review 10

what is conformity?

"""peer pressure"". tendency to bring thoughts in line with majority"

what is the Id?

"at the ""bottom of the iceberg"", is the unconscious thing demanding immediate gratification."

"what are the required elements of a ""growth promoting climate?"""

"growth nurtured when individual is ""genuine"" growth is nurtured through acceptance by others"

what is cost signalling?

"signalling that you have resources to give Allows altruist to establish a "better than you reputation"""

what is a social norm?

"standard for behavior set by groups of individuals and can vary by country. are enforced by positive and negative ""sanctions"" norms vary/are dependent on context, physical location, culture, and by country can change with time as individual's attitudes shift or circumstances change to allow certain types of behaviors to be valued"

What is a direct hormone?

A direct hormone is a hormone that is secreted and then acts directly on the target tissue.

What are the three types of neurons?

1. Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons) 2. Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons) 3. Interneurons

What are the two main layers of the adrenal gland and from what germ layers are they derived?

1. The Adrenal Cortex, derived from the Mesoderm 2. The Adrenal Medulla, derived from the Ectoderm

What are the three thyroid hormones?

1. Triiodothyronine (T3) 2. Thyroxine (T4) 3. Calcitonin

fetal development is at __ weeks relative to day 1 of cycle

10 8 weeks after fertilization

What is a tropic hormone?

A tropic hormone is a hormone that acts on a different endocrine gland to cause it to release or withold its hormones. (Ex. GnRH is released which causes release of LH which causes increase in testosterone/estrogen which then has functions)

What is the resting membrane potential? What Ion contributes most?

A cell constantly has electrically charged molecules moving across its membrane. The movement of these charges results in an electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of the cell. The RMP is the potential when the ions are in an equilibrium state, which is why it is negative. (Potassium flows out of cell because it is more concentrated inside cell, thus taking positive charges, thus making the inside of the cell more negative. Sodium flows in with its concentration gradient, but is far less permeable, so only a bit of sodium can enter the cell. This makes the cell a bit more positive, but not enough to overcome the loss of potassium. Thus, normal cells have a negative RMP) Potassium contributes most

What is a closed pipe?

A closed pipe is a pipe that is closed at one end and open at the other end, so one end supports a node and the other end supports an antinode.

What is a longitudinal wave?

A longitudinal wave oscillates in the same direction as the movement of the wave. Particles of wave oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer

What is a photon?

A photon is a massless wave-like and particle-like packet of electromagnetic (light) energy.

What is a polysynaptic reflex arc?

A polysynaptic reflex arc is a reflex arc in which there are multiple synapses due to the presence of at least one interneuron.

What is the mineralcorticoid with which you should be familiar?

Aldosterone

What are amino acid derivative hormones?

Amino acid derivative hormones are hormones that are made from a few modifications of one or two amino acids.

What do we mean when we say the action potential has a constant potential difference regardless of intensity of stimuli?

An action potential (within the same neuron) will always initiate at -45ishmV, jump to +35mV, and then return to -70mV. The intensity of the stimuli does not alter this potential difference. Instead, as a stimulus gets more intense, the action potential will fire more often, but with the same potential difference.

What is an electrochemical gradient?

An electrochemical gradient is the combined gradient that charged ions feel due to their relative charge and relative concentration inside and outside of the cell. For example, in the resting neuron, the inside of the membrane has a lower charge and a lower sodium concentration than the outside of the membrane. This means that sodium ions will be pulled into the cell by their positive charge being attracted to the negative interior and their relatively high concentration wanting to go to a low concentration. In this case, both the electrical and the chemical gradient are pointed inward. The combined effect of both of these gradients is the electrochemical gradient.

What is the formula for Ohm's Law?

Applies to a single resistor, any part of a circuit, or the entire circuit (assuming you calcualte the equivalent resistence from a resistors in the circuit)

What is an axis in the context of the endocrine system?

Axis is the term used to refer to the common three-organ pathways the endocrine system takes to exert its effects. For example, the HPA axis refers to the communication between the Hypothalamus, the Anterior Pituitary, and the Adrenal glands. The HPO Axis refers to the communication between the Hypothalamus, the Anterior Pituitary, and the Ovaries.

Describe the timing of peptide hormone signals

Because of amplification in the secondary messenger system, the effects of peptide hormones are usually rapid, but short lived. That is to say that it is quicker to turn a peptide hormone's effects on or off, but their effects won't last without constant stimulation.

How do peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Because peptide hormones cannot pass the cell membrane, they must interact with receptors on the outside of the membrane that carry the signal into the cell.

Why are the granulocytes called granulocytes?

Because they contain cytoplasmic granules that are visible by microscopy.These granules contain toxic enzymes and chemicals which can be released by exocytosis to kill invaders. s

How is a blastocsyt distinct from a blastula?

Blastocyst is just the name for a mammalian blastula.

what is gender dysphoria?

DISTRESS permeates as person identifies as different gender

conservation of matter is learned

DURING concrete operational

What is destructive interference?

Desctructive interference occurs when the a positive displacement wave interacts with a negative displacement wave. The superposition wave will be equal to the sum of the individual wave displacements, but because the waves have opposite signs, the superposition wave will be smaller than either of the individual waves.

What is erythropoeitin's function and what organ secretes it?

Erythropoeitin stimulates bone marrow to increase the production of blood cells. This hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

As you move from left to right on the periodic table, in what way do elements change?

From left to right elements have an increasing number of protons, electrons, and neutrons. More specifically, going from left to right increases the effective nuclear charge in an atom.

What is hyperpolarization?

Hyperpolarization is when the already negatively polarized -70mV resting membrane potential becomes even more negative and therefore more polarized. Cause by inhibitory input and leads neuron to be less likely to fire AP

How is the pressure in the fetal heart different than in the adult heart?

In the adult heart, the left ventricle is more muscular, generates more force, and therefore generates more pressure than the right side. In the fetus, the difference between the two ventricles is not as large. In fact, the pressure in the right side of the fetal heart is higher than the pressure in the left side. As the fetus develops, the left ventricle's relative size difference grows, and the pressure in the left side of the heart rises.

What neurotransmitters are released by the pre and post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

In the parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine is used by both the pre-ganglionic neuron and the post-ganglionic neuron.

What is the function of Insulin?

Insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood.

What is the function of Microglia?

Microglia are phagocytotic cells, which means they can consume things. Specifically, Microglia ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the central nervous system.

is anxiety a mood disorder?

NOOOO

What is meant by negative pressure breathing?

Negative pressure breathing means that the way we breath is NOT by increasing the pressure from outside so that air will rush into our lungs. Instead, we DECREASE the pressure inside of our lungs so that air will rush in. By reducing the pressure in our lungs, we suck air into them.

Arteries contain {{c1::oxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated?}} blood

Note: This is USUALLY true. The pulmonary arteries and the umbilical arteries both carry deoxygenated blood.

In a parallel configuration, each element will feel the same {{c1::voltage}}

Note: the current will split on each path. The path with lowest resistence will get the most current. They are inversly proportional

What are the three rays that can be drawn in order to use a ray diagram for mirrors?

One must draw at least 2 of the following in order to find the image. 1. A parallel ray that is reflected through the focal point. 2. A ray that passes through the focal point and is reflected parallel to the mirror. 3. A ray that passes straight through the mirror to the center of curvature and is reflected with an angle equal to its incident. Rays 1 and 2 used below All 3 rays used below.

What is passive transport? examples?

Passive transport is when a molecule is transported across the cell membrane without the use of energy. This is because the molecule in question is going from a high concentration space to a low concentration space, so it does not need to spend energy to fight the concentration gradient. simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

What is plane polarized light?

Plane polarized light is light in which all of the electric field vectors are lined up in one plane. Unpolarized light has random orientation of electric field vectors

What is refraction?

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed.

what is sick role?

Societal expectation that you can take a break from working if you are sick but taking too long of a break means you are lazy

What is spatial summation?

Spatial summation is when multiple signals add up based on how many there are and how closely they are to one another. For example, if multiple small signals are integrated closely to one another on the neuron, their combined effect may be enough to reach the threshold potential

How do steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Steroid hormones can pass through the membrane and then bind to receptors that are in the cytosol or the nucleus itself. The hormone-receptor complex often dimerizes with another complex (but doesn't have to) then acts as a transcription factor.

What is Stroke Volume?

Stroke Volume is the volume of blood pumped with each beat.

What is the function of T3 and T4?

T3 and T4 work together to increase the basal metabolic rate. The more of these hormones there are, the more cellular respiration occuring and the more calories a person naturally burns.

What are the 3 constituents of the cardiovascular system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is the larynx?

The larynx is another section of the throat. It is lower than the pharynx.

Of the two sides of the heart, which is more muscular?

The left side of the heart. This is because the left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body, while the right ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs. The left side of the heart has more muscle so it can generate more force.

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

The nodes of ranvier are small breaks in the myelin sheath. The nodes allow the neurons to maintain the intensity and speed of the signal as it travels down the axon. Action potential generated at each node so it appears to be jumping from one node to the next. generates faster travel so that the action potential isnt generated millions of times over short distances.

What is the notochord and what is its function in Neurulation?

The notochord is a long rod of mesodermal cells. During Neurlation, the notochord induces a segment of the ectoderm to slide inward. This establishes the neural folds and the neural groove.

What is the principle of superposition?

The principle of superposition states that when waves interact with eachother, the displacement of the resultant wave will be equal to the sum of the displacements of the two interacting waves. This means waves add when they have the same sign and they subtract when they have opposite signs.

What does an Ohmeter measure?

The resistance of a circuit element. Does not require circuit to be on unlike voltmeter and ammeter. Often has its own battery of known voltage. Also has ammeter function to get current. Can calculate resistence from known voltage and current. Neglidgeable resistence

How is apoptosis important in fetal development?

The targeted destruction of cells allows the body to form into its desired shape. This is similar to how a marble sculptor breaks pieces of marble away from the block to make the shape he wants.

How does Ultrasound technology work?

Ultrasound machines make ultrasonic sound waves and apply them to the surface of the patient's body. When the sound waves travel through the body, they encounter various tissues. Whenever a sound wave passes into a new tissue, some of the wave passes through the tissue and some is reflected back to the source. Different tissues allow different amounts of wave to reflect back to the source. The more the tissue reflects back to the source, the more brightly the tissue will appear on ultrasound. Using all of this, one can visualize a 2D slice of the body. One makes note of where bright/dark areas are to determine which tissues are present and where they are present within that 2D slice. You can even target specific slices of the body by manipulating the distance at which the ultrasound is operating. Distance can be calculated because you know the speed of the wave (given) and you know how long you let the wave travel (given) so you can always calculate the distance of the tissue from which the wave is reflecting. ULTRA SOUND USES TRAVEL TIME OF THE REFLECTED SOUND TO CALCULATE DISTANCE (it doesnt use intensity to calc distance) Ultrasound relies fundamentally on the proclivity of waves to reflect when they hit borders between different media.

What kinds of moleucles need special carriers in order to travel through the bloodstream?

Water insoluble molecules

Explain the photoelectric effect

When light of sufficiently high energy strikes a metal it knocks the electrons off the metal and thereby produces a current. More intense light means more photons per unit time hit the electrode and thus more electrons are knocked off per unit time. This leads to greater current. Current is Directly proportional to the intensity and amplitude of the light beam when we are above threshold. when we are below, no current is produced. Kinetic energy of electrons DOES NOT relate to intensity, but rather to frequency of the light

What is a concentration gradient?

When there is an area of high concentration of a molecule connected to an area of low concentration of a molecule, the molecules will spontaneously be driven to go from the high concentration area to the low concentration area. We refer to this spontaneous movement of molecules as the concentration gradient.

Dissociative disorder

a person who selectively forgets distracting elements of their life has

what is a parasomnia?

abnormal behavior that occurs during sleep

what is a negative Sx?

absense of appropriate behavior or emotion

what is prejudice

affective/FEELING associated with a stereotype.

what is the life course theory?

aging is a social, psychological, and biological process that begins developmental processes and other experiences across a person's life from time you born till time you die. a holistic perspective that calls attention to holistic perspective biological process change as people live longer = affect social process life course approach refers to a research perspective that considers how experiences from earlier in life affect outcomes later in life the connection between individuals and the historical and socioeconomic context in which these individuals lived

what is the attitude to behavior process model?

an event triggers our attitude-->that attitude+our prior knowledge determines our behavior Ex. Tommy has attitude that junk food is unhealthy, because many of his relatives have heart related diseases associated with poor eating habits. So when he's at home he does not eat chips/soda/candy because of his knowledge that these foods are bad for his health and maintains a healthy lifestyle no matter where he is.

what was the conclusion of the harlow monkey experiment?

babies prefer comfort to food/nourishment

what is a brute fact?

basic/fundamental facts. not ascribed by us example: Ex. brute facts are what explain quarks (or what makes the quarks) in atoms, not the atoms themselves (something that is not defined by something else).

what is intragenerational mobility?

change in social class during ones own lifetime

what do upper motor neurons do?

control lower motor neurons

what are irrational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?

deny the situation or reinterpret events (change our interpretation of the outcome, the cause, and the character of the victim) Ex. If a Victim of violence that was hurt, they were really hurt, we can reinterpret outcome(wasn't that bad, it was a trip, it could have happened to anyone), reinterpret cause (victim was working in a bad neighborhood), or reinterpret character of victim(I always thought she was a good human being but I now realize she probably isn't, she was hanging around with the wrong people, etc.)

what is the iron rule of oligarchy?

describes how even the most democratic organizations become more bureaucratic over time until a select few govern it

what is residential segregation?

groups of people separate into different neighborhoods based on race and income level

what is normative influence?

even though you have background knowledge, you conform to the group to avoid being a social outcast

What is the equation for the wavelength and frequency of a standing wave on a fixed string?

f=(nv)/2L where v is velocity (speed of sound for sound waves) Where L is the length of the string and n is a non-zero positive integer known as the harmonic (corresponds to the number of half wavelengths on the string).

schizophrenia results from a combination of

genetics and environment

what are some factors that can influence conformity (8)

group size- 3-5 means you'll conform unanimity- more people that agree means more likely conformation group status- trust four doctors over four gardeners about health group cohesion-connectedness to the group makes conformation more likely observed behavior- if behavior is observed you conform public response-if we think we'll be met with acceptance vs shunning prior commitments-if we said something earlier that goes agaisnt group we are less likely to then conform feelings of insecurity- insecurity means youll conform

development tends to move from __ to __

head to toe

what is the worlds systems theory?

importance of world as a UNIT rather than individual countries divides the worlds into 3 types of countries. core(US), periphery(uganda), and semi periphery(india/china) Core nations are wealthy with strong, diversified economies and centralized governments. Core nations (eg, United States, Western European countries) take resources from (exploit) poorer countries and lead the global economic market through the export of goods around the world. Periphery nations are poor and have weak governments and economies. Periphery nations (eg, Latin American, African countries) rely on the export of their resources (eg, oil, coffee, labor) to wealthier countries, making them dependent on (and exploited by) core nations. Semi-periphery nations (eg, India, Brazil) are between core and periphery nations, with economies that are relatively more diversified than those of periphery nations.

what are GABA and glycine?

inhibitory neurotransmitters. GABA is CNS and glycine is PNS. GABA in brain, glycine, in spine

Schizophrenia spectrum and other Psychotic disorders are characterized by

involves psychosis...may involve.... (1) delusions - fixed false beliefs not explainable by experiences/cultures (2) can have hallucinations. (3) decreased emotional expression (4) decreased social behavior schiz has many of these while other psychosis disorders have some

what is mass hysteria?

large group of people experience anxiety, fear, and delusions.reaction is spread rapidly. Ex: people going crazy when a winter storm is incoming

what is PTSD?

lingering thoughts/nightmares after a traumatic past event. can be triggered. A PTSD diagnosis requires evidence of several types of symptoms, including hyperarousal (eg, exaggerated startle response, insomnia); intrusive symptoms (eg, nightmares, flashbacks); avoiding reminders of the trauma; and negative thoughts and moods. Ex: war, rape ACRONYM: TRAUMA

what is social epidemiology?

looks at health disparty through lens of race, gender, income distribution and how social factors affect a person's health correlation between social advantages/disadvantages and distribution of health + disease

what are neurocognitive disorders?

loss of cognitive brain function AFTER nervous system developing categories (1) delirium - reverisble episode of cognitive/higher brain problems - caused by drugs/abnormalities in blood/infections (2) dementia - irreversible and progressive (caused by Alzheimer's or stroke)

what are the 3 characteristics that impact wether we are persuaded for or against a particular message?

message characteristics, source characteristics, target(listener) characteristics

what is disengagement theory?

old people detach from society and become more introspective become more self-absorbed as they age self-reflection Disengagement theory examines the self-reflection that occurs as one ages and how aging causes a separation of society.

what is environmental burden?

poor people usually located near areas of heavy industry/waste facilities/manufacturing/airports and shit

what is capitalism?

private ownership of means of production, free market economy

what is the 5 factor model of trait theory?

states that there are 5 major categories of traits found in every person. Openness- - independent vs. conforming, imagining vs. practical) Conscientiousness- careful vs. careless, disciplined vs. impulse, organized or not Extroversion- talkative or quiet, fun loving or sober Agreeableness- kind vs. cold, appreciative vs. unfriendly Neuroticism- stable vs. tense, calm vs anxious, secure vs. insecure OCEAN

what is a self fulfilling prophecy (in regards to stereotype)?

stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype. repeated exposure to a stereotype causes members of stereotyped group to conform to the stereotype "City dwellers are rude" (cognition, stereotyping) -> I don't like them (affective component, prejudice) -> I will avoid them (behavioural component, discrimination) o They think I'm rude (cognition) -> They may not like me (affective)-> They avoid me (behavioural) -> City dwellers are rude -Continuous circle that positive feedbacks on itself. -The city dwellers become ruder over time in response to our own behavior towards them.

what is biological sex?

the genes you are born with/sex you are born with not binary intersex: express different sex characteristics XXY - Kleinfelter XO - Turner's syndrome (can occur in Meiosis I non-disjunction in spermatogonium and when that joins with a normal egg - sperm has XY or O) Meiosis II nondisjunction can result in spermatogonium becoming spermatids XX or YY or O chromosomes, creating children that are XXX (super-females) or XXY (jacob's syndrome - super males) or XO Kleinfelter is male that are female like Turner = females that are short

what is normative culture

values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crimes)

the more highly assimilated an immigrant group is the more likely they have

worse health outcomes