Restorative Art chapter 1-3

orbicularis oris (puckering muscle)

(1) a flat band of muscles in the upper and lower red lips and integumentary lips. function closes the lips compresses lips against teeth. shapes lips during speech

Glabella

(1) an elevation located between the superciliary arches on the inferior part of the frontal bone immediately above the root of the nose. the root is the point at which the two nasal bones touch the frtonal bone it is inferior to the glabella

occipital

(1) forms the lowest part of the back and the base of the cranium. acts as a cradle for the brain. articulates with the parietal bone at lambodoidal suture and the temporal bone at the squamosal suture

frontal

(1) the anterior 1/3 of the cranium forming the forehead and parts of the eye socket and most of the anterior of the cranial floor. it is comprised of two planes the vertical plane making up the forehead and the horizontal plane making up the superior part of the cranium

occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

(1) the broad muscle covers the top of the skull it consists of two parts the occiptalis or back part and the frontalis or front part. function this muscle draws the scalp posteriorly and anteriorly causing eyebrows to raise and wrinkles to form on forehead

mandible

(1) the horse shoe shaped bone forming the lower jaw it consists of two portions the body and the ramus. articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

mentalis

(1) this muscle is located at the tip of the chin function to elevate and protrude the lower lip it also wrinkles the skin over the chin

digastric

(2) A double-bellied muscle of the neck, which attaches to the mastoid process and the mandible. Draws the hyoid bone superiorly

temporalis

(2) a broad muslce arising in the temporal cavity and inserting in the mandible. funtion a muscle of mastication and is the strongest chewing muslce it sloses the mandible. assits in side to side movement of the mandible

zygotatic arch

(2) a long thin arched process extending anteriorly from the squama to the zygomatic bone. it lies above the external audiotry meatus and divides the length of the ear in half. it is considered the wildest part of the face

masseter

(2) a muscle arising from the zygomatic arch and inserting in the mandible function a muscle of mastication it closes the mandible

levator palpebrae superoris

(2) a muscle of facial expression that runs from the inside of the eye socket to the superior tarsal plate of the eyelid function raises the upper eyelid

depressor anguli inferioris (quadratus)

(2) a muscle of the facial expression , depresses the lower lip inferiorly and slightly laterally

levator labbi superioris

(2) a muscle of the facial expression. elevates and extends the upper lip

levator labbi superioris alaeque nasi

(2) a muscle of the facial expression. raises the upper lips and dilates the nostrils.

levator anguli oris

(2) a small muscle at the angle of the mouth , function elevates the angle of the mouth

mandibular fossa

(2) a small oval depression or socket on the uderside of the temporal bone. the condyle of the mandible articulates in this depression. lies just anterior to the external auditory meatus

temporal

(2) comprises the inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium they located inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone. articulates with the parietal bone at the squamosal suture, occipital bone at lambdoidal suture great wing of the phenoid bone

zygomaticus major (laughing muscle)

(2) extends from the cheekbone to the angle of the mouth , draws the upper lip posterior superiorly and laterally as in smiling or laughing

Risorius (false smile muscle)

(2) extends from the skin over the masseter muscles to the corners of the mouth, draws corners of mouth posterior

zygomaticus minor

(2) muscle of the face , draws the upper lip posteriorly superiorly and laterally

zygomatic

(2) the diamond shaped bones that form the cheekbones. they are located on the frontal and lateral planes of the face. the bones from part of the inferior and lateral surfaces of the orbital cavity.

Maxilla

(2) the maxillae are the bones of the upper jaw. they form the skeletal base for most of ther superior portion of the face, anterior roof of the mouth , sides and floor of the nasal cavity and floor of the orbits. articulates rach other at the midline, forming the nasal spine, a small bony process

buccinator (trumpeters muscle)

(2) the principle muscle of the cheek originates in the skin over the molar teeth and inserts into the skin at the anguli oris (corners of the mouth) it makes up part of the angulus oris eminences. compresses the cheek , and it pulls the anguli oris posteriorly it produces the action of sucking.

supraorbital margin

(2) the superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.

ramus of the mandible

(2) the vertical portions of the mandible it is wide flat and quadrilateral shape

parietal

(2) these bones create the superior portion of the sides and back of the cranium as well as the posterior 2/3 of the roof of the cranium. articulates with the occipital bone at the lambdoidal suture, temporal bone at the squamosal suture, frontal bone at cornal stutre , and the opposite side parital at the sagittal suture

platysma

(2) thin layer of muscle covering anterior aspect of neck function wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest also depresses the mandible and anguli oris as in pouting

orbicularis oculi

(2) this sphincter ,muscle surrounds the eye socket function closes the eyelid and compresses the lacrimal sac

anterior

(ventral) towards the front the (the frontal bone is anterior to the occipital bone )

ethmoid bone

A horizontal plate that forms the roof of the cranial cavity and closes the anterior part of the base of the cranium.

depressor anguli oris (triangularis)

A muscle of facial expression that arises from the mandible to insert into the anguli oris. Depresses the angle of the mouth.

lacrimal bones

Are two bones located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ehmoid and maxillary bones. they somewhat resemble a fingernail in shape

anatomical position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

dental prognathism (buck teeth)

Can occur in this bone. The point where the two maxilla meet form a sharp bony process known as the nasal spine. The nasal spine creates the inferior border of the nasal skeleton.

squama

Is the thin superior part of the temporal bone. the temporal cavity is immediately lateral the squama. and this space houses the temporalis muscle

median (sagittal)

Lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left sections and the two are equal halves

bones of the cranium

Occipital 1 Parietal 2 Temporal 2 Frontal 1 Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid 1

supercillary arches

The inferior part of the forehead just superior to the medial ends of the eyebrows.

depression

a hollow or concave region

projection

a part extending beyond the level of its surrounding

corrugator

a pyramid-shaped muscle of facial expression which draws the eyebrows inferiorly and medially as in frowning

Condoyle

a rounded eminence at the articulating posterior process of the ramus. can be associated with a dislocated jaw

frontal eminence

a rounded prominences on the median line and a little inferior to the center of the frontal bone

mental eminence

a traingular projection on the interior of the anterior mandible

foramen magnum

an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain.

morphology

another word for shape

palatine bones

consist of two bones that are located at the back part of the nasal cavity behind the maxillae. These bones help form the back part of the roof of the mouth, part of the floor and outer wall of the nasal cavity, and a very small portion of the floor of the orbit

convex

curved evenly resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere

physiognomy

defined as the study of the structures and surface marking of the face and features

bilateral differences

dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object

frontal (coronal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

Horizontal (Transverse) Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

concave

exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface; a concavity

palatine process

forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth also forms parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits

symmetry

having the same shape, size, and position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face

vomer bone

is a single bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity. it forms part of the spetum of the nose. it is thin and varies in different individuals. frequently it is bent slightly to one side or the other making the nasal chambers unequal size

the bimandubular width

is measured by straight line betwen the two angles of the mandible and is used in photographic analysis for restoration on a photograph. is compared to the bizygomatic width and the biparietal width along with the length of the head in order to reproduce in wax the correct geometric head shape such as round oval square oblong diamond triangular or inverted triangular

nasal cavity

is the orfice in the face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla. the cavity is made up of two irregular shaped spaces separated by a cartilage which makes up a small part of the septum. this area is used as a hidden injection point fr tissue building of the face

asymmetry

lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion

nasal bones

lie directly inferior to the glabella. they form the bridge of the nose and the dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity. articulates with each other bridge of the nose and with the frontal bone forming the root of the nose which is specifically where the frontal bone meets the two nasal bones.

sphenoid bone

located at the anterior part of the base of the skull and it binds the other cranial bones together

Asiatic (mesorrhine)

nose intermediate nose very low root and bridge is medium width and concave tip wings are medium thickness flared rather than compressed eyes sloping eyes with the outer canthus superior to the inner canthus ear long and narrow with large free lobes an unrolled outer rim lips are medium and non elevated skull shape short skull lengths vertical foreheads no supraorbital development

European (leptorrhine)

nose long and narrow with high root and bridge thin medium straight concave convex eyes horizontal eye closure which slope in a direction in whihc inner canthus is superior to the outer canthus ear moderate in length free lobe and flat helix lips thin to medium non elevated lips skull shape long head vertical forehead with little to no presence of supraorbital development

African (platyrrhine)

nose low broad at the root and bride with distinctive depression at the root thick tip wings flared profile straight or concave eyes greatly similar to European race inner canthus superior to the outer canthus and horizontal eye closure ear short and wide with small attached lobes and a deeply rolled outer rim lips thicker elevated skull shape long skill length vertical sloping forehead greater supraorbital development

mastoid process

round projection of the interior portion of temporal bone just medial to the lobe of the ear. widest part of the neck extends between the midpoints of the bellies of the two sternocleidomastoid muscles

skull male vs female

skull size male large female small frontonasal angle sharp angular female smooth curve supraorbital ridges male prominent female poorly developed forehead male slopes backward female nearly vertical surface cheekbone male rough concave female smooth flat, mandible tip male sqaurer female pointed foramen magnum male large long female smaller round , mastoid processes male large female smaller

inclincation

slope deviation from the horizontal or vertical

angle of the mandible

the angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus and the inferior surfaces of the body of the mandible. it influences the form of the head from a frontal view

incisive fossa

the area between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth

Eminences/processes Frontal processes of maxilla

the ascending part of the upper jaw, which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone meet the frontal bone

body of the mandible

the curve shaped horizontal and lowest part of the lower jaw it contains alveolar processes for the teeth as the maxilla does

external auditory meatus

the opening of the ear passage located in front of the mastoid process

alveolar process

the ridge of thick spongy bone surrounding the alveoli of the teeth

protrusion

the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting

Physical Anthropology

the study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution

recession

the withdraw of a part from its normal position

Sternocleidomastoid (scm)

thick muscle that originates from the head of the sternum and clavical & inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone. rotates and depresses the head

coronoid process

thin, flattened process projecting from the anterior portion of the upper border of the ramus. Serves as the insertion of the temporalis muscle of mastication chewing from the temporal cavity above which may need injections of tissue builder

procerus

this muscle covers the bridge of the nose. draws the skin of the forehead inferiorly causing transverse and vertical wrinkles in the forehead

medial

toward the midline

inferior

towards the feet lower in position the chest is inferior to the neck

superior

towards the head ; the eyes are superior to the mouth

posterior

towards the rear or caudal end (the occipital bone is posterior to the frontal bone)

lateral

towards the side away from the midline

bilateral

two sides

zygomatic process

where the temporal bone joins the zygomatic bone