are no data to support this diagnosis at this time.

A client has had hoarseness for more than 2 weeks. The nurse should: ■ 1. Refer to a health care provider for a prescription for an antibiotic. ■ 2. Instruct the client to gargle with salt water at home. ■ 3. Assess the client for dysphagia. ■ 4. Instruct the client to take a throat analgesic.

3. Hoarseness occurring longer than 2 weeks is a warning sign of laryngeal cancer. The nurse should first assess other signs, such as a lump in the neck or throat, persistent sore throat or cough, earache, pain, and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Gargling with salt water may lead to increased irritation. There is no indication of infection warranting an antibiotic. An oral analgesic would provide only temporary relief of discomfort if hoarseness is accompanied by a sore throat.

Which of the following assessments should be a priority immediately after nasal surgery? ■ 1. Assessing the client's pain. ■ 2. Inspecting for periorbital ecchymosis. ■ 3. Assessing respiratory status. ■ 4. Measuring intake and output.

3. Immediately after nasal surgery, ineffective breathing patterns may develop as a result of the nasal packing and nasal edema. Nasal packing may dislodge, leading to obstruction. Assessing for airway obstruction is a priority. Assessing for pain is important, but it is not as high a priority as assessment of the airways. It is too early to detect ecchymosis. Measuring intake and output is not typically a priority nursing assessment after nasal surgery.

The nurse should include which of the following instructions in the teaching plan for a client with chronic sinusitis? • 1. Avoid the use of caffeinated beverages. • 2. Perform postural drainage every day. • 3. Take hot showers twice daily. • 4. Report a temperature of 102° F (38.9° C) or higher.

3. The client with chronic sinusitis should be instructed to take hot showers in the morning and evening to promote drainage of secretions. There is no need to limit caffeine intake. Performing postural drainage will inhibit removal of secretions, not promote it. Clients should elevate the head of the bed to promote drainage. Clients should report all temperatures higher than 100.4° F (38° C), because a temperature that high can indicate infection.

Clients who have had active tuberculosis are at risk for recurrence. Which of the following conditions increases that risk? ■ 1. Cool and damp weather. ■ 2. Active exercise and exertion. ■ 3. Physical and emotional stress. ■ 4. Rest and inactivity.

3. Tuberculosis can be controlled but never completely eradicated from the body. Periods of intense physical or emotional stress increase the likelihood of recurrence. Clients should be taught to recognize the signs and symptoms of a potential recurrence. Weather and activity levels are not related to recurrences of tuberculosis.

A client who has been taking flunisolide (AeroBid), two inhalations a day, for treatment of asthma. has painful, white patches in his mouth. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate? ■ 1. "This is an anticipated adverse effect of your medication. It should go away in a couple of weeks." ■ 2. "You are using your inhaler too much and it has irritated your mouth." ■ 3. "You have developed a fungal infection from your medication. It will need to be treated with an antifungal agent." ■ 4. "Be sure to brush your teeth and floss daily. Good oral hygiene will treat this problem."

3. Use of oral inhalant corticosteroids such as flunisolide (AeroBid) can lead to the development of oral thrush, a fungal infection. Once developed, thrush must be treated by antifungal therapy; it will not resolve on its own. Fungal infections can develop even without overuse of the corticosteroid inhaler. Although good oral hygiene can help prevent development of a fungal infection, it cannot be used alone to treat the problem.

91. Which of the following is an appropriate expected outcome for an adult client with well controlled asthma? ■ 1. Chest X-ray demonstrates minimal hyperinflation. ■ 2. Temperature remains lower than 100° F (37.8° C). ■ 3. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrates a decrease in PaO2. ■ 4. Breath sounds are clear.

4. Between attacks, breath sounds should be clear on auscultation with good air flow present throughout lung fields. Chest X-rays should be normal. The client should remain afebrile. Arterial blood gases should be normal.

Which of the following indicates that the client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who has been discharged to home understands his care plan? ■ 1. The client promises to do pursed-lip breathing at home. ■ 2. The client states actions to reduce pain. ■ 3. The client says that he will use oxygen via a nasal cannula at 5 L/minute. ■ 4. The client agrees to call the physician if dyspnea on exertion increases.

4. Increasing dyspnea on exertion indicates that the client may be experiencing complications of COPD. Therefore, the nurse should notify the physician. Extracting promises from clients is not an outcome criterion. Pain is not a common symptom of COPD. Clients with COPD use low-flow oxygen supplementation (1 to 2 L/minute) to avoid suppressing the respiratory drive, which, for these clients, is stimulated by hypoxia.

The nurse should include which of the following instructions when developing a teaching plan for a client who is receiving isoniazid and rifampin (Rifamate) for treatment of tuberculosis? ■ 1. Take the medication with antacids. ■ 2. Double the dosage if a drug dose is missed. ■ 3. Increase intake of dairy products. ■ 4. Limit alcohol intake.

4. Isoniazid and rifampin (Rifamate) is a hepatotoxic drug. The client should be warned to limit intake of alcohol during drug therapy. The drug should be taken on an empty stomach. If antacids are needed for gastrointestinal distress, they should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after the drug is administered. The client should not double the dose of the drug because of potential toxicity. The client taking the drug should avoid foods that are rich in tyramine, such as cheese and dairy products, or he may develop hypertension.

A client with allergic rhinitis asks the nurse what he should do to decrease his symptoms. Which of the following instructions would be appropriate for the nurse to give the client? • 1. "Use your nasal decongestant spray regularly to help clear your nasal passages." • 2. "Ask the doctor for antibiotics. Antibiotics will help decrease the secretion." • 3. "It is important to increase your activity. A daily brisk walk will help promote drainage." • 4. "Keep a diary of when your symptoms occur. This can help you identify what precipitates your attacks."

4. It is important for clients with allergic rhinitis to determine the precipitating factors so that they can be avoided. Keeping a diary can help identify these triggers. Nasal decongestant sprays should not be used regularly because they can cause a rebound effect. Antibiotics are not appropriate for allergic rhinitis because an infection is not present. Increasing activity will not control the client's symptoms; in fact, walking outdoors may increase them if the client is allergic to pollen.

Which of the following is an expected outcome of pursed-lip breathing for clients with emphysema? ■ 1. To promote oxygen intake. ■ 2. To strengthen the diaphragm. ■ 3. To strengthen the intercostal muscles. ■ 4. To promote carbon dioxide elimination.

4. Pursed-lip breathing prolongs exhalation and prevents air trapping in the alveoli, thereby promoting carbon dioxide elimination. By prolonging exhalation and helping the client relax, pursed lip breathing helps the client learn to control the rate and depth of respiration. Pursed-lip breathing does not promote the intake of oxygen, strengthen the diaphragm, or strengthen intercostal muscles.

A client who underwent a left lower lobectomy has been out of surgery for 48 hours. She is receiving morphine sulfate via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) system. She tells the nurse that she has some pain in her left thorax that worsens when she coughs. The nurse should: ■ 1. Let the client rest, so that she is not stimulated to cough. ■ 2. Encourage the client to take deep breaths to help control the pain. ■ 3. Check that the PCA device is functioning properly, and then reassure the client that the machine is working and will relieve her pain. ■ 4. Obtain a more detailed assessment of the client's pain using a pain scale.

4. Systematic pain assessment is necessary for adequate pain management in the postoperative client. Guidelines from a variety of health care agencies and nursing groups recommend that institutions adopt a pain assessment scale to assist in facilitating pain management. Even though the client is receiving morphine sulfate by PCA, assessment is needed if she is experiencing pain. The concern is not to eliminate coughing but to control pain adequately. Coughing is necessary to prevent postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia. Breathing exercises may help control pain in some circumstances; however, most clients with thoracic surgery require parenteral opioid analgesics in the early postoperative period. Although it is necessary that the PCA device be checked periodically to ensure that it is functioning properly, if the machine is functional and the client's pain is not relieved, further intervention, beginning with a pain assessment, is indicated.

A client who has had a total laryngectomy appears withdrawn and depressed. He keeps the curtain drawn, refuses visitors, and indicates a desire to be left alone. Which nursing intervention would most likely be therapeutic for the client? ■ 1. Discussing his behavior with his wife to determine the cause. ■ 2. Exploring his future plans. ■ 3. Respecting his need for privacy. ■ 4. Encouraging him to express his feelings nonverbally and in writing.

4. The client has undergone body changes and permanent loss of verbal communication. He may feel isolated and insecure. The nurse can encourage him to express his feelings and use this information to develop an appropriate plan of care. Discussing the client's behavior with his wife may not reveal his feelings. Exploring future plans is not appropriate at this time because more information about the client's behavior is needed before proceeding to this level. The nurse can respect the client's need for privacy while also encouraging him to express his feelings.

The Client with Cancer of the Larynx Postoperative nursing management of the client following a radical neck dissection for laryngeal cancer requires: ■ 1. Complete bed rest minimizing head movement. ■ 2. Vital signs once a shift. ■ 3. Clear liquid diet started at 48 hours. ■ 4. Frequent suctioning of the laryngectomy tube.

4. The nurse must maintain patency of the airway with frequent suctioning of the laryngectomy tube that can become occluded from secretions, blood, and mucus plugs. Once the client is hemodynamically stable, getting out of bed should be encouraged to prevent postoperative complications. Vital signs should be monitored more frequently in a postoperative client. A swallow study is done at approximately 5 to 7 days after surgery, prior to starting oral intake.

The Client with an Upper Respiratory Tract Infection A nurse is completing the health history for a client who has been taking Echinacea for a head cold. the client asks "why isn't this helping me feel better" which of the following responses by the nurse would be the most accurate: • there is limited information as to the effectiveness of herbal products • antibiotics are the agents needed to treat a head cold • the head cold should be gone within the month • combining herbal products with prescription antiviral medications is sure to help you

there is limited information as to the effectiveness of herbal products 1. At this time, there is no strong research evidence to warrant recommendations of herbal products for management of colds; further study is needed to show evidence of therapeutic effects and indications. Antibiotics are effective against bacteria; the head cold may have a viral cause. An uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection subsides within 2 to 3 weeks. There may be a drug-drug interaction with herbal products and prescriptions

A nurse is to administer 10 mg of morphine sulfate to a client with three fractured ribs. The available concentration for this drug is 15 mg/mL. How many milliliters should the nurse administer? Round to one decimal point. __________________ mL.

0.7 mL 10 mg : X mL = 15 mg : 1 mL 15 mg × X mL = 10 mg × 1 mL 15X = 10 X = 0.6667 X = 0.67 mL.

The nurse is a member of a team that is planning a client-centered approach to care of clients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using the Chronic Care Model (CCM). The team should focus on improving quality of care and delivery in which of the following areas? Select all that apply. ■ 1. The community. ■ 2. Clinical information systems. ■ 3. Delivery system design. ■ 4. Administrative leadership. ■ 5. Emphasis on the acute care setting.

1, 2, 3. The process of changing a health care system from an acute care model to a Chronic Care Model (CCM) uses continuous quality improvement (CQI) methods. The goal of the CCM is to improve the health of chronically ill clients. The CCM identifies six basic areas upon which health care organizations need to focus to improve quality of care and delivery: health systems, delivery system design, decision support, clinical information systems, self-management support, and the community. This system requires health care services that are client-centered and coordinated among members of the health care staff and the client and family. CCM does not focus on the administrative leadership or the care in the acute care setting alone.

What areas of education should the nurse provide employees in a factory making products that cause respiratory irritation to reduce the risk of laryngeal cancer? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Smoking cessation concurrent with counseling. ■ 2. HEPA filter use in the home. ■ 3. Limiting alcohol use. ■ 4. Brushing teeth after every meal. ■ 5. Raising the voice to be heard over the noise in the factory.

1, 3. The primary risk factors for laryngeal cancer are smoking and alcohol abuse. Smoking cessation is most successful with a support group or counseling. Heavy drinking should be avoided since the risk increases with amount of alcohol consumption. HEPA filters help trap small particles and allergens to reduce allergy symptoms and asthma. Poor oral hygiene is not a risk factor, nor is over-using the voice.

A client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has fi ne crackles at lung bases and the respirations are shallow at a rate of 28 breaths/minute. The client is restless and anxious. In addition to monitoring the arterial blood gas results, the nurse should do which of the following? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Monitor serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. ■ 2. Administer a sedative. ■ 3. Keep the head of the bed f at. ■ 4. Administer humidified oxygen. ■ 5. Auscultate the lungs.

1, 4, 5. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may cause renal failure and superinfection, so the nurse should monitor urine output and urine chemistries. Treatment of hypoxemia can be complicated because changes in lung tissue leave less pulmonary tissue available for gas exchange, thereby causing inadequate perfusion. Humidified oxygen may be one means of promoting oxygenation. The client has crackles in the lung bases, so the nurse should continue to assess breath sounds. Sedatives should be used with caution in clients with ARDS. The nurse should try other measures to relieve the client's restlessness and anxiety. The head of the bed should be elevated to 30 degrees to promote chest expansion and prevent atelectasis.

The nurse is suctioning a client who had a laryngectomy. What is the maximum amount of time the nurse should suction the client? ■ 1. 10 seconds. ■ 2. 15 seconds. ■ 3. 25 seconds. ■ 4. 30 seconds.

1. A client should be suctioned for no longer than 10 seconds at a time. Suctioning for longer than 10 seconds may reduce the client's oxygen level so much that he becomes hypoxic.

A client has a chest tube attached to a water seal drainage system and the nurse notes that the fluid in the chest tube and in the water-seal column has stopped fluctuating. The nurse should determine that: ■ 1. The lung has fully expanded. ■ 2. The lung has collapsed. ■ 3. The chest tube is in the pleural space. ■ 4. The mediastinal space has decreased.

1. Cessation of fluid fluctuation in the tubing can mean one of several things: the lung has fully expanded and negative intrapleural pressure has been re-established; the chest tube is occluded; or the chest tube is not in the pleural space. Fluid fluctuation occurs because, during inspiration, intrapleural pressure exceeds the negative pressure generated in the water-seal system. Therefore, drainage moves toward the client. During expiration, the pleural pressure exceeds that generated in the water-seal system, and fluid moves away from the client. When the lung is collapsed or the chest tube is in the pleural space, fluid fluctuation is likely to be noted. The chest tube is not inserted in the mediastinal space.

Which of the following complications is associated with mechanical ventilation? ■ 1. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ■ 2. Immunosuppression. ■ 3. Increased cardiac output. ■ 4. Pulmonary emboli.

1. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurs in about 25% of clients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation because of the development of stress ulcers. Clients who are receiving steroid therapy and those with a previous history of ulcers are most likely to be at risk. Other possible complications include incorrect ventilation, oxygen toxicity, fl uid imbalance, decreased cardiac output, pneumothorax, infection, and atelectasis.

For a client with rib fractures and a pneumothorax, the physician prescribes morphine sulfate, 1 to 2 mg/hour, given I.V. as needed for pain. The nursing care goal is to provide adequate pain control so that the client can breathe effectively. Which of the following outcomes would indicate successful achievement of this goal? ■ 1. Pain rating of 0 on a scale of 0 to 10 by the client. ■ 2. Decreased client anxiety. ■ 3. Respiratory rate of 26 breaths/minute. ■ 4. PaO2 of 70 mm Hg.

1. If the client reports no pain, then the objective of adequate pain relief has been met. Decreased anxiety is not related only to pain control; it could also be related to other factors. A respiratory rate of 26 breaths/minute is not within normal limits. A PaO2of 70 mm Hg is not within normal limits.

Which of the following are expected outcomes for a client with pulmonary disease? ■ 1. A relatively matched ventilation-to-perfusion ratio. ■ 2. A low ventilation-to-perfusion ratio. ■ 3. A high ventilation-to-perfusion ratio. ■ 4. An equal PaO2 and PaCO2 ratio.

1. In the normal lung, the volume of blood perfusing the lungs each minute is approximately equal to the amount of fresh gas that reaches the alveoli each minute. Blood gas analysis evaluates respiratory function; the level of dissolved oxygen (PaO2) should be greater than the level of dissolved carbon dioxide (PaCO2).

A client who underwent a lobectomy and has a water-seal chest drainage system is breathing with a little more effort and at a faster rate than 1 hour ago. The client's pulse rate is also increased. The nurse should: ■ 1. Check the tubing to ensure that the client is not lying on it or kinking it. ■ 2. Increase the suction. ■ 3. Lower the drainage bottles 2 to 3 feet below the level of the client's chest. ■ 4. Ensure that the chest tube has two clamps on it to prevent air leaks.

1. In this case, there may be some obstruction to the flow of air and fluid out of the pleural space, causing air and fluid to collect and build up pressure. This prevents the remaining lung from reexpanding and can cause a mediastinal shift to the opposite side. The nurse's first response is to assess the tubing for kinks or obstruction. Increasing the suction is not done without a physician's order. The normal position of the drainage bottles is 2 to 3 feet below chest level. Clamping the tubes obstructs the flow of air and fluid out of the pleural space and should not be done.

A client has the following arterial blood gas values: pH, 7.52; PaO2, 50 mm Hg; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; HCO3-, 24 mEq/L. Based upon the client's PaO2, which of the following conclusions would be accurate? ■ 1. The client is severely hypoxic. ■ 2. The oxygen level is low but poses no risk for the client. ■ 3. The client's PaO2 level is within normal range. ■ 4. The client requires oxygen therapy with very low oxygen concentrations.

1. Normal PaO2 level ranges from 80 to 100 mm Hg. When the PaO2 value falls to 50 mm Hg, the nurse should be alert for signs of hypoxia and impending respiratory failure. An oxygen level this low poses a severe risk for respiratory failure. The PaO2 is not within normal range. The client will require oxygenation at a concentration that maintains the PaO2 at 55 to 60 mm Hg or more.

A client has been in an automobile accident and the nurse is assessing the client for possible pneumothorax. The nurse should assess the client for: ■ 1. Sudden, sharp chest pain. ■ 2. Wheezing breath sounds over affected side. ■ 3. Hemoptysis. ■ 4. Cyanosis.

1. Pneumothorax signs and symptoms include sudden, sharp chest pain; tachypnea; and tachycardia. Other signs and symptoms include diminished or absent breath sounds over the affected lung, anxiety, and restlessness. Breath sounds are diminished or absent over the affected side. Hemoptysis and cyanosis are not typically present with a moderate pneumothorax.

A client experiencing a severe asthma attack has the following arterial blood gas: pH 7.33; PCO2 48; PO2 58; HCO3 26. Which of the following orders should the nurse perform first? ■ 1. Albuterol (Proventil) nebulizer. ■ 2. Chest x-ray. ■ 3. Ipratropium (Atrovent) inhaler. ■ 4. Sputum culture.

1. The arterial blood gas reveals a respiratory acidosis with hypoxia. A quick-acting bronchodilator, albuterol, should be administered via nebulizer to improve gas exchange. Ipratropium is a maintenance treatment for bronchospasm that can be used with albuterol. A chest x-ray and sputum sample can be obtained once the client is stable.

A client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is on a ventilator. The client's peak inspiratory pressures and spontaneous respiratory rate are increasing, and the PO2 is not improving. Using the SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment- Recommendation) technique for communication, the nurse calls the physician with the recommendation for: ■ 1. Initiating I.V. sedation. ■ 2. Starting a high-protein diet. ■ 3. Providing pain medication. ■ 4. Increasing the ventilator rate.

1. The client may be fighting the ventilator breaths. Sedation is indicated to improve compliance with the ventilator in an attempt to lower peak inspiratory pressures. The workload of breathing does indicate the need for increased protein calories; however, this will not correct the respiratory problems with high pressures and respiratory rate. There is no indication that the client is experiencing pain. Increasing the rate on the ventilator is not indicated with the client's increased spontaneous rate.

Which of the following conditions can place a client at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? ■ 1. Septic shock. ■ 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ■ 3. Asthma. ■ 4. Heart failure.

1. The two risk factors most commonly associated with the development of ARDS are gram negative septic shock and gastric content aspiration. Nurses should be particularly vigilant in assessing a client for onset of ARDS if the client has experienced direct lung trauma or a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (which can be caused by any physiologic insult that leads to widespread inflammation). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and heart failure are not direct causes of ARDS.

A client has developed a hospital-acquired pneumonia. When preparing to administer cephalexin (Keflex) 500 mg, the nurse notices that the pharmacy sent cefazolin (Kefzol). What should the nurse do? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Administer the cefazolin (Kefzol). ■ 2. Verify the medication order as written by the physician. ■ 3. Contact the pharmacy and speak to a pharmacist. ■ 4. Request that cephalexin (Keflex) be sent promptly. ■ 5. Return the cefazolin (Kefzol) to the pharmacy

2, 3, 4, 5. One of the "five rights" of drug administration is "right medication." Kefzol was not the medication ordered. The pharmacist is the professional resource and serves as a check to ensure that clients receive the right medication. Returning unwanted medications to the pharmacy will decrease the opportunity for a medication error by the nurse who follows the current nurse.

The nurse interprets which of the following as an early sign of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a client at risk? ■ 1. Elevated carbon dioxide level. ■ 2. Hypoxia not responsive to oxygen therapy. ■ 3. Metabolic acidosis. ■ 4. Severe, unexplained electrolyte imbalance.

2. A hallmark of early ARDS is refractory hypoxemia. The client's PaO2 level continues to fall, despite higher concentrations of administered oxygen. Elevated carbon dioxide and metabolic acidosis occur late in the disorder. Severe electrolyte imbalances are not indicators of ARDS.

A client has a positive reaction to the Mantoux test. The nurse correctly interprets this reaction to mean that the client has: ■ 1. Active tuberculosis. ■ 2. Had contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ■ 3. Developed a resistance to tubercle bacilli. ■ 4. Developed passive immunity to tuberculosis.

2. A positive Mantoux skin test indicates that the client has been exposed to tubercle bacilli. Exposure does not necessarily mean that active disease exists. A positive Mantoux test does not mean that the client has developed resistance. Unless involved in treatment, the client may still develop active disease at any time. Immunity to tuberculosis is not possible.

A client who is recovering from chest trauma is to be discharged home with a chest tube drainage system intact. The nurse should instruct the client to call the physician for which of the following? ■ 1. Respiratory rate greater than 16 breaths/ minute. ■ 2. Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber. ■ 3. Fluid in the chest tube. ■ 4. Fluctuation of fluid in the water-seal chamber.

2. Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber indicates a leak in the system, and the client needs to be instructed to notify the physician if continuous bubbling occurs. A respiratory rate of more than 16 breaths/minute may not be unusual and does not necessarily mean that the client should notify the physician. Fluid in the chest tube is expected, as is fluctuation of the fluid in the water seal chamber.

When teaching a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to conserve energy, the nurse should teach the client to lift objects: ■ 1. While inhaling through an open mouth. ■ 2. While exhaling through pursed lips. ■ 3. After exhaling but before inhaling. ■ 4. While taking a deep breath and holding it.

2. Exhaling requires less energy than inhaling. Therefore, lifting while exhaling saves energy and reduces perceived dyspnea. Pursing the lips prolongs exhalation and provides the client with more control over breathing. Lifting after exhaling but before inhaling is similar to lifting with the breath held. This should not be recommended because it is similar to the Valsalva maneuver, which can stimulate cardiac arrhythmias.

A client undergoes surgery to repair lung injuries. Postoperative orders include the transfusion of one unit of packed red blood cells at a rate of 60 mL/ hour. How long would this transfusion take to infuse? ■ 1. 2 hours. ■ 2. 4 hours. ■ 3. 6 hours. ■ 4. 8 hours.

2. One unit of packed red blood cells is about 250 mL. If the blood is delivered at a rate of 60 mL/ hour, it will take about 4 hours to infuse the entire unit. The transfusion of a single unit of packed red blood cells should not exceed 4 hours to prevent the growth of bacteria and minimize the risk of septicemia.

A client's arterial blood gas values are as follows: pH, 7.31; PaO2, 80 mm Hg; PaCO2, 65 mm Hg; HCO3−, 36 mEq/L. The nurse should assess the client for? ■ 1. Cyanosis. ■ 2. Flushed skin. ■ 3. Irritability. ■ 4. Anxiety.

2. The high PaCO2 level causes flushing due to vasodilation. The client also becomes drowsy and lethargic because carbon dioxide has a depressant effect on the central nervous system. Cyanosis is a sign of hypoxia. Irritability and anxiety are not common with a PaCO2 level of 65 mm Hg but are associated with hypoxia.

A client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is showing signs of increased dyspnea. The nurse reviews a report of blood gas values that recently arrived, shown below. Laboratory Results Blood chemistry Result pH 7.35 PaCO2 25 mm Hg HCO3- 22 mEq/L PaO2 95 mm Hg

2. The normal range for partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is 35 to 45 mm Hg. Thus, this client's PaCO2 level is low. The client is experiencing respiratory alkalosis (carbonic acid deficit) due to hyperventilation. The nurse should report this finding to the physician because it requires intervention. The increase in ventilation decreases the PaCO2 level, which leads to decreased carbonic acid and alkalosis. The bicarbonate level is normal in uncompensated respiratory alkalosis along with the normal PaO2 level. Normal serum pH is 7.35 to 7.45; in uncompensated respiratory alkalosis, the serum pH is greater than 7.45.

When performing postural drainage, which of the following factors promotes the movement of secretions from the lower to the upper respiratory tract? ■ 1. Friction between the cilia. ■ 2. Force of gravity. ■ 3. Sweeping motion of cilia. ■ 4. Involuntary muscle contractions.

2. The principle behind using postural drainage is that gravity will help move secretions from smaller to larger airways. Postural drainage is best used after percussion has loosened secretions. Coughing or suctioning is then used to remove secretions. Movement of cilia is not sufficient to move secretions. Muscle contractions do not move secretions within the lungs.

The primary reason for infusing blood at a rate of 60 mL/hour is to help prevent which of the following complications? ■ 1. Emboli formation. ■ 2. Fluid volume overload. ■ 3. Red blood cell hemolysis. ■ 4. Allergic reaction.

2. Too-rapid infusion of blood, or any intravenous fluid, can cause fluid volume overload and related problems such as pulmonary edema. Emboli formation, red blood cell hemolysis, and allergic reaction are not related to rapid infusion.

Which of the following should be readily available at the bedside of a client with a chest tube in place? ■ 1. A tracheostomy tray. ■ 2. Another sterile chest tube. ■ 3. A bottle of sterile water. ■ 4. A spirometer.

3. A bottle of sterile water should be readily available and in view when a client has a chest tube so that the tube can be immediately submersed in the water if the chest tube system becomes disconnected. The chest tube should be reconnected to the water-seal system as soon as a sterile functioning system can be re-established. There is no need for a tracheostomy tray, another chest tube, or a spirometer to be placed at the bedside for emergency use.

Which of the following rehabilitative measures should the nurse teach the client who has undergone chest surgery to prevent shoulder ankylosis? ■ 1. Turn from side to side. ■ 2. Raise and lower the head. ■ 3. Raise the arm on the affected side over the head. ■ 4. Flex and extend the elbow on the affected side.

3. A client who has undergone chest surgery should be taught to raise the arm on the affected side over the head to help prevent shoulder ankylosis. This exercise helps restore normal shoulder movement, prevents stiffening of the shoulder joint, and improves muscle tone and power. Turning from side to side, raising and lowering the head, and flexing and extending the elbow on the affected side do not exercise the shoulder joint.

A client is admitted to the emergency department with a headache, weakness, and slight confusion. The physician diagnoses carbon monoxide poisoning. What should the nurse do first? ■ 1. Initiate gastric lavage. ■ 2. Maintain body temperature. ■ 3. Administer 100% oxygen by mask. ■ 4. Obtain a psychiatric referral.

3. Carbon monoxide poisoning develops when carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin. Because carbon monoxide combines more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen does, tissue anoxia results. The nurse should administer 100% oxygen by mask to reduce the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin. Gastric lavage is used for ingested poisons. With tissue anoxia, metabolism is diminished, with a subsequent lowering of the body's temperature, thus steps to increase body temperature would be required. Unless the carbon monoxide poisoning is intentional, a psychiatric referral would be inappropriate

Which of the following interventions should the nurse anticipate in a client who has been diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? ■ 1. Tracheostomy. ■ 2. Use of a nasal cannula. ■ 3. Mechanical ventilation. ■ 4. Insertion of a chest tube.

3. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required in ARDS to maintain adequate respiratory support. Endotracheal intubation, not a tracheostomy, is usually the initial method of maintaining an airway. The client requires mechanical ventilation; nasal oxygen will not provide adequate oxygenation. Chest tubes are used to remove air or fluid from intrapleural spaces.

A client with rib fractures and a pneumothorax has a chest tube inserted that is connected to a water-seal chest tube drainage system. The nurse notes that the fluid in the water-seal column is fluctuating with each breath that the client takes. What is the significance of this fluctuation? ■ 1. An obstruction is present in the chest tube. ■ 2. The client is developing subcutaneous emphysema. ■ 3. The chest tube system is functioning properly. ■ 4. There is a leak in the chest tube system.

3. Fluctuation of fluid in the water-seal column with respirations indicates that the system is functioning properly. If an obstruction were present in the chest tube, fluid fluctuation would be absent. Subcutaneous emphysema occurs when air pockets can be palpated beneath the client's skin around the chest tube insertion site. A leak in the system is indicated when continuous bubbling occurs in the water-seal column.

The nurse should caution sexually active female clients taking isoniazid (INH) that the drug has which of the following effects? ■ 1. Increases the risk of vaginal infection. ■ 2. Has mutagenic effects on ova. ■ 3. Decreases the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. ■ 4. Inhibits ovulation.

3. INH interferes with the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, and female clients of childbearing age should be counseled to use an alternative form of birth control while taking the drug. INH does not increase the risk of vaginal infection, nor does it affect the ova or ovulation.

Which of the following individuals should the nurse consider to have the highest priority for receiving seasonal influenza vaccination? ■ 1. A 60-year-old man with a hiatal hernia. ■ 2. A 36-year-old woman with three children. ■ 3. A 50-year-old woman caring for a spouse with cancer. ■ 4. A 60-year-old woman with osteoarthritis

3. Individuals who are household members or home care providers for high-risk individuals are high-priority targeted groups for immunization against influenza to prevent transmission to those who have a decreased capacity to deal with the disease. The wife who is caring for a husband with cancer has the highest priority of the clients described because her husband is likely to be immunocompromised and particularly susceptible to the flu. A healthy 60-year-old man or a healthy 36-year-old woman is not in a high-priority category for influenza vaccination. A 60-year-old woman with osteoarthritis does not have a higher priority for influenza vaccination than a home care provider.

A nurse should interpret which of the following as an early sign of a tension pneumothorax in a client with chest trauma? ■ 1. Diminished bilateral breath sounds. ■ 2. Muffled heart sounds. ■ 3. Respiratory distress. ■ 4. Tracheal deviation.

3. Respiratory distress or arrest is a universal finding of a tension pneumothorax. Unilateral, diminished, or absent breath sounds is a common finding. Tracheal deviation is an inconsistent and late finding. Muffled heart sounds are suggestive of pericardial tamponade.

A client is receiving streptomycin in the treatment regimen of tuberculosis. The nurse should assess for: ■ 1. Decreased serum creatinine. ■ 2. Difficulty swallowing. ■ 3. Hearing loss. ■ 4. I.V. infiltration.

3. Streptomycin can cause toxicity to the eighth cranial nerve, which is responsible for hearing, balance, and body position sense. Nephrotoxicity is a side effect that would be indicated with an increase in creatinine. Streptomycin is given via intramuscular injection.

The nurse is reading the results of a tuberculin skin test [that shows a firm, raised, area greater than 15 mm in diameter].The nurse should interpret the results as: ■ 1. Negative. ■ 2. Needing to be repeated. ■ 3. Positive. ■ 4. False.

3. The tuberculin test is positive. The test should be interpreted 2 to 3 days after administering the purified protein derivative (PPD) by measuring the size of the firm, raised area (induration). Positive responses indicate that the client may have been exposed to the tuberculosis bacteria. A negative response is indicated by the absence of a firm, raised area, or an area that is less than 5 mm in diameter. Since the test is positive, it is not necessary to redo the test. The test is positive, not false.

While assessing a thoracotomy incisional area from which a chest tube exits, the nurse feels a crackling sensation under the finger tips along the entire incision. Which of the following should be the nurse's first action? ■ 1. Lower the head of the bed and call the physician. ■ 2. Prepare an aspiration tray. ■ 3. Mark the area with a skin pencil at the outer periphery of the crackling. ■ 4. Turn off the suction of the chest drainage system.

3. This crackling sensation is subcutaneous emphysema. Subcutaneous emphysema is not an unusual finding, and it is not dangerous if confined. But progression can be serious, especially if the neck is involved; a tracheotomy may be needed. If emphysema progresses noticeably in 1 hour, the physician should be notified. Lowering the head of the bed will not arrest the progress or provide any further information. A tracheotomy tray would be useful if subcutaneous emphysema progresses to the neck. Subcutaneous emphysema may progress if the chest drainage system does not adequately remove air and fluid; therefore, the system should not be turned off.

A client with allergic rhinitis is instructed on the correct technique for using an intranasal inhaler. Which of the following statements would demonstrate to the nurse that the client understands the instructions? • 1. "I should limit the use of the inhaler to early morning and bedtime use." • 2. "It is important to not shake the canister because that can damage the spray device." • 3. "I should hold one nostril closed while I insert the spray into the other nostril." • 4. "The inhaler tip is inserted into the nostril and pointed toward the inside nostril wall."

3. When using an intranasal inhaler, it is important to close off one nostril while inhaling the spray into the other nostril to ensure the best inhalation of the spray. Use of the inhaler is not limited to mornings and bedtime. The canister should be shaken immediately before use. The inhaler tip should be inserted into the nostril and pointed toward the outside nostril wall to maximize inhalation of the medication.

The physician has inserted a chest tube in a client with a pneumothorax. The nurse should evaluate the effectiveness of the chest tube: ■ 1. For administration of oxygen. ■ 2. To promote formation of lung scar tissue. ■ 3. To insert antibiotics into the pleural space. ■ 4. To remove air and fl uid.

4. A chest tube is inserted to re-expand the lung and remove air and fluid. Oxygen is not administered through a chest tube. Chest tubes are not inserted to promote scar tissue formation. Antibiotics are not used to treat a pneumothorax.

Which of the following would be an expected outcome for a client recovering from an upper respiratory tract infection? The client will: • 1. Maintain a fluid intake of 800 mL every 24 hours. • 2. Experience chills only once a day. • 3. Cough productively without chest discomfort. • 4. Experience less nasal obstruction and discharge.

4. A client recovering from an upper respiratory tract infection should report decreasing or no nasal discharge and obstruction. Daily fluid intake should be increased to more than 1 L every 24 hours to liquefy secretions. The temperature should be below 100° F (37.8° C) with no chills or diaphoresis. A productive cough with chest pain indicates a pulmonary infection, not an upper respiratory tract infection.

Managing Care Quality and Safety The nurse should place a client being admitted to the hospital with suspected tuberculosis on what type of isolation? ■ 1. Standard precautions. ■ 2. Contact precautions. ■ 3. Droplet precautions. ■ 4. Airborne precautions.

4. Airborne precautions prevent transmission of infectious agents that remain infectious over long distances when suspended in the air (e.g. mycobacterium tuberculosis, measles, varicella virus [chickenpox], and possibly SARS-CoV). The preferred placement is in an isolation single-client room that is equipped with special air handling and ventilation. A negative pressure room, or an area that exhausts room air directly outside or through HEPA filters, should be used if recirculation is unavoidable. Standard precautions combine the major features of Universal Precautions and Body Substance Isolation and are based on the principle that the blood, body fluids, secretions, and excretions of all clients may contain transmissible infectious agents. Standard precautions include: hand hygiene; use of gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, or face shield, depending on the anticipated exposure; and safe injection practices. Contact precautions are for clients with known or suspected infections or evidence of syndromes that represent an increased risk for contact transmission. Droplet precautions are intended to prevent transmission of pathogens spread through close respiratory or mucous membrane contact with respiratory secretions. Because these pathogens do not remain infectious over long distances in a health care facility, special air handling and ventilation are not required to prevent droplet transmission

Which one of the following assessments is most appropriate for determining the correct placement of an endotracheal tube in a mechanically ventilated client? ■ 1. Assessing the client's skin color. ■ 2. Monitoring the respiratory rate. ■ 3. Verifying the amount of cuff inflation. ■ 4. Auscultating breath sounds bilaterally.

4. Auscultation for bilateral breath sounds is the most appropriate method for determining cuff placement. The nurse should also look for the symmetrical rise and fall of the chest and should note the location of the exit mark on the tube. Assessments of skin color, respiratory rate, and the amount of cuff inflation cannot validate the placement of the endotracheal tube.

A confused client with carbon monoxide poisoning experiences dizziness when ambulating to the bathroom. The nurse should: ■ 1. Put all four side rails up on the bed. ■ 2. Ask the unlicensed personnel to place restraints on the client's upper extremities. ■ 3. Request that the client's roommate put the call light on when the client is attempting to get out of bed. ■ 4. Check on the client at regular intervals to ascertain the need to use the bathroom.

4. Confusion and vertigo are risk factors for falls. Measures must be taken to minimize the risk of injury. The nurse or unlicensed personnel should check on the client regularly to determine needs regarding elimination. Restraints, including bed rails and extremity restraints, should be used only to ensure the person's safety or the safety of others, and there must be a written order from a physician before using them. The nurse should never ask the roommate of a client to be responsible for the client's safety.

After a thoracotomy, the nurse instructs the client to perform deep-breathing exercises. Which of the following is an expected outcome of these exercises? ■ 1. Deep breathing elevates the diaphragm, which enlarges the thorax and increases the lung surface available for gas exchange. ■ 2. Deep breathing increases blood flow to the lungs to allow them to recover from the trauma of surgery. ■ 3. Deep breathing controls the rate of air flow to the remaining lobe so that it will not become hyperinflated. ■ 4. Deep breathing expands the alveoli and increases the lung surface available for ventilation.

4. Deep breathing helps prevent micro atelectasis and pneumonitis and also helps force air and fluid out of the pleural space into the chest tubes. More than half of the ventilatory process is accomplished by the rise and fall of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the major muscle of respiration; deep breathing causes it to descend, not elevate, thereby increasing the ventilating surface. Deep breathing increases blood flow to the lungs; however, the primary reason for deep breathing is to expand alveoli and prevent atelectasis. The remaining lobe naturally hyperinflates to fill the space created by the resected lobe. This is an expected phenomenon.

A client's chest tube is to be removed by the physician. Which of the following items should the nurse have ready to be placed directly over the wound when the chest tube is removed? ■ 1. Butterfl y dressing. ■ 2. Montgomery strap. ■ 3. Fine-mesh gauze dressing. ■ 4. Petroleum gauze dressing.

4. Immediately after chest tube removal, a petroleum gauze is placed over the wound and covered with a dry sterile dressing. This serves as an airtight seal to prevent air leakage or air movement in either direction. Bandages are not applied directly over wounds. Montgomery straps are used in place of adhesive tape when a dressing requires very frequent changes and the constant removal of adhesive tape would damage the skin. Montgomery straps are not placed over open wounds. Mesh gauze would allow air movement.

Which of the following interventions would be most likely to prevent the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? ■ 1. Teaching cigarette smoking cessation. ■ 2. Maintaining adequate serum potassium levels. ■ 3. Monitoring clients for signs of hypercapnia. ■ 4. Replacing fluids adequately during hypovolemic states.

4. One of the major risk factors for development of ARDS is hypovolemic shock. Adequate fluid replacement is essential to minimize the risk of ARDS in these clients. Teaching smoking cessation does not prevent ARDS. An abnormal serum potassium level and hypercapnia are not risk factors for ARDS.

Which of the following findings would suggest pneumothorax in a trauma victim? ■ 1. Pronounced crackles. ■ 2. Inspiratory wheezing. ■ 3. Dullness on percussion. ■ 4. Absent breath sounds.

4. Pneumothorax means that the lung has collapsed and is not functioning. The nurse will hear no sounds of air movement on auscultation. Movement of air through mucus produces crackles. Wheezing occurs when airways become obstructed. Dullness on percussion indicates increased density of lung tissue, usually caused by accumulation of fluid.

When caring for a client with a chest tube and water-seal drainage system, the nurse should: ■ 1. Verify that the air vent on the water-seal drainage system is capped when the suction is off. ■ 2. Strip the chest drainage tubes at least every 4 hours if excessive bleeding occurs. ■ 3. Ensure that the chest tube is clamped when moving the client out of the bed. ■ 4. Make sure that the drainage apparatus is always below the client's chest level.

4. The drainage apparatus is always kept below the client's chest level to prevent back fl ow of fluid into the pleural space. The air vent must always be open in the closed chest drainage system to allow air from the client to escape. Stripping a chest tube causes excessive negative intrapleural pressure and is not recommended. Clamping a chest tube when moving a client is not recommended.

Which of the following nursing interventions would promote effective airway clearance in a client with acute respiratory distress? ■ 1. Administering oxygen every 2 hours. ■ 2. Turning the client every 4 hours. ■ 3. Administering sedatives to promote rest. ■ 4. Suctioning if cough is ineffective.

4. The nurse should suction the client if the client is not able to cough up secretions and clear the airway. Administering oxygen will not promote airway clearance. The client should be turned every 2 hours to help move secretions; every 4 hours is not often enough. Administering sedatives is contraindicated in acute respiratory distress because sedatives can depress respirations.

The Client with Chest Trauma The nurse is assessing a client who has a chest tube connected to a water-seal chest tube drainage system. According to the illustration shown: [the drainage system and tubing is not lower than the client's lungs; the tubing connection is intact. There is sufficient water to maintain a water seal]. Which should the nurse do? ■ 1. Clamp the chest tube near the insertion site to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity. ■ 2. Notify the physician of the amount of chest tube drainage. ■ 3. Add water to maintain the water seal. ■ 4. Lower the drainage system to maintain gravity flow.

4. To promote chest tube drainage the drainage system must be lower than the client's lungs. The amount of drainage is not abnormal; it is not necessary to notify the physician. The nurse should chart the amount and color of drainage every 4 to 8 hours. The chest tube does not need to be clamped; the tubing connection is intact. There is sufficient water to maintain a water seal.

Guaifenesin (Robitussin) 300 mg four times a day has been ordered as an expectorant. The dosage strength of the liquid is 200 mg/5 mL. How many milliliters should the nurse administer for each dose? _____________________ mL.

7.5 mL 300 mg/X = 200 mg/5 mL X = 7.5 mL.

When developing a discharge plan to manage the care of a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the nurse should advise the the client to expect to: ■ 1. Develop respiratory infections easily. ■ 2. Maintain current status. ■ 3. Require less supplemental oxygen. ■ 4. Show permanent improvement.

1. A client with COPD is at high risk for development of respiratory infections. COPD is slowly progressive; therefore, maintaining current status and establishing a goal that the client will require less supplemental oxygen are unrealistic expectations. Treatment may slow progression of the disease, but permanent improvement is highly unlikely.

The nurse has reported to the hospital to work the evening shift on a respiratory unit. The nurse's assignment consists of four clients. Prioritize in order from highest to lowest priority how the nurse would assess the clients after receiving report. 1. An 85-year-old client with bacterial pneumonia, temperature of 102.2° F (42° C), and shortness of breath. 2. A 60-year-old client with chest tubes who is 2 days postoperative following a thoracotomy for lung cancer and is requesting something for pain. 3. A 35-year-old client with suspected tuberculosis who is complaining of a cough. 4. A 56-year-old client with emphysema who has a scheduled dose of a bronchodilator due to be administered, with no report of acute respiratory distress.

1. An 85-year-old client with bacterial pneumonia, temperature of 102.2° F (42° C), and shortness of breath. 2. A 60-year-old client with chest tubes who is 2 days postoperative following a thoracotomy for lung cancer and is requesting something for pain. 4. A 56-year-old client with emphysema who has a scheduled dose of a bronchodilator due to be administered, with no report of acute respiratory distress. 3. A 35-year-old client with suspected tuberculosis who is complaining of a cough.

The nurse is providing follow-up care to a client with tuberculosis who does not regularly take his medication. Which nursing action would be most appropriate for this client? ■ 1. Ask the client's spouse to supervise the daily administration of the medications. ■ 2. Visit the client weekly to ask him whether he is taking his medications regularly. ■ 3. Notify the physician of the client's noncompliance and request a different prescription. ■ 4. Remind the client that tuberculosis can be fatal if it is not treated promptly.

1. Directly observed therapy (DOT) can be implemented with clients who are not compliant with drug therapy. In DOT, a responsible person, who may be a family member or a health care provider, observes the client taking the medication. Visiting the client, changing the prescription, or threatening the client will not ensure compliance if the client will not or cannot follow the prescribed treatment.

A client is being discharged with nasal packing in place. The nurse should instruct the client to: ■ 1. Perform frequent mouth care. ■ 2. Use normal saline nose drops daily. ■ 3. Sneeze and cough with mouth closed. ■ 4. Gargle every 4 hours with salt water.

1. Frequent mouth care is important to provide comfort and encourage eating. Mouth care promotes moist mucous membranes. Nose drops cannot be used with nasal packing in place. When sneezing and coughing, the client should do so with the mouth open to decrease the chance of dislodging the packing. Gargling should not be attempted with packing in place.

A client who has undergone outpatient nasal surgery is ready for discharge and has nasal packing in place. Which of the following discharge instructions would be appropriate for the client? ■ 1. Avoid activities that elicit the Valsalva maneuver. ■ 2. Take aspirin to control nasal discomfort. ■ 3. Avoid brushing the teeth until the nasal packing is removed. ■ 4. Apply heat to the nasal area to control swelling.

1. The client should be instructed to avoid any activities that cause Valsalva's maneuver (e.g., constipation, vigorous coughing, exercise) in order to reduce bleeding and stress on suture lines. The client should not take aspirin because of its antiplatelet properties, which may cause bleeding. Oral hygiene is important to rid the mouth of old dried blood and to enhance the client's appetite. Cool compresses, not heat, should be applied to decrease swelling and control discoloration of the area.

When suctioning a tracheostomy or laryngectomy tube, the nurse should follow which of the following procedures? ■ 1. Use a sterile catheter each time the client is suctioned. ■ 2. Clean the catheter in sterile water after each use and reuse for no longer than 8 hours. ■ 3. Protect the catheter in sterile packaging between suctioning episodes. ■ 4. Use a clean catheter with each suctioning, and disinfect it in hydrogen peroxide between uses.

1. The recommended technique is to use a sterile catheter each time the client is suctioned. There is a danger of introducing organisms into the respiratory tract when strict aseptic technique is not used. Reusing a suction catheter is not consistent with aseptic technique. The nurse does not use a clean catheter when suctioning a tracheostomy or a laryngectomy; it is a sterile procedure.

The client with tuberculosis is to be discharged home with community health nursing follow-up. Of the following nursing interventions, which should have the highest priority? ■ 1. Offering the client emotional support. ■ 2. Teaching the client about the disease and its treatment. ■ 3. Coordinating various agency services. ■ 4. Assessing the client's environment for sanitation.

2. Ensuring that the client is well educated about tuberculosis is the highest priority. Education of the client and family is essential to help the client understand the need for completing the prescribed drug therapy to cure the disease. Offering the client emotional support, coordinating various agency services, and assessing the environment may be part of the care for the client with tuberculosis; however, these interventions are of less importance than education about the disease process and its treatment.

In which areas of the United States is the incidence of tuberculosis highest? ■ 1. Rural farming areas. ■ 2. Inner-city areas. ■ 3. Areas where clean water standards are low. ■ 4. Suburban areas with significant industrial pollution.

2. Statistics show that of the four geographic areas described, most cases of tuberculosis are found in inner-core residential areas of large cities, where health and sanitation standards tend to be low. Substandard housing, poverty, and crowded living conditions also generally characterize these city areas and contribute to the spread of the disease. Farming areas have a low incidence of tuberculosis. Variations in water standards and industrial pollution are not correlated to tuberculosis incidence.

A client with pneumonia is experiencing pleuritic chest pain. The nurse should assess the client for: ■ 1. A mild but constant aching in the chest. ■ 2. Severe midsternal pain. ■ 3. Moderate pain that worsens on inspiration. ■ 4. Muscle spasm pain that accompanies coughing.

3. Chest pain in pneumonia is generally caused by friction between the pleural layers. It is more severe on inspiration than on expiration, secondary to chest wall movement. Pleuritic chest pain is usually described as sharp, not mild or aching. Pleuritic chest pain is not localized to the sternum, and it is not the result of a muscle spasm.

Which of the following is an appropriate expected outcome for a client recovering from a total laryngectomy? The client will: ■ 1. Regain the ability to taste and smell food. ■ 2. Demonstrate appropriate care of the gastrostomy tube. ■ 3. Communicate feelings about body image changes. ■ 4. Demonstrate sterile suctioning technique for stoma care.

3. It is important that the client be able to communicate his or her feelings about the body image changes that have occurred as a result of surgery. Open communication helps promote adjustment. The client may not regain the ability to taste and smell food because of no longer breathing through the nose or because of radiation therapy treatments, or both. A gastrostomy tube would not typically be placed after a total laryngectomy, nor would it be necessary for the client to demonstrate sterile suctioning technique for stoma care. The client would use clean technique.

An elderly client had posterior packing inserted to control a severe nosebleed. After insertion of the packing, the client should be closely monitored for which of the following complications? ■ 1. Vertigo. ■ 2. Bell's palsy. ■ 3. Hypoventilation. ■ 4. Loss of gag reflex.

3. Posterior packing may alter the respiratory status of the client, especially in elderly clients, causing hypoventilation. Clients should be observed carefully for changes in level of consciousness, respiratory rate, and heart rate and rhythm after the insertion of the packing. Vertigo does not occur as a result of the insertion of posterior packing. Bell's palsy, a disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, is not associated with epistaxis or nasal packing. Loss of gag reflex does not occur as a result of the insertionof posterior packing.

When instructing clients on how to decrease the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the nurse should emphasize which of the following? ■ 1. Participate regularly in aerobic exercises. ■ 2. Maintain a high-protein diet. ■ 3. Avoid exposure to people with known respiratory infections. ■ 4. Abstain from cigarette smoking.

4. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Other risk factors include exposure to environmental pollutants and chronic asthma. Participating in an aerobic exercise program, although beneficial, will not decrease the risk of COPD. Insufficient protein intake and exposure to people with respiratory infections do not increase the risk of COPD.

Which of the following diets would be most appropriate for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? ■ 1. Low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. ■ 2. Bland, soft diet. ■ 3. Low-sodium diet. ■ 4. High-calorie, high-protein diet.

4. The client should eat high-calorie, high protein meals to maintain nutritional status and prevent weight loss that results from the increased work of breathing. The client should be encouraged to eat small, frequent meals. A low-fat, low- cholesterol diet is indicated for clients with coronary artery disease. The client with COPD does not necessarily need to follow a sodium-restricted diet, unless otherwise medically indicated. There is no need for the client to eat bland, soft foods.

The nurse assesses the respiratory status of a client who is experiencing an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) secondary to an upper respiratory tract infection. Which of the following findings would be expected? ■ 1. Normal breath sounds. ■ 2. Prolonged inspiration. ■ 3. Normal chest movement. ■ 4. Coarse crackles and rhonchi.

4. Exacerbations of COPD are commonly caused by respiratory infections. Coarse crackles and rhonchi would be auscultated as air moves through airways obstructed with secretions. In COPD, breath sounds are diminished because of an enlarged anteroposterior diameter of the chest. Expiration, not inspiration, becomes prolonged. Chest movement is decreased as lungs become over distended.

The nurse is teaching a client how to manage a nosebleed. Which of the following instructions would be appropriate to give the client? ■ 1. "Tilt your head backward and pinch your nose." ■ 2. "Lie down flat and place an ice compress over the bridge of the nose." ■ 3. "Blow your nose gently with your neck flexed." ■ 4. "Sit down, lean forward, and pinch the soft portion of your nose."

4. The client should assume a sitting position and lean forward. Firm pressure should be applied to the soft portion of the nose for approximately 10 minutes. Tilting the head backward can cause the client to swallow blood, which can obscure the amount of bleeding and also can lead to nausea. Ice compresses may be applied, but the client should not lie flat. Blowing the nose is to be avoided because it can increase bleeding.

The Client with Asthma A client uses a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) to aid in management of his asthma. Which action by the client indicates to the nurse that he needs further instruction regarding its use? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Activation of the MDI is not coordinated with inspiration. ■ 2. The client inspires rapidly when using the MDI. ■ 3. The client holds his breath for 3 seconds after inhaling with the MDI. ■ 4. The client shakes the MDI after use. ■ 5. The client performs puffs in rapid succession.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Utilization of an MDI requires coordination between activation and inspiration; deep breaths to ensure that medication is distributed into the lungs, holding the breath for 10 seconds or as long as possible to disperse the medication into the lungs, shaking up the medication in the MDI before use, and a sufficient amount of time between puffs to provide an adequate amount of inhalation medication.

When caring for the client who is receiving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, the nurse should monitor which of the following laboratory values? ■ 1. Serum sodium. ■ 2. Serum potassium. ■ 3. Serum creatinine. ■ 4. Serum calcium.

3. It is essential to monitor serum creatinine in the client receiving an aminoglycoside antibiotic because of the potential of this type of drug to cause acute tubular necrosis. Aminoglycoside antibiotics do not affect serum sodium, potassium, or calcium levels.

The nurse is planning to give preoperative instructions to a client who will be undergoing rhinoplasty. Which of the following instructions should be included? ■ 1. After surgery, nasal packing will be in place for 7 to 10 days. ■ 2. Normal saline nose drops will need to be administered preoperatively. ■ 3. The results of the surgery will be immediately obvious postoperatively. ■ 4. Aspirin-containing medications should not be taken for 2 weeks before surgery.

4. Aspirin-containing medications should be discontinued for 2 weeks before surgery to decrease the risk of bleeding. Nasal packing is usually removed the day after surgery. Normal saline nose drops are not routinely administered preoperatively. The results of the surgery will not be obvious immediately after surgery because of edema and ecchymosis.

Which of the following is significant data to gather from a client who has been diagnosed with pneumonia? Select all that apply. ■ 1. Quality of breath sounds. ■ 2. Presence of bowel sounds. ■ 3. Occurrence of chest pain. ■ 4. Amount of peripheral edema. ■ 5. Color of nail beds.

1, 3, 5. A respiratory assessment, which includes auscultating breath sounds and assessing the color of the nail beds, is a priority for clients with pneumonia. Assessing for the presence of chest pain is also an important respiratory assessment as chest pain can interfere with the client's ability to breathe deeply. Auscultating bowel sounds and assessing for peripheral edema may be appropriate assessments, but these are not priority assessments for the client with pneumonia.

The Client with Tuberculosis Which of the following symptoms is common in clients with active tuberculosis? ■ 1. Weight loss. ■ 2. Increased appetite. ■ 3. Dyspnea on exertion. ■ 4. Mental status changes.

1. Tuberculosis typically produces anorexia and weight loss. Other signs and symptoms may include fatigue, low-grade fever, and night sweats. Increased appetite is not a symptom of tuberculosis; dyspnea on exertion and change in mental status are not common symptoms of tuberculosis.

Which of the following measures would most likely be successful in reducing pleuritic chest pain in a client with pneumonia? ■ 1. Encourage the client to breathe shallowly. ■ 2. Have the client practice abdominal breathing. ■ 3. Offer the client incentive spirometry. ■ 4. Teach the client to splint the rib cage when coughing.

4. The pleuritic pain is triggered by chest movement and is particularly severe during coughing. Splinting the chest wall will help reduce the discomfort of coughing. Deep breathing is essential to prevent further atelectasis. Abdominal breathing is not as effective in decreasing pleuritic chest pain as is splinting of the rib cage. Incentive spirometry facilitates effective deep breathing but does not decrease pleuritic chest pain.

The nurse administers theophylline (Theo- Dur) to a client. To evaluate the effectiveness of this medication, which of the following drug actions should the nurse anticipate? ■ 1. Suppression of the client's respiratory infection. ■ 2. Decrease in bronchial secretions. ■ 3. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. ■ 4. Thinning of tenacious, purulent sputum.

3. Theophylline (Theo-Dur) is a bronchodilator that is administered to relax airways and decrease dyspnea. Theophylline is not used to treat infections and does not decrease or thin secretions.

A 34-year-old female with a history of asthma is admitted to the emergency department. The nurse notes that the client is dyspneic, with a respiratory rate of 35 breaths/minute, nasal flaring, and use of accessory muscles. Auscultation of the lung fields reveals greatly diminished breath sounds. Based on these findings, which action should the nurse take to initiate care of the client? ■ 1. Initiate oxygen therapy and reassess the client in 10 minutes. ■ 2. Draw blood for an arterial blood gas analysis and send the client for a chest X-ray. ■ 3. Encourage the client to relax and breathe slowly through the mouth. ■ 4. Administer bronchodilators.

4. In an acute asthma attack, diminished or absent breath sounds can be an ominous sign indicating lack of air movement in the lungs and impending respiratory failure. The client requires immediate intervention with inhaled bronchodilators, I.V. corticosteroids and, possibly, I.V. theophylline (Theo-Dur). Administering oxygen and reassessing the client 10 minutes later would delay needed medical intervention, as would drawing blood for an arterial blood gas analysis and obtaining a chest X-ray. It would be futile to encourage the client to relax and breathe slowly without providing the necessary pharmacologic intervention.

Which of the following family members exposed to tuberculosis would be at highest risk for contracting the disease? ■ 1. 45-year-old mother. ■ 2. 17-year-old daughter. ■ 3. 8-year-old son. ■ 4. 76-year-old grandmother.

4. Elderly persons are believed to be at higher risk for contracting tuberculosis because of decreased immunocompetence. Other high-risk populations in the United States include the urban poor, clients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and minority groups.

Which of the following statements should indicate to the nurse that a client has understood the discharge instructions provided after her nasal surgery? ■ 1. "I should not shower until my packing is removed." ■ 2. "I will take stool softeners and modify my diet to prevent constipation." ■ 3. "Coughing every 2 hours is important to prevent respiratory complications." ■ 4. "It is important to blow my nose each day to remove the dried secretions."

2. Constipation can cause straining during defecation, which can induce bleeding. Showering is not contraindicated. The client should take measures to prevent coughing, which can cause bleeding. The client should avoid blowing her nose for 48 hours after the packing is removed. Thereafter, she should blow her nose gently, using the open mouth technique to minimize bleeding in the surgical area.

A client with acute asthma is prescribed short-term corticosteroid therapy. Which is the expected outcome for the use of steroids in clients with asthma? ■ 1. Promote bronchodilation. ■ 2. Act as an expectorant. ■ 3. Have an anti-inflammatory effect. ■ 4. Prevent development of respiratory infections.

3. Corticosteroids have an anti-inflammatory effect and act to decrease edema in the bronchial airways and decrease mucus secretion. Corticosteroids do not have a bronchodilator effect, act as expectorants, or prevent respiratory infections.

The Client with Pneumonia A nurse notes that a client has kyphosis and generalized muscle atrophy. Which of the following problems is a priority when the nurse develops a nursing plan of care? ■ 1. Infection. ■ 2. Confusion. ■ 3. Ineffective coughing and deep breathing. ■ 4. Difficulty chewing solid foods.

3. In kyphosis, the thoracic spine bends forward with convexity of the curve in a posterior direction, making effective coughing and deep breathing difficult. Although the client may develop other problems because respiratory status deteriorates when pulmonary secretions are not adequately cleared from airways, ineffective coughing and deep breathing should receive priority attention.

The nurse teaches a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to assess for signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure. Which of the following signs and symptoms should be included in the teaching plan? ■ 1. Clubbing of nail beds. ■ 2. Hypertension. ■ 3. Peripheral edema. ■ 4. Increased appetite.

3. Right-sided heart failure is a complication of COPD that occurs because of pulmonary hypertension. Signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure include peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, hepatomegaly, and weight gain due to increased fl uid volume. Clubbing of nail beds is associated with conditions of chronic hypoxemia. Hypertension is associated with left-sided heart failure. Clients with heart failure have decreased appetites.

The cyanosis that accompanies bacterial pneumonia is primarily caused by which of the following? ■ 1. Decreased cardiac output. ■ 2. Pleural effusion. ■ 3. Inadequate peripheral circulation. ■ 4. Decreased oxygenation of the blood.

4. A client with pneumonia has less lung surface available for the diffusion of gases because of the inflammatory pulmonary response that creates lung exudate and results in reduced oxygenation of the blood. The client becomes cyanotic because blood is not adequately oxygenated in the lungs before it enters the peripheral circulation. Decreased cardiac output may be a comorbid condition in some clients with pneumonia; however, it is not the cause of cyanosis. Pleural effusions are a potential complication of pneumonia but are not the primary cause of decreased oxygenation. Inadequate peripheral circulation is also not the cause of the cyanosis that develops with bacterial pneumonia.

The Client Undergoing Nasal Surgery A health care provider has just inserted nasal packing for a client with epistaxis. The client is taking ramipril (Altace) for hypertension. What should the nurse instruct the client to do? ■ 1. Use 81 mg of aspirin daily for relief of discomfort. ■ 2. Omit the next dose of ramipril (Altace). ■ 3. Remove the packing if there is difficulty swallowing. ■ 4. Avoid rigorous aerobic exercise.

4. Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is a common, sudden emergency. Commonly, no apparent explanation for the bleeding is known. With significant blood loss, systemic symptoms, such as vertigo, increased pulse, shortness of breath, decreased blood pressure, and pallor, will occur. Because aerobic exercise may increase blood pressure and increased blood pressure can cause epistaxis, the client with hypertension should avoid it. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the ability of the blood to clot. The client should continue to take his antihypertension medication, ramipril (Altace). Posterior nasal packing should be left in place for 1 to 3 days.

What is the rationale that supports multidrug treatment for clients with tuberculosis? ■ 1. Multiple drugs potentiate the drugs' actions. ■ 2. Multiple drugs reduce undesirable drug adverse effects. ■ 3. Multiple drugs allow reduced drug dosages to be given. ■ 4. Multiple drugs reduce development of resistant strains of the bacteria.

4. Use of a combination of antituberculosis drugs slows the rate at which organisms develop drug resistance. Combination therapy also appears to be more effective than single-drug therapy. Many drugs potentiate (or inhibit) the actions of other drugs; however, this is not the rationale for using multiple drugs to treat tuberculosis. Treatment with multiple drugs does not reduce adverse effects and may expose the client to more adverse effects. Combination therapy may allow some medications (e.g., antihypertensives) to be given in reduced dosages; however, reduced dosages are not prescribed for antibiotics and antituberculosis drugs.