review questions ch 24 list the enzymes that are present and state which type of food .

gall bladder

The gallbladder releases the concentrated bile, of which only the bile salts are important chemicals for digestion, as described for the liver.

stomach

Pepsin/pepsinogen: Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins. It is actually secreted as pepsinogen by the chief cells of the gastric glands. However, once pepsinogen encounters an acidic environment, it changes shape into its active form called pepsin. gastric lipase: this enzyme breaks down certain lipids, but is not extremely active (it is also made by the chief cells).

pancreas

pancreatic amylase: This enzyme digests carbohydrates. pancreatic lipase: This enzyme digests a variety of lipids. It works especially well on triglycerides, which are the fats and lards that we normally think about in our diets. trypsinogen/trypsin: Trypsinogen is what is actually secreted by the pancreatic acinar cells, but then an enzyme in the small intestines changes trypsinogen into its active enzymatic form, trypsin. The enzyme that converts trypsinogen into trypsin is called enterokinase, and I'll describe this more on the regulation webpage. But trypsin is an enzyme that digests proteins. chymotrypsin: This is an enzyme that digests proteins. carboxypeptidase: This is an enzyme that digests proteins. Why do we need three enzymes to digest proteins? Because proteins are made from a pool of 20 amino acid building blocks that can come together in any order. And each enzyme only cuts through the connection between specific amino acids. So the more enzymes for breaking down protein, the more places the protein can be split and the smaller the pieces we can derive from the breakdown. nucleases: These are enzymes that digest nucleic acids. The word "nuclease" represents any nucleic acid breaker, and there are a few different ones that our pancreas secretes. Important note: If you look through the list of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas, you will see at least one for each and every type of macromolecule (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid). This is the only digestive organ that secretes such a wide variety of digestive chemicals.

small intestine

peptidases: these digest the smaller pieces of broken down proteins, called peptides, into their individual amino acids. sucrase: this breaks sucrose, a disaccharide (of the carbohydrate category) into monosaccharides. maltase: this breaks maltose, a disaccharide (of the carbohydrate category) into monosaccharides. lactase: this breaks lactose, a disaccharide (of the carbohydrate category) into monosaccharides. Why are there three disaccharide splitters? Sucrose (common table sugar), maltose, and lactose (from milk) are three common disaccharides that we ingest or break larger carbohydrates into. Each one requires its own enzyme to break it down further. Therefore, these three enzymes are all released in the small intestines. intestinal lipase: this breaks down lipids, especially triglycerides, into their components: glycerol and fatty acids.

oral cavity

salivary amylase which acts on starch and breaks it down to maltose.amylase: it is in saliva and helps to break down carbohydrates. It is secreted by the salivary glands, though... not really by the mouth. The salivary glands secrete the amylase (in saliva) into ducts which open to the surface in the mouth.