Review #1: Intro to Sociology
Social Darwinism was based on the idea that societies would evolve according to the principle of:
"the survival of the fittest"
Each of the following is a step in the research process except:
Achievement of the overarching goal
Viewing things from an African perspective:
Afrocentrism
Comte's three stages of social thought did not include:
Astromystical
The discipline of sociology was given its name by social theorist:
August Comte
The social thinker who is widely regarded as the "Parent of Sociology" is:
August Comte
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
Believing another country's style of dress is inferior
The concept that there are no better or worse, just different cultures, is known as:
Cultural relativism
Which of the following would likely reflect the 'social conflict theory' view of culture
Culture is a system that benefits some people and disadvantages others.
The major difference between invention and discovery is:
Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way
The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns is commonly known as:
Eurocentrism
Who characterized religion as "the sign of the oppressed creature" and "the opiate of the masses?"
Karl Marx
All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which one?
Mechanical hobbies
The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?
Nonmaterial culture
Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way
Norms; values
An important distinction between manifest and latent functions was made by sociologist
Robert K. Merton
What U.S. sociologist made a distinction between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?
Robert K. Merton
Which of the following is commonly associated with the structural-functional perspective?
Talcott Parsons
Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings:
Technology
The proposition that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language:
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Weber's concept of social insight is known as:
Verstehen
The creature known as the "Rac" and treasured immeasurably by the Asu tribe is, in actuality:
a vehicle used for transportation and prestige known as the automobile or hot rod
When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States?
about 1900
Which type of suicide is particularity likely to occur during a time when society lacks clear-cut rules of social behavior?
anomic suicide
A structural-functionalist opinion of the sacred cows in India is that they:
are a brilliant solution to many of India's problems and should not be tampered with any way
A denomination (church) tends to:
be well established in society
Specific statements that people hold to the true are known as:
beliefs
Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits:
burghers or bourgeoisie.
An American sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Rwanda. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these African peoples in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are part. This is an example of:
clultural relativism
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society:
counterculture
The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system:
cultural integration
The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, which may disrupt a cultural system:cultural lag
cultural lag
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is known as:
cultural transmission
The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that, together, form a people's way of life
culture
Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
culture shock
The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they witness cultural practices different from their own (as when Napoleon Chagnon first encountered the Yanomamo) is known as:
culture shock
The term "definitions of the situation" refers to:
different ways in which various people in a particular setting interpet what is going on
The major goal of sociology's pioneers, such as Comte and Durkheim, was to:
discover how society actually operates.
Elements or processes of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability are known as
dysfunctions
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture:
ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is known as:
ethnocentrism
Norms for routine, casual interaction are known as:
folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior whose violation raises very little concern are known as:
folkways
Prescriptive norms
forbid certain behaviors
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite:
high culture
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another is known as
language
Unconscious, covert functions of institutions are known as
latent functions
Open, stated, conscious functions of institutions are known as:
manifest functions
According to Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following is not correct?
married people had higher suicide rates than unmarried people
The tangible things created by members of a society are called:
material culture
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people, are known as:
mores
The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that
mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to commonplace behavior within a culture
An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions is known as:
multiculturalism
Sociologist Robin Williams compiled a list of basic American values which included all the following except:
non-violence
Customs, beliefs, philosophies, and patterns of communication would be considered examples of:
nonmaterial culture
The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is known as
nonmaterial culture + aterial culture
The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members are called:
norms
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population:
popular culture
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance are called:
sanctions
The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members are called:
sanctions
Which of the following terms refers to the various means by which members of a society encourage conformity to norms?
sanctions
A general type of informal religious organization that is not well integrated into the larger society is referred to as
sect
Suicide rates are generally higher among:
single people compared to married people.
Which sociological paradigm sees the social world as being in continual struggle?
social conflict perspective
An exaggerated description that one applies to every person in some category is referred to as a(n):
stereotype.
Durkheim theorized that people are less likely to commit suicide if they are:
strongly bound to others
What sociological perspective views society as similar to a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival?
structural-functional perspective
The sociological paradigm that emphasizes the benefits of the family for society is called
structural-functionalism
Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population:
subculture
Anything recognized by the members of society as having a particular meaning known as:
symbol
The sociological paradigm that focuses upon small groups or individuals rather than on the larger institutions of society is called
symbolic interaction
"Positivism" is:
the assertion that science is the path to progress
Sociologists and anthropologists define culture as:
the beliefs, values, artifacts, and behavior of people
Structural-functionalism compares society to:
the human organism
According to dramaturgical analysis, a man vacationing on the beach is most likely to be concerned with:
the impression he makes on others
Cultural transmission is defined as:
the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next.
"Sociology, " according to Easterling is:
the scientific study of social interaction and the products of social interaction
In the "Presentation of Self in Everyday Life," Goffman's model of social behavior could most accurately be compared to:
the stage of actors
Culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living:
values
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as:
values
Those collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper--or bad, undesirable, and improper--in a culture are known as:
values
August Comte believed that society:
was a complex whole that was more than just the people it contained
