Revel Ch. 10

Why did the Social Security laws originally require that workers retire at age 65? because the elderly did not need the income from work because old people are less capable workers to provide jobs for younger people because people do not want to work past age 65

to provide jobs for younger people

What was the primary goal of the conservative branch of the first wave of feminism? to win the right to vote to have access to traditionally male jobs to receive equal pay for equal work To have paid maternity leave from their jobs

to win the right to vote

The social construction of aging includes when a person is considered elderly, which is defined by a society's unique __________. biology population culture geographical location

culture

During the process of aging, a person can face discrimination based on sex or perceived gender. For example, physical traits such as wrinkles and graying hair may be considered a sign of old age in women, but a sign of maturity in men. If a culture places relative values on age based on gender, this is referred to as __________ age. phenotypical biological relative gender

gender

Like social class, __________ is a structural feature of society. gender behavior sex biology

gender

On a man a few grey hairs and some wrinkles are often viewed as signs of maturity and dignity. Sometimes these signs of age are even viewed as sexy. However, when a woman gets wrinkles and grey hairs we tend to just view her as old. This is a feature of __________ age. biological gender personal relative

gender

The presentation of the elderly in mass media is often __________. negative reverent positive neutral

negative

What is one simple thing that women can do to increase their pay for their first job out of college? make sure the person they interview with is a woman negotiate for a higher salary switch to a higher-paying field use their sexual attractiveness to sell themselves

negotiate for a higher salary

How old is the typical rape victim? 29 to 34 years old 11 to 15 years old 15 to 24 years old 24 to 29 years old

15 to 24 years old

In 1890, approximately what percentage of paid workers were women? 40% 10% 20% 30%

20%

The term __________ refers to people who were born at roughly the same time and who share broad experiences as they pass through life. social circle birth pack age cohorts social clique

age cohorts

In order for gender inequailty to be maintained in society, it must be built into __________. institutions and customs marriage patterns education history

institutions and customs

_____ is an expression of gender, not sex. Liking football Growing body hair Having a penis Developing a deeper voice

liking football

One theory to explain the history of patriarchy in society centers on __________. reproduction psychological differences fraternity among men matriarchal systems

reproduction

As people live to an older average age, which of the following is most likely to affect the ability of individuals to participate in creative aging? social class gender age biological age the year in which a person was born

social class

Ultimately, it is ___________, not biology, that pushes men and women into different social roles. psychology stereotypes personality type educational achievements

stereotypes

Which of the following statements reflects a characteristic of sex rather than gender? A woman wears dresses. A woman is nurturing. A woman shows compassion. A woman is pregnant.

A woman is pregnant.

In 1992, the first __________ woman was elected to the U.S. Senate. Asian Caucasian Latina African American

African American

Our views of sexual harassment in the workplace have changed over the years. Which of the following statements reflects how we now view sexual harassment? It is a misinterpreted sexual attraction. It is a personal matter between a man and a woman regardless of job position. It is just a man thing and should be ignored. It is a misuse of authority by a man or woman in a position of power.

It is a misuse of authority by a man or woman in a position of power.

Which of the following statements describes disengagement theory? To force the elderly to give up their social and economic positions in society, others must disengage from the elderly, forcing them out of their positions. The elderly naturally disengage from productive activities when they reach a certain biological age. Every human culture requires the elderly to disengage from their jobs and other activities when they reach whatever age is deemed "too old." The elderly are encouraged to hand over their economic and social positions to younger people and are incentivized to do so with enticements such as pensions.

The elderly are encouraged to hand over their economic and social positions to younger people and are incentivized to do so with enticements such as pensions.

Jan was at a house party when she ran into John, a guy she knew from one of her classes. They got to chatting over some beer, and then she accompanied him to his room where they proceeded to make out. Jan decided she wanted another beer so John went to get it, but when he returned Jan had passed out. He decided to have sex with her anyway because it had been obvious that she wanted to have sex before she passed out. What John did is considered __________. date rape her fault bad judgment consensual sex

date rape

What might be the result if emphasis is placed on learning and creativity, keeping the elderly actively engaged in our culture? Ageist views of the elderly will __________. decrease as the elderly are seen as contributors to society probably stay the same increase as the elderly take more resources lead to defensive measures that, in turn, will further lengthen the life span of the elderly

decrease as the elderly are seen as contributors to society

Which of the following examples of violence against women is no longer practiced today? female infanticide brides as compensation honor killings foot binding

foot binding

The proportion of women in political office is approximately _________. 50% 30% 40% 20%

20%

Women who work full time make about _____ of what men make. 60% 70% 90% 80%

70%

What will happen as more activities are degendered? Both males and females will have greater freedom to pursue activities that match their desires as individuals. Both males and females will have less freedom to pursue activities that are compatible with their abilities. Males will have greater freedom to pursue activities that are compatible with their abilities, but females will not. Females will have less freedom to pursue activities that match their desires as individuals.

Both males and females will have greater freedom to pursue activities that match their desires as individuals.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about gender? Gender is determined by secondary sexual characteristics. Gender refers to male and female, not masculinity and femininity. Gender consists of behavior and attitudes. Gender is inherited and determined at birth.

Gender consists of behavior and attitudes.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the status of men and women as CEOs of large corporations? Male CEOs earn less than female CEOs. Male CEOs vastly outnumber female CEOs. The median pay of female CEOs is the same as that of males. Equal numbers of men and women are CEOs.

Male CEOs vastly outnumber female CEOs.

As stereotypes are changing, what is happening? Men are reexamining their traditional roles. Women are shedding their femininity. Biological differences are increasingly translated into inequalities. Distinctions between the sexes are disappearing.

Men are reexamining their traditional roles.

Why have men been resistant to feminism and granting women equal rights? Men do not want to share their power and privilege. Men believe they are biologically superior. Men know that women really want to get married and have children. Men understand that women are too emotional to hold positions of leadership.

Men do not want to share their power and privilege.

As new models of gender appear and are accepted, what is a likely outcome? The image of men as dominant and aggressive will disappear. Homophobia will increase as more men feel their masculinity is in question. Men will be harassed for any form of behavior that is considered feminine. Men will be able to show their softer side, yet still be considered masculine.

Men will be able to show their softer side, yet still be considered masculine.

How is gender reflected in higher education? More women graduate from college. More men earn master's degrees. Men and women's graduation rates are about the same. More women complete doctorates.

More women graduate from college.

How is gender reflected in higher education? More women graduate from college. More men earn master's degrees. More women complete doctorates. Men and women's graduation rates are about the same.

More women graduate from college.

Brenda was born a biological male, but raised as a female due to the lack of a penis. She never knew she had been born male, or had a constructed vagina, or took female hormones around the time she was to start puberty. Despite all of this, she began to mimic male behaviors rather than female. What does this suggest? Nature prevailed over nurture. Social factors and culture dominate biology and heredity. Masculinity is the dominant trait. Brenda's parents unconsciously treated her as a male.

Nature prevailed over nurture.

What is the argument of critics of activity theory? The elderly naturally shun new activities, preferring to maintain old ones or none at all. No one size fits all; some people are more satisfied with more involvement, while others prefer less. And even solitary activities can be satisfying to some. The elderly are too feeble to participate in social activities. New social activities make the elderly decline in health and happiness.

No one size fits all; some people are more satisfied with more involvement, while others prefer less. And even solitary activities can be satisfying to some.

What is the point of view of critics of disengagement theory? The elderly are destroying their old positions so those younger are forced to create new ones. The elderly are creating new roles to add to their current ones. The elderly are staying in their old positions indefinitely. The elderly are actually exchanging one set of roles for another.

The elderly are actually exchanging one set of roles for another.

In regard to the elderly, what is meant by generational theft? The elderly are forced to contribute more to paying the current national debt than the younger generations are being asked to contribute. The elderly are not allowing the younger generations to express their values, creating a generational theft of culture. The young are forcing the elderly to get rid of their values and traditions, and to assimilate to new cultural practices. The elderly are taking vast resources that help run up the national debt that future generations will have to pay.

The elderly are taking vast resources that help run up the national debt that future generations will have to pay.

Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between the sex of voters and the sex of elected officials in the United States? There are far more women voters than men, yet men greatly outnumber women in political office. There are far fewer women voters than men, and there are far fewer women holding political offices. There is about the same number of women voters as men, yet more men hold political offices. Women voters outnumber men, and there are more women in political offices than men.

There are far more women voters than men, yet men greatly outnumber women in political office.

The mass media tend to either underrepresent the elderly or show them in a negative light. However, this is changing, and we are seeing more positive images of the elderly. What is bringing about this change? The elderly are finally being recognized for their contributions to our stores of knowledge. The mass media are finally treating the elderly with the respect they deserve. Young people respond favorably to positive images of the elderly. There are larger numbers of elderly with money than in the past.

There are larger numbers of elderly with money than in the past.

What was the prevalent attitude of women in the 1960s? They wanted to participate in masculine careers such as engineering. They wanted to be wives and mothers. They wanted men to do the housework and childcare. They wanted to have careers after marriage.

They wanted to be wives and mothers.

In a study of Vietnam veterans, what did researchers discover about vets with higher testosterone levels? They were more likely to use drugs. They were more likely to have higher-status jobs. They were more likely to be faithful to their spouses. They were less likely to abuse their wives.

They were more likely to use drugs.

How does Social Security fit into the conflict perspective as an example of competition between the young and the old? Since the young have taken resources (jobs) from the elderly, they are obligated to provide the elderly with resources. This is done willingly and without conflict. When the elderly retire they are giving up resources to the young; the young, in turn, are required to contribute some of their resources to Social Security. Not everyone wants to share their resources through taxation, which creates conflict between the young and old. Social Security creates conflict between the young and old because the old do not want to accept Social Security after they have retired. The young give their resources and force the elderly to take Social Security whether they want it or not. Social Security creates conflict because the elderly have an abundance of resources, which the young lack. This puts a strain on the young who feel as if the old are taking resources they do not need and the young cannot afford to spare.

When the elderly retire they are giving up resources to the young; the young, in turn, are required to contribute some of their resources to Social Security. Not everyone wants to share their resources through taxation, which creates conflict between the young and old.

Why do sociologists classify women as a minority group? Most women are smaller than men. Women constitute a smaller percentage of the population than men. Women are discriminated against on the basis of sex. Many women are kept out of the workforce due to pregnancy and childbirth.

Women are discriminated against on the basis of sex.

When Michelle, a college student, begins her first job, she's likely to start at a lower salary than Mike. Which of the following is a major reason? Women are not as good at negotiating salaries during interviews. Women dress inappropriately for job interviews. Women do not prepare for job interviews as well. Women become too emotional while being interviewed.

Women are not as good at negotiating salaries during interviews.

What do feminists believe? Biology is destiny and determines our place in society. Women should be politically, economically, and socially equal. Stratification by gender is natural. Women are biologically and intellectually superior to men.

Women should be politically, economically, and socially equal.

Why is Michelle less likely to be given a stress test or to have bypass surgery than Michael? Women's complaints are taken less seriously. Women do not go to the doctor as often. Women have smaller blood vessels. Women wait too long to report their symptoms.

Women's complaints are taken less seriously.

Which of the following is the guiding principle of the conflict perspective of aging? The role of the elderly is to train the youth to properly contribute to society. Young and old are competing for social resources. Social Security is needed as a social security net. The ways in which society defines people as old affects their experiences.

Young and old are competing for social resources.

Some sociologists argue that men are losing power, and that some men turn violently against women as a way to reassert their declining power and status. This is an example of __________. social integration conflict theory symbolic interactionism group dynamics

conflict theory

Russel retired from his job as a lawyer, and he now volunteers as legal counsel for a local charity. This is an example of __________ theory. cohort continuity disengagement activity

continuity

What is the theory of aging that focuses on how the elderly continue ties with the past by taking up roles similar to the ones they have given up? disengagement theory continuity theory aging with grace theory varied activity theory

continuity theory

A new approach to aging is __________ aging, where emphasis is placed on enhancing a person's mental, imaginative, and communicative abilities. communicative mental creative new wave

creative

The Abkhasians may be the longest-lived people on Earth. What three main factors appear to account for their longevity? diet, physical activity, and sense of community no alcohol, primary group relationships, and heredity early retirement, physical activity, and heredity no drugs, no alcohol, and much physical activity

diet, physical activity, and sense of community

Not every group in a society is treated equally. In some societies, the elderly are revered or considered active contributors to society. In others, the elderly may be seen as a liability and face __________ from other groups, creating tensions and potentially a lesser quality of life for the elderly. segregation discrimination exile acceptance

discrimination

In what part of the world are men more likely to commit murder than women? every nation in the world Least Industrialized Nations Most Industrialized Nations Industrializing Nations

every nation in the world

Sally applied for an entry-level sales position with a major corporation. Instead, she was offered a different entry-level position in human resources, because they felt she would be better at support than direct sales. Over the years, Sally advanced in her department until she was running it. Whenever Sally applied for senior management positions, she was always rejected in favor of a man, even when her qualifications were superior. What prevented Sally from advancing to the top of the corporate ladder? sexual harassment blatant discrimination glass ceiling affirmative action for men

glass ceiling

What concept describes the barrier that keeps women from advancing in their paid work? internal discrimination pay gap individual discrimination glass ceiling

glass ceiling

Life expectancy has risen globally, but unevenly. Countries that have access to resources, such as more food, purer water, and more advanced medical care, have the highest life expectancies. Countries have obtained these better resources through __________. industrialization the graying globe advances in genetics improved transportation

industrialization

According to the conflict perspective, it is likely that the social medical bill to care for the elderly will lead to __________. intergenerational conflict generational profitability cohort independence intergenerational continuity

intergenerational conflict

Historically, what were the roles and expectations for women in traditional societies? trading with other groups keeping fire going and cooking hunting for meat stealing for new possessions

keeping fire going and cooking

Today's rape rate is about __________ what it was in 1990. the same as double one-third of one-half of

one third of

What is a primary sexual characteristic? lower voice penis breasts body hair

penis

In the current phase of creative aging, emphasis is placed on enhancing the elderly's __________ skills. mental and communication work disengagement physical activity

physical activity

Which of the following refers to ageism? prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age a behavioral characteristic expressed by the elderly in some cultures acceptance and reverence directed at people based on their age a term used to describe the biological process of aging

prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age

Associating strength and virility with violence promotes violence. This explanation of gendered violence is an example of __________. symbolic interactionism social integration conflict theory group dynamics

symbolic interactionism

The belief that old age has no inherent meaning is held by __________. socialists biological interactionists symbolic interactionists ageists

symbolic interactionists

Which part of the third wave of feminism dismays those feminists who were part of the second wave? the attitude that women should use their sexual attractiveness to get ahead the focus on the problems of women in the Least Industrialized Nations the desire to compete with men on equal terms the emphasis on replacing admired masculine characteristics with qualities thought of as feminine

the attitude that women should use their sexual attractiveness to get ahead

What is disengagement theory? the idea that the elderly leave one role when they retire, and take on new and different roles the concept that the personalities and interests of the elderly change significantly as they age the idea that retirement is a mutually beneficial arrangement between two parts of society, the young and the old the concept that structured activities are less enjoyable for the elderly

the idea that retirement is a mutually beneficial arrangement between two parts of society, the young and the old

Though life expectancy of humans (the average number of years a person of a certain group is expected to live) has increased, life span has not. What is a life span? the span of time when a person is an active contributor to their society the span of time before a person is considered elderly by their society the maximum length of life possible for an organism the length of time between the birth and death of an organism

the maximum length of life possible for an organism

It is possible that the huge number of people becoming elderly may ___________. increase travel opportunities improve social diets improve people's mental health transform society

transform society

Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic? breast vagina facial hair fingernails

vagina