Review Questions- Part 1

High vowels have a higher oral impedance, which is correlated with a: a. Smaller velopharyngeal opening b. Larger velopharyngeal opening c. Velopharyngeal opening size that decreases with production of low vowels d. Velopharyngeal opening size that varies between small and large e. Larger nostril opening

a. Smaller velopharyngeal opening

The cranial plates of the skull are connected with the following type of joint: a. Synarthrodial b. Diarthrodial c. Gliding d. Pivot e. Saddle

a. Synarthrodial

Of the following interrogative utterances produced by a child, which is the most syntactically complex? a. "What did Daddy eat?" b. "I do it, okay?" c. "Where is Daddy?" d. "What is Daddy eating?" e. "Daddy going?"

a. "What did Daddy eat?"

If the difference in amplitude between the frequencies of 100 Hz and 1600 Hz is 100 dB, what is the roll-off rate of a filter? a. 25 dB/octave b. 0 dB/octave c. 20 dB/octave d. 10 dB/octave e. 15 dB/octave

a. 25 dB/octave

What is the bandwidth of a formant if the upper and lower cutoff frequencies are equal to 1100 Hz and 700 Hz, respectively? a. 400 Hz b. 1100 Hz c. 900 Hz d. 1800 Hz e. 770 kHz

a. 400 Hz

Of the following scenarios, which reflects interrater reliability for test administration with multicultural populations? a. A clinician notes that a child achieves the same results when tested by two different test administrators b. A clinician administers a test strictly according to the test instructions c. A clinician allows more time to administer a test to a child who is bilingual d. A clinician finds that children receive the same scores on two different language tests e. A clinician administers the same test to a child within a 6-week period and records the same results

a. A clinician notes that a child achieves the same results when tested by two different test administrators

In behavioral analysis, "punishment" is: a. A consequence that, when contingent on performance of a behavior, results in the decrease of the future occurrence of a behavior. b. A consequence that, when contingent on performance of a behavior, results in the increase of the future occurrence of a behavior. c. The contingent presentation of a consequence known to be undesirable to a person. d. The application of timeout procedures. e. Any procedure that is an undesirable in routine clinical application.

a. A consequence that, when contingent on performance of a behavior, results in the decrease of the future occurrence of a behavior.

Of the following, which best defines phonological awareness? a. A metalinguistic ability that includes awareness of different levels of the speech sound system, such as word boundaries, syllables, rhyming, phoneme segmenting, and blending b. The conscious awareness that words are made of smaller segments of speech, which can be represented with letters c. The rule system in a language that governs how phonemes are sequenced to make words d. The use of letters and letter combinations to represent phonemes in an orthography e. The prosodic features of speech, such as tone, stress, rhythm, intonation

a. A metalinguistic ability that includes awareness of different levels of the speech sound system, such as word boundaries, syllables, rhyming, phoneme segmenting, and blending

The difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer is: a. A primary reinforcer does not require learning (conditioning), and a secondary reinforcer is conditioned by prior experience b. A primary reinforcer is conditioned by prior experience, and a secondary reinforcer does not require learning (conditioning) c. A primary reinforcer is associated with classical conditioning, and a secondary reinforcer is associated with operant conditioning d. A primary reinforcer is associated with operant conditioning, and a secondary reinforcer is associated with classical conditioning e. A primary reinforcer is used on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and a secondary reinforcer is used on an intermittent reinforcement schedule

a. A primary reinforcer does not require learning (conditioning), and a secondary reinforcer is conditioned by prior experience

Gestures and language share one cognitive skill, which is the: a. Ability to decontextualize something represented in the mind b. Ability to attend to important contextual information c. Ability to remember past events d. Ability to self-regulate behavior e. Ability to perceive reality

a. Ability to decontextualize something represented in the mind

A variation of a phoneme is called: a. An allophone b. A phone c. A pause d. A phoneme e. A fricative

a. An allophone

It was the view of Noam Chomsky (1986) that humans learn their first language as the result of: a. An innate language acquisition device b. A biologically developed language instinct c. Imitation of their parents' models that are reinforced d. Observational learning e. General neurological mechanisms

a. An innate language acquisition device

Formants are resonances of the vocal tract that: a. Change in value according to alterations in the shape of the vocal tract b. Remain constant with changes in the shape of the vocal tract c. Change in value without alteration in the shape of the vocal tract d. Remain constant with different vowels e. Characterize voiceless vowel sounds

a. Change in value according to alterations in the shape of the vocal tract

Of the following statements regarding children of multicultural backgrounds who have language disorders, which is not true? a. Children from backgrounds of poverty display deficits in language learning ability b. The effect of language disorders becomes more severe when carried over from childhood to adolescence c. Children with language disorders usually have difficulties in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics d. Children with language disorders have concomitant disorders of reading and writing e. All of the above

a. Children from backgrounds of poverty display deficits in language learning ability

Of the following words, which contains three phonemes? a. Choose b. Fix c. Toy d. Know e. Straight

a. Choose

Jeffrey is a 5-year-old who has Down syndrome. He lives with both parents and has a sister, aged 8, and a brother, aged 14 months. He participates in a regular kindergarten classroom for the majority of his day; during some activities he receives paraprofessional support within the classroom. In addition to receiving speech language therapy, Jeffrey receives physical therapy and occupational therapy services once each week. Jeffrey communicates in single words and short phrases, in addition to using a few simple signs and "invented" gestures he learned in therapy (e.g., "please," "more"). He is very affectionate with the other students but is sometimes intrusive during group activities or disruptive during circle time, which often frustrates the other children. He does not always spontaneously share his toys and sometimes has tantrums during transitions between activities. He has had recurrent ear infections and bilateral tube placement, and he also has a number of allergies. Jeffrey also makes the following errors on words: stop becomes "top"; green becomes "geen"; blue becomes "boo." This type of phonological error is called: a. Cluster reduction b. Initial consonant deletion c. Postvocalic consonant deletion d. Stopping e. Fronting

a. Cluster reduction

One of the latest developing pragmatic skills in typical developing children is: a. Comprehending jokes b. Requesting by using pointing c. Clarifying requests d. Comprehending indirect requests e. Initiating conversation

a. Comprehending jokes

A person is learning English as a second language. This person has limited development of both the first language and English and no communication impairment. On the spectrum of bilingual language proficiency, how would this person be appropriately classified? a. Semilingual b. Ambilingual c. Bilingual d. Equilingual e. Sequential bilingual

a. Semilingual

Extinction is a process in which: a. Continuous access to a reinforcer is no longer provided after a previously reinforced behavior, which results in the decrease of that behavior b. A new reinforcer is now provided after a previously reinforced behavior c. An event or stimulus is removed when a behavior occurs d. A punishment is now provided, instead of reinforcement, after a behavior e. The current consequences for behavior are not effective in changing that behavior

a. Continuous access to a reinforcer is no longer provided after a previously reinforced behavior, which results in the decrease of that behavior

Which efferent tract innervates all the motor nuclei of the cranial nerve systems in the brainstem? a. Corticobulbar tract b. Tectospinal tract c. Corticospinal tract d. Rubrospinal tract e. Vestibulobulbar tract

a. Corticobulbar tract

A clinician provides a speech evaluation for a transgender male-to-female client and prepares a treatment plan for speech feminization. Of the following goals, which should receive the lowest priority as a treatment goal? a. Decreasing vocal intensity b. Increasing the vocal fundamental frequency (F0) to the range of male/female overlap c. Increasing F0 to the female range d. Habituating voice parameters to public perceptions of passability e. None of the above

a. Decreasing vocal intensity

Of the following phonological processes, if present in the early stages of normal language acquisition and persistent in a 10 year-old African American child, which is indicative of a phonological disorder rather than a dialectal difference? a. Denasalization: "maybe" ! "baby" b. Final consonant deletions: "man" ! "[ma ̃:]" c. Cluster reduction: "desk" ! "des" d. Weak syllable deletion: "about" ! "'bout" e. Fronting: "Keep" ! "teep"

a. Denasalization: "maybe" ! "baby"

The _______________ nerve innervates the muscles of expression and mediates taste in the anterior segment of the tongue. a. Facial b. Vagus c. Glossopharyngeal d. Accessory e. Oculomotor

a. Facial

In the literature, "style of speech" refers to: a. Formal and informal b. Teenagers' way of speaking c. Differences in way of speaking among different cultural groups d. Suprasegmental differences among speakers e. Dialect variation among different speakers

a. Formal and informal

Executive functions such as reasoning, planning, and problem solving are associated with the operation of the _______________ lobe. a. Frontal b. Parietal c. Temporal d. Insula e. Occipital

a. Frontal

Speech and language production can be delayed for a number of different reasons. What is one of the first things that should be determined in children who appear to be developing normally except for delayed speech and language? a. Hearing acuity b. Stage of fine motor development c. Stage of cognitive development d. Stage of gross motor development e. Stage of social development

a. Hearing acuity

Nuclei are groups of cell bodies (somas) that reside: a. Inside the central nervous system (CNS) b. Outside the CNS c. Inside the peripheral nervous system (PNS) d. Outside the PNS e. Within the layers of the cerebral cortex

a. Inside the central nervous system (CNS)

What is the fundamental importance of pleural linkage in the respiratory system? a. It allows for the translation of rib movement, through activation of the respiratory muscles, into lung volumes changes b. It prevents the collapse of the lung c. It facilitates rib rotation through the bucket-handle and pump-handle maneuvers d. It prevents the rib cage from expanding to an extremely large volume e. It reduces heat produced by friction between the pleural membranes

a. It allows for the translation of rib movement, through activation of the respiratory muscles, into lung volumes changes

Which muscle, originating from the lateral and superior cricoid rim, is involved primarily in "medial compression" during vocalization and, when active, rotates the muscular process of the arytenoid laterally? a. Lateral cricoarytenoid b. Oblique inter arytenoids and lateral cricoarytenoid c. Cricothyroid d. Transverse interarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid e. Superior cricoarytenoid

a. Lateral cricoarytenoid

Word definitions change over time, which indicates interactions between language and cognitive development. Which of the following researchers studied word definitions over time? a. Lev Vygotsky b. Noam Chomsky c. Roman Jakobson d. Jean Piaget e. Lois Bloom

a. Lev Vygotsky

The muscles of the velopharyngeal system include the: a. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, and superior pharyngeal constrictor b. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, and cricopharyngeus c. Tensor veli palatini, cricopharyngeus, and lateral cricoarytenoid d. Cricopharyngeus, lateral cricoarytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid e. Tensor veli palatini, cricopharyngeus, and superior pharyngeal constrictor

a. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, and superior pharyngeal constrictor

Of the following skills for an interpreter to possess in a bilingual assessment, which of the following would be insufficient? a. Literacy in one language b. Knowledge of two cultures c. Familiarity with dialect difference d. Knowledge of relevant terminology e. Familiarity with the purpose of the assessment

a. Literacy in one language

A spirometer is used to measure _______________. a. Lung volumes b. Airflow c. Subglottal pressure d. Loudness e. Pleural pressures

a. Lung volumes

Of the scholars listed as follows, who proposed that neural connections are made through language input and that language learning is possible when attention, perception, memory, and motivation are present? a. McWhinney b. Piaget c. Skinner d. Vygotsky e. Chomsky

a. McWhinney

You are collecting a language sample from Angelique, aged 4 years, 6 months, when the following interaction occurs: Angelique: I the mama and you the baby. I driving the car. Clinician: Okay. Mama, where are we going? I'm hungry. Angelique: I gonna buy you a fish sandwich. You be eating good stuff. Clinician: Thanks, Mama, 'cause I didn't have lunch yet. Identify the grammatical markers of dialect exhibited in the utterance "I gonna buy you a fish sandwich. You be eating good stuff": a. No auxiliary verb and habitual use of be b. No copula and habitual use of be c. Past tense and the copula be d. Modal perfect and the auxiliary verb be e. Future tense and the copula be

a. No auxiliary verb and habitual use of be

The vocal tract is modeled as a pliable tube with: a. One end open b. Both ends open c. Both ends closed d. A hard boundary on one end and a soft boundary on the other e. One end open and the other end either open or closed

a. One end open

Emergent literacy depends primarily on the child's: a. Oral language and metalinguistic skills b. Oral language and alphabet knowledge c. Metalinguistic skills and print awareness d. Alphabet knowledge and print awareness e. Book awareness and environmental print

a. Oral language and metalinguistic skills

A clinician conducts a treatment session with a 6-year-old Chinese boy with a speech sound disorder. Picture stimuli containing the target phoneme /l/ are presented in training strings wherein the child is required to say a key word and one target word and to repeat the key word. Correct productions are rein- forced until a criterion is reached in two consecutive sessions. This approach to articulation training is known as the: a. Paired stimuli approach b. Minimal pair contrast approach c. Phonological knowledge approach d. Multiple phoneme approach e. Multiple opposition approach

a. Paired stimuli approach

Language form is made up of: a. Phonology, morphology, and syntax b. Semantics, phonology, and syntax c. Pragmatics, semantics, and grammar d. Content, use, and metalinguistics e. Pragmatics, phonology, and semantics

a. Phonology, morphology, and syntax

In the sentence "My mother and I ate at a restaurant," the phrase "at a restaurant" is best described as a: a. Prepositional phrase b. Noun phrase c. Verb phrase d. Direct object e. Predicate

a. Prepositional phrase

The trigeminal lemniscal system transmits which of the following sensations from the face to the primary sensory cortex in the brain? a. Proprioception and touch b. Touch and vision c. Auditory input d. Olfactory sensation and taste e. Only painful sensations

a. Proprioception and touch

Facial expressions of speakers are used by listeners to: a. React to messages b. Perceive truthfulness c. Comprehend irony d. Process the verbal message e. Perceive additional information from the speaker

a. React to messages

Chue is a 6-year-old English as a Second Language (ESL) student whose parents are recent arrivals from Cambodia. Hmong is the native language and the language spoken in the home. Chue's kindergarten teacher reports that he appears to be "nonverbal" in the class- room, and he failed a routine pure tone hearing screening. Of the following actions, which is the best initially for the SLP to determine a diagnosis? a. Refer Chue to the audiologist for a complete diagnostic battery with directions provided in Hmong b. Observe Chue's classroom performance and interaction with his peers c. Assess Chue's language performance with standardized tests in English and Hmong to determine language dominance d. Administer language tests to assess Chue's comprehension of English e. Rescreen hearing acuity

a. Refer Chue to the audiologist for a complete diagnostic battery with directions provided in Hmong

Phonological rules: a. Refer to allowable segmental sequences in a language b. Play an important role in word production c. Are dependent on motor abilities d. Are dependent on perceptual abilities e. Refer to allophonic variations of a phoneme

a. Refer to allowable segmental sequences in a language

The sarcomere: a. Represents the smallest structural unit of a muscle capable of decreasing its overall length b. Is bounded by the A-bands c. Represents a theory of muscle contraction and force development d. Is another name for a muscle fiber e. Is synonymous with the term motor unit

a. Represents the smallest structural unit of a muscle capable of decreasing its overall length

Bucket-handle rib rotation: a. Results in a large change in the mediolateral volume of the thorax b. Is generated by dorsoposterior rotation of the rib c. Results in a small mediolateral volume change during inhalation d. Occurs in the absence of any other form of rib motion e. Describes the expansion of the rib cage during quiet breathing

a. Results in a large change in the mediolateral volume of the thorax

Aly was a victim of prenatal exposure to alcohol, a teratogen. Furthermore, during the first 3 months of her life, Aly experienced severe neglect from her parents, both of whom suffered from alcoholism and depression. As a result of her birth history, Aly may have difficulty achieving which of the following important milestones that serves as a foundation for the development of cognition and linguistic skills? a. Self-regulation b. Sit without support c. Engage in social interaction d. Fine motor movements e. Use of gesture

a. Self-regulation

A toddler who is developing normally is playing with her dolls and dollhouse. Her father is playing with her, modeling language and being a good play partner. The child is using primarily two-word utterances. Of the following utterances, which is an example of the "demonstrative þ entity" semantic relation? a. That baby b. My baby c. Little baby d. Baby cry e. Baby milk

a. That baby

Motor neurons innervating the muscles of mastication reside within which brainstem nucleus? a. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal system b. The facial motor nucleus c. The nucleus ambiguus d. The mandibular nucleus e. The nucleus retrotrigeminalis

a. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal system

A child produces the utterance "doggie eats." Of the following grammatical inflectional morphemes, which is used in this utterance? a. Third-person singular present tense b. Plural c. Auxiliary d. Present progressive e. Possessive

a. Third-person singular present tense

The _______________ is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages. a. Thyroid b. Cricoid c. Arytenoid d. Hyoid e. Corniculates

a. Thyroid

In instances of different types of vocabulary acquisition, different cognitive abilities are called upon. For example, knowledge of different kinds of verbs and their use has been found. Which type of verbs do children learn first? a. Transitive verbs b. Intransitive verbs c. Modal auxiliaries d. Stative verbs e. All the above

a. Transitive verbs

Of the following actions, which is the least appropriate in the attempt to eliminate test bias in English language instruments used with bilingual populations? a. Translate existing tests into the language spoken by the client b. Modify existing tests for the language spoken by the clients c. Restandardize existing tests for the bilingual population d. Use alternatives to testing such as naturalistic observations e. Include parental input in the assessment process

a. Translate existing tests into the language spoken by the client

A fricative consonant's sound source consists of: a. Turbulent noise generated by forcing air through a narrow articulator constriction b. Vocal fold vibration c. The period of the stop-gap d. Antiresonance effects e. Complex voicing resonances during frication

a. Turbulent noise generated by forcing air through a narrow articulator constriction

The position of the second formant for a given vowel (relative to the first formant) is most related to changes in the: a. Volume of the oral cavity b. Volume of the nasopharynx c. Volume of nasal cavity d. Volume of the pharyngeal cavity e. Size of the oral opening

a. Volume of the oral cavity

Mr. Tomatsu is a 40-year-old Japanese business executive who has engaged the services of an SLP for elective accent modification. The clinician wishes to establish a goal of focusing on initial sounds occurring with high frequency in English that are problematic for speakers of Japanese. Of the following words, which would be most appropriate for presenting the target sound? a. "Door" b. "Rice" c. "Moon" d. "Win" e. "Pin"

b. "Rice"

Michael produced a narrative that consisted of labels of objects, descriptions of events, and descriptions of actions. If Michael is developing typically, he is probably in what age range? a. 4 to 5 years b. 2 to 3 years c. 5 to 7 years d. 10 to 15 years e. 20 to 25 years

b. 2 to 3 years

Scaffolding is a procedure in which: a. A clinician shapes a behavior to be learned b. A clinician models the strategy or task to be learned, then gradually shifts or removes instructional support for the child c. A child monitors his or her own performance of a behavior d. A child demonstrates the strategy or task to be learned and is then evaluated by the clinician e. The clinician uses the teaching process of successive approximations

b. A clinician models the strategy or task to be learned, then gradually shifts or removes instructional support for the child

In the utterance "They were sad," the verb can be described as: a. A contractible copula b. A copula c. A contractible auxiliary d. An uncontractible auxiliary e. A passive verb

b. A copula

The tongue body is able to adjust its shape and perform complex three-dimensional changes because of the lack of an internal bony skeleton. Such a system is referred to as: a. An isovolume system b. A muscular hydrostat c. A hydroelastic system d. A hygrometer e. A skeletal muscle

b. A muscular hydrostat

An SLP collected a language sample as part of an assessment of a school-aged child's syntax. Of the following syntactic forms, which is missing from this selection of the child's sentences? "Swimming is my favorite thing to do" "My green and blue swimsuit is pretty" "I am the team captain" a. Adjective phrase b. Adverbial phrase c. Gerund phrase d. Subject complement e. Infinitive

b. Adverbial phrase

Of the following statistics, which is an example of a criterion-referenced measurement outcome for a test of language ability administered to a Native American child? a. Percentile score b. Age level score c. Standard score d. Standard deviation e. Quartile

b. Age level score

Of the following, which best describes the clause structure in the sentence "I can't play outside because I have too much homework"? a. Two independent clauses b. An independent clause followed by a dependent clause c. An independent clause and an adjective (or relative) clause d. A dependent clause and an adverb clause e. A dependent clause followed by an independent clause

b. An independent clause followed by a dependent clause

You are collecting a language sample from Angelique, aged 4 years, 6 months, when the following interaction occurs: Angelique: I the mama and you the baby. I driving the car. Clinician: Okay. Mama, where are we going? I'm hungry. Angelique: I gonna buy you a fish sandwich. You be eating good stuff. Clinician: Thanks, Mama, 'cause I didn't have lunch yet. After reading the brief language sample, what can you say about Angelique's language? a. Angelique's language may include features of Spanish-influenced English b. Angelique's language may include features of African American English c. Angelique's language may not include features of standard American English d. Angelique might have a language disorder e. Angelique might have a hearing impairment

b. Angelique's language may include features of African American English

The medial pterygoid muscle plays an active role in closing the jaws during speech. Which muscle is considered the direct antagonist of the medial pterygoid muscle during speech? a. Lateral pterygoid muscle b. Anterior belly of digastricus muscle c. Masseter muscle d. Mylohyoid muscle e. Stylohyoid muscle

b. Anterior belly of digastricus muscle

According to Piaget (1983), children apply new information to an existing cognitive scheme; that process is called: a. Accommodation b. Assimilation c. Transformation d. Application e. Internalization

b. Assimilation

Which phrase best describes what is meant by the term culture? a. African American b. Assumptions and world view c. Religious practices d. Family structure e. Socioeconomic status

b. Assumptions and world view

An SLP is determining the primary language for intervention for a bilingual student who has a language disorder. Of the following possibilities, which is least important? a. Dominant language used by the student b. Availability of a bilingual clinician to provide the services c. The student's chronological age d. Amount of academic learning in the dominant language e. Language used in the home

b. Availability of a bilingual clinician to provide the services

Cultural reciprocity is important for a. Building rapport with a client b. Building collaborative relationships between clients and their families and the communication professional c. Building a treatment plan for the client to use at home d. Building relationships between professionals e. Building knowledge about language development.

b. Building collaborative relationships between clients and their families and the communication professional

Usage-based theory is a framework for understanding language learning. What are the primary underlying assumptions of this theory? a. Children's brains are hardwired to learn language, and children are born equipped with internal grammatical rules, regardless of the language; however, language input helps children learn the specific parameters of their own language b. Children are born with the cognitive abilities of reading others' intentions and finding patterns, both of which are fundamental to the origins of language c. Language is a network of connections that is transformed by language input d. Children's cognitive development occurs before language development e. Language is a behavior that is learned

b. Children are born with the cognitive abilities of reading others' intentions and finding patterns, both of which are fundamental to the origins of language

A preschool teacher expresses concern that Malik, a 4-year-old African American boy, has trouble articulating the sounds /s/, /tÐ /, /Ð /, and /z/. Other African American children in the classroom have mastered these sounds. Therefore, the teacher refers Malik to the SLP. The SLP's best initial action should be to: a. Delay any intervention for 6 months and wait to see whether the child develops the sounds b. Conduct a speech sound and hearing screening c. Perform a diagnostic assessment to determine why the sounds are in error Ð Ð d. Tell the teacher that /s/, /t /, / /, and /z/ are features of the child's dialect and no intervention is required e. Conduct a speech sound screening

b. Conduct a speech sound and hearing screening

Learning the ways in which a culture communicates: a. Is developed over time b. Depends on practice c. Requires sensitivity to prosodic features d. Is shaped by environmental experience e. Is acquired unconsciously

b. Depends on practice

What causes the differences in the syntactic structures of various dialects in the United States? a. Environmental differences b. Different histories of language change across language communities c. Impoverished grammars in certain language communities d. Speech sound differences among different language communities e. Differences in morphological use

b. Different histories of language change across language communities

Consider the following interaction: Child 1: What are you building? Child 2: A tower. This is an example of which of the following linguistic features? a. Deixis b. Ellipsis c. Fast-mapping d. Anaphora e. Derivation

b. Ellipsis

An SLP working in an inner city public school system encounters a 10-year-old who is withdrawn and antisocial and refuses to communicate verbally. The child has been absent frequently for extended periods of time. Upon the child's return, the clinician notices bruises and scars on the child. Suspecting physical abuse, the clinician should: a. Begin to keep a journal documenting all evidence for reporting to the Child Protective Agency b. File a report of suspected child abuse with the principal c. Ask the child whether he is being abused and keep this information confidential d. Refer the child for psychological and physical examination in order to confirm suspicion e. None of the above

b. File a report of suspected child abuse with the principal

The three quantitative measures depicted by a spectrogram are: a. Amplitude, frequency, and pitch b. Frequency, amplitude, and time c. Time, pitch, and amplitude d. Frequency, intensity, and phase e. Phase, attenuation rate, and harmonic effects

b. Frequency, amplitude, and time

Nine-month-old Haleem vocalizes and persistently points at an object across the room while looking back and forth at the object and his mom. He is exhibiting intentionality because: a. He is 9 months old b. He is showing intersubjective awareness c. He is attending to an object d. He is vocalizing e. He is exhibiting locutionary behavior

b. He is showing intersubjective awareness

Jeffrey is a 5-year-old who has Down syndrome. He lives with both parents and has a sister, aged 8, and a brother, aged 14 months. He participates in a regular kindergarten classroom for the majority of his day; during some activities, he receives paraprofessional support within the classroom. In addition to receiving speech language therapy, Jeffrey receives physical therapy and occupational therapy services once each week. Jeffrey communicates in single words and short phrases, in addition to using a few simple signs and "invented" gestures he learned in therapy (e.g., "please," "more"). He is very affectionate with the other students but is sometimes intrusive during group activities or disruptive during circle time, which often frustrates the other children. He does not always spon- taneously share his toys and sometimes has tantrums during transitions between activities. He has had recur- rent ear infections and bilateral tube placement, and he also has a number of allergies. An evaluation of Jeffrey's phonology reveals: a. How he uses language in social interaction. b. How he uses the sound system of language. c. How he applies meaning to words. d. How aware he is of what is appropriate in different communication situations. e. How he orders words in sentence structure.

b. How he uses the sound system of language.

Of the following statements about the linguistic standard of a language community, which are true? I. No one speaks the linguistic standard II. It is the written version of the language III. It is the only correct way to speak IV. It is the socially preferred dialect a. I and II b. II and IV c. I,II, and IV d. II,III, and IV e. I,II, and IV

b. II and IV

The relaxation pressure curve is a graph that: a. Depicts the amount of active pressure generated during inhalation and exhalation b. Illustrates the concept that lung pressures can be created with the passive elastic recoil and rebounding forces of the lung-chest wall system c. Demonstrates that the magnitude of lung pressure generated is not related or influenced by lung volumes d. Demonstrates that negative lung pressures are generated when lung volumes are greater than volumes at rest e. Illustrates the concept that all lung pressures necessary to support speech production must be actively generated

b. Illustrates the concept that lung pressures can be created with the passive elastic recoil and rebounding forces of the lung-chest wall system

Complete damage to the right and left hypoglossal nerves (cranial nerve XII) would result in: a. Inability to voluntarily move the lips b. Inability to voluntarily move the tongue c. Inability to taste d. Inability to trigger a swallowing reflex e. Inability to propel a bolus down the esophagus

b. Inability to voluntarily move the tongue

The mentalis muscle originates from the anterior surface of the mandible and: a. Inserts into the upper lip to assist in upper lip elevation b. Inserts into the lower lip to assist in lower lip elevation c. Inserts into the oral angle to help draw the corners of the mouth posteriorly d. Inserts into the deep skin of the nostrils to assist in a flaring action e. Can function to depress inferiorly the skin of the chin and bottom lip

b. Inserts into the lower lip to assist in lower lip elevation

A 14-year-old bilingual Spanish speaker who says, "I finish to watch television at 10 oclock yesterday" is most probably displaying which of the following types of language transference? a. Interlanguage b. Interference c. Fossilization d. Code switching e. Positive transfer

b. Interference

Read the following set of utterances from a child's language sample (E 1⁄4 examiner, C 1⁄4 child). E: Okay, now, tell me about what happened to Sadie (the childÕs cat). C: Sometimes she donÕt throw up. C: (Um) she went to the vet every time (um) we got her dry cat food. C: She donÕt like it, though. C: We got her something else at the vet. C: When I got outta school, she (um) got her some food for her. E: So you went after school to the vet. E: And he said she should have dry food? C: Because [4 second pause] she (um) throws up every time. E: SheÕs been throwing up? C: Mm hm. C: Not every time, though. C: (She really) sheÕs doing fine, though. E: But you said something about her fur coming back. E: Did she lose her fur? C: No. C: ItÕs coming back, though. The utterance "Did she lose her fur?" is which of the following sentence types? a. Declarative b. Interrogative c. Imperative d. Negative e. Compound

b. Interrogative

Period and frequency are _______________ related to each other. a. Directly b. Inversely c. Not d. Sometimes e. Nonlinearly

b. Inversely

An operant behavior is one that: a. Is the result of a reflex b. Is controlled by environmental consequences c. Is controlled by genetic predispositions d. Results from the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus e. Results from a belief that a person can perform the behavior successfully

b. Is controlled by environmental consequences

Gesture in communication: a. Is universally recognized b. Is used differently in different cultures c. Involves use of the hands only d. Is used for emphasis e. Is used only by young children

b. Is used differently in different cultures

What is primary relationship between language and symbolic play? a. Play is a prerequisite skill for language development, in that a child must be able to play functionally before he or she is producing single word utterances b. Language and symbolic play represent reality, and both tend to have similar developmental trajectories c. Although both play and language are abstract, language is less abstract than symbolic play d. Language is a prerequisite skill for play development, in that a child must be able to use age-appropriate language before he or she can play appropriately e. There is no real relationship between language and play except that play helps children relax before an assessment

b. Language and symbolic play represent reality, and both tend to have similar developmental trajectories

Chomsky's (Owens, 2007) views on language acquisition: a. Provided the foundation for Skinner's operant learning theory b. Led to an emphasis on syntax in language intervention programs c. Focused on the influence of memory and attention on language learning d. Suggested a strong role for the environment in language acquisition e. Led to the use of tangible reinforcers to shape specific behaviors

b. Led to an emphasis on syntax in language intervention programs

The buccinator muscle is a deep facial muscle that originates partially from the maxilla and: a. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the nasalis muscle b. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the muscles that constitute the oral angle c. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the corrugator muscle d. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the palatoglossus muscle e. Makes its insertion into the ramus of the mandible

b. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the muscles that constitute the oral angle

Resonance is the phenomenon in which an object tends to vibrate with ________________________________ energy at _______________. a. Minimum, a particular frequency b. Maximum, a particular frequency c. Minimum, minimal amplitude d. Maximum, minimal amplitude e. Maximum, all frequencies

b. Maximum, a particular frequency

Glottal abductors include the: a. Cricothyroid muscle with assistance from the thyroarytenoid muscle b. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle c. Transverse interarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles d. Interarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles e. Hyothyroid and sternothyroid muscles

b. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Infants attend first to which of the following aspects of spoken communication? a. Loudness and pitch of speech b. Prosody of speech and facial expression of the speaker c. Individual phonemes in speech d. Phrase and clause structure e. All the above

b. Prosody of speech and facial expression of the speaker

The smallest functional element controlled by the motor control system is the: a. Motor neuron b. Motor unit c. Motor cortex d. Muscle unit e. Sarcomere

b. Motor unit

Skeletal muscle fiber is composed primarily of filaments known as: a. Fascia b. Myofibrils c. Collagen d. Epimysium e. Myoactin

b. Myofibrils

What is the first category of words that English- speaking infants typically acquire in their lexicons? a. Possessives b. Nominals c. Verbs d. Locative words e. Function words

b. Nominals

A toddler developing normally is hearing many new words in her environment every day and is rapidly learning to understand what they mean. She hears the word spoon and quickly attaches this symbol to its appropriate referent. She does so despite the fact that there are two other objects on the table, a cup and bowl, because she already knows the words cup and bowl. In this case, of the following learning strategies, which helped her learn the new word? a. Extendability principle b. Novel-name-nameless assumption c. Semantic bootstrapping d. Syntactic bootstrapping e. Conventionality assumption

b. Novel-name-nameless assumption

A clinician is most likely to obtain naturalistic communication patterns of an African American school-aged child in which of the following communicative settings? a. Observation in the classroom b. Observation during play with peers c. Observation of responses to standardized language tests d. Observation of parent-child dyadic speech situations e. All of the above

b. Observation during play with peers

An adult patient has recently sustained a cerebrovascular accident. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) con- ducts an assessment of this patient by using an interpreter who is a member of the hospital staff. The greatest challenge in employing a bilingual interpreter is: a. Breach of confidentiality b. Obtaining an exact translation of the patient's responses c. Scoring the patient's responses according to the test norms d. Describing the characteristics of the patient's language e. Describing the features of the patient's speech skills

b. Obtaining an exact translation of the patient's responses

A bilingual SLP works within a school district in which a large number of immigrant children who are English language learners are enrolled. The SLP is called upon to work in a role traditionally assigned to ESL instructors. To operate in accordance with ASHA's regulations, the SLP could appropriately perform all of the following functions except: a. Provide bilingual assessments of speech and language ability b. Provide ESL instruction c. Collaborate with the ESL instructor on issues such as language development d. Collaborate with the ESL instructor in developing an intervention plan e. b and d

b. Provide ESL instruction

Of the following statements, which is true with regard to English Language learners (ELL)? a. In order for such people to learn English, their parents should speak only English at home b. Reading skills from the first language are the skills most easily transferred to English c. Learning a second language comes naturally with sufficient exposure and social interaction d. After adolescence, the ability to learn a second language is severely reduced e. Avoid language alternation

b. Reading skills from the first language are the skills most easily transferred to English

Originating from the temporal fossa, the temporalis muscle is capable of: a. Rapidly depressing the mandible b. Shearing and tearing actions c. Preventing lateral motion of the jaw to one side if contracted unilaterally d. Acting as an antagonist to the masseter muscle e. Opening the oral cavity by lowering the mandible

b. Shearing and tearing actions

Oscillation of a particle around its rest position as a result of recoil and inertial forces is called _______________. a. Complex harmonic motion b. Simple harmonic motion c. Uniform circular motion d. Aperiodic motion e. None of the above

b. Simple harmonic motion

A period of very rapid development of word production, a so-called vocabulary spurt, occurs for many children; however, some children do not experience it, although they are developing normally. Which of the following reasons have been found to best account for the difference between these two groups of children? a. Differences in phonological perception b. Sophistication of phonological production c. Types of words known d. Cognitive differences e. None of the above

b. Sophistication of phonological production

Children with specific language impairment may have general nonlinguistic representation disabilities such as those in: a. Story retelling skills b. Symbolic play skills c. Closure skills d. Inflectional morphology e. Phonological skills

b. Symbolic play skills

Word association tasks are frequently used to assess the development of the meanings of words. Which of the following sequences of word knowledge development is the one observed by researchers? a. Paradigmatic and then syntagmatic b. Syntagmatic and then paradigmatic c. Antonyms and then synonyms d. Referential meaning and then relational meaning e. None of the above

b. Syntagmatic and then paradigmatic

What is the minimal distance principle as it relates to the comprehension of utterances? a. How far away the speaker is from the listener b. The amount of distance between the subject and the main verb of the sentence c. How the main verb is related to the dependent clausal verb d. The distance between subject and object e. The distance between the subject and complement of the sentence

b. The amount of distance between the subject and the main verb of the sentence

The behavioral process of positive reinforcement is: a. The contingent presentation of a consequence that decreases the future occurrence of a behavior b. The contingent presentation of a consequence that increases the future occurrence of a behavior c. The contingent withdrawal of a consequence that decreases the future occurrence of a behavior d. The contingent withdrawal of a consequence that increases the future occurrence of a behavior e. The contingent removal of a reinforcer to decrease the future occurrence of a behavior

b. The contingent presentation of a consequence that increases the future occurrence of a behavior

The maxilla and the palatine bone contribute to constitute what structure? a. The soft palate b. The hard palate c. The pre-maxilla d. The tertiary palate e. The temporomandibular joint

b. The hard palate

It is generally agreed that tests of English language ability should not be translated for speakers of other languages. Of the following statements in support of this position, which is not true? a. The order in which sounds are acquired and the stages at which they are acquired can vary among languages b. The types of interference from one language upon the other cannot be predicted c. Children may know the labels for items in one language but not the other d. Children acquiring a second language may experience language loss for the first language e. All of the above

b. The types of interference from one language upon the other cannot be predicted

A mathematical and structural theory relating the motion of the vocal folds to that of a spring-mass system was developed by: a. Bernoulli b. Titze c. Fant d. Fourier e. Stemple

b. Titze

The primary function of the musculus uvulae during velopharyngeal port closure is: a. To tense and stiffen the anterior velum at the border of the palatine bone b. To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline c. To lower the velum d. Minimal and redundant with the action of the levator veli palatine e. To elevate and retract the velum posteriorly

b. To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline

Which subset of the 12 cranial nerves is critically important during speech production? a. III, VI, X, and XI b. V, VII, X, and XII c. IV, V, VII, and XII d. I,V,X and XI e. IV, V, VI, and XI

b. V, VII, X, and XII

Lung tissue and the deep surfaces of the rib cage are lined with two pleural membranes known as the: a. Vital and partial pleural b. Visceral and parietal pleura c. Vacuous and particulate pleura d. Reticular and mesothelial pleura e. Parenchyma and endothelia pleura

b. Visceral and parietal pleura

The maximum volume of air that can be force- fully expired after a maximum inspiration is known as the: a. Inspiratory capacity b. Vital capacity c. Functional residual capacity d. Total lung capacity e. Total residual capacity

b. Vital capacity

A clinician conducts a nonbiased assessment with a 7-year-old bilingual Latina student. The clinician gathers a language sample of 50 utterances made in differ- ent linguistic contexts and physical environments. Of the following utterances, which indicates the presence of a language disorder rather than first-language influence? a. "Did he bit somebody?" b. "He can no play no more." c. "He drop he glasses." d. "The boy are reaching." e. a and c.

c. "He drop he glasses."

You are conducting an ethnographic interview with Mrs. James, the mother of your client, Michael. Of the questions below, identify the most appropriate question to ask after this statement made by Mrs. James: "Michael gets all spastic when he is nervous": a. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. What do you mean by 'spastic'?" b. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. Does he get nervous often?" c. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. Give me an example of what Michael does when he gets spastic." d. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. What do you mean by 'spastic,' why do you think he gets nervous, and does this nervousness happen often?" e. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. I'd like to now find out about how Michael makes friends."

c. "Mrs. James, you stated that Michael gets spastic when he is nervous. Give me an example of what Michael does when he gets spastic."

In the following narrative, identify the statement that illustrates the narrator's ability to represent the landscape of action (subjectivity) of the story's characters: "There was this boy who had a frog. He kept this frog in a jar in his bedroom. The boy and his family were going to a fancy restaurant, but the boy was worried about leaving the frog alone because he would have been lonely. So, the boy put the frog in his coat pocket, but his parents didn't know he had the frog with him. When they got to the restaurant and sat down, the frog caused all kinds of chaos." a. "There was this boy, who had a frog." b. "He kept this frog in a jar in his bedroom." c. "The boy was worried about leaving the frog alone." d. "The boy put the frog in his coat pocket." e. "The frog caused all kinds of chaos."

c. "The boy was worried about leaving the frog alone."

On the basis of predicted linguistic characteristics for speakers of African American English, there is a higher probability that a speaker will not delete /s/ for which of the following sentences? a. "He has two pencils." b. "I have John's book." c. "The bus is yellow." d. "The boy walks to school." e. None of the above

c. "The bus is yellow."

Of the following utterances, which does not entail the use of grammatical inflectional morphemes? a. "Daddy's cup" b. "Mommy coming" c. "Want up" d. "I walked" e. "He jumps"

c. "Want up"

The vertebral column has the following number of vertebrae in each of its divisions: a. 5 lumbar and 7 sacral b. 6 lumbar and 8 cervical c. 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 7 cervical d. 7 cervical, 1 lumbar, and 4 sacral e. 5 lumbar, 12 sacral, and 7 thoracic

c. 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 7 cervical

It is important for a professional to have a sense of the historical development of his or her field. Of the following periods, in which did the field of speech- language pathology begin to become a recognized profession? a. 1975-2005 b. 1965-1975 c. 1900-1945 d. 2000 -2009 e. 1800-1845

c. 1900-1945

Kiesha is an 18-month-old who is developing typically. In the past 6 month, Kiesha has slowly added more words to her lexicon. About how many words is she expected to use? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 100 e. 200

c. 50

Calculate an MLU on the following utterances: C: My birthday was on Friday. C: We went to DaddyÕs work and picked him up. C: We hafta go get him every day because his car is broke. C: He (he) came with us to my party at Chuck E. Cheese. Of the following, which is the correct MLU for these utterances? a. 8.75 b. 10 c. 9.25 d. 9.5 e. 9.0

c. 9.25

According to B. F. Skinner's behavioral analysis of language, when children request something, that requesting behavior is called: a. A tact b. A textual c. A mand d. An intraverbal e. An echoic

c. A mand

Infants' perception of speech sound differences during the first year of life have been studied. Which of the following statements best describes this course of development in monolingual infants? a. A gradual expansion of speech sound differentiation across different languages during the first year of life b. An equal ability in detecting perceptual speech differences across similar languages during the first year of life c. A marked change in the latter part of the first year of life toward better discrimination of sounds in the native language d. An inability to perceive differences in nonnative languages beginning shortly after birth e. A preference for the native language at birth that does not change during the first year of life

c. A marked change in the latter part of the first year of life toward better discrimination of sounds in the native language

According to Vygotsky (1986), children learn through interactions with more experienced adults or peers who interpret the environment for them. Through this process, children learn to understand and interpret their environment. This process is called: a. An active learning experience b. A mediated cognition experience c. A mediated learning experience d. A generalized conditioning experience e. An assimilated learning experience

c. A mediated learning experience

Of the following, which is the best example of the novel name-nameless category of word learning exhibited by toddlers? a. Johnny sees a cat and says, "dog" b. The only dog that Jasmine recognizes as a dog is her own pet poodle c. A toddler can identify the blender when shown a ball, bottle, and a blender d. When a mother points to a car and says, "Look a car," the toddler assumes that the word car refers to the whole object rather than to the wheel e. Kathy sees any cat and labels it "cat"

c. A toddler can identify the blender when shown a ball, bottle, and a blender

_______________ consonants start out like stop plosives, but the articulatory occlusion is released less abruptly, with a less vigorous burst of airflow. a. Nasal b. Fricative c. Affricate d. Glottal e. Glide

c. Affricate

What is the age at which children can use short-term memory effectively and recall the number of items said to be the limit? a. During preadolescence b. During infancy c. After infancy d. Before adolescence e. During adulthood

c. After infancy

Lung volumes are affected by a variety of factors, including: a. Personality type b. Educational level c. Age d. Height e. Chest circumference

c. Age

It is recognized that standardized tests are not the most optimal for assessing multicultural populations. However, an advantage of using norm-referenced tests to measure language ability is that: a. The potential for examiner error is minimized b. Validity is confirmed c. An individual's score can be compared with scores of other people of the same age d. Scores for determining acceptable performance are preset e. The test is standardized

c. An individual's score can be compared with scores of other people of the same age

Consider the following text: "John and Maria were walk- ing in the woods when they saw a large black bear on the path before them. It was eating berries. They quickly turned around and went back the way they had come." The use of the plural pronoun they to refer to John and Maria represents which of the following cohesive devices? a. Ellipsis b. Deixis c. Anaphora d. Conjunction e. Locative

c. Anaphora

The Broca area and the Wernicke area are interconnected through the: a. Uncinate fasciculus b. Cingulum c. Arcuate fasciculus d. Internal capsule e. Internal arcuate fibers

c. Arcuate fasciculus

Ataxic dysarthria is related to a lesion of which of the following? a. Basal ganglia b. Broca area c. Cerebellum d. Facial motor nucleus e. Brainstem

c. Cerebellum

_______________ occurs when the articulatory characteristics of an upcoming sound influence the characteristics of a currently produced sound. a. Phonation b. Resonance c. Coarticulation d. Articulation e. Unintelligible speech

c. Coarticulation

Several scholars have written about the relationship between thought and language. Of the following statements, which is consistent with the ideas of Vygotsky (Owens, 2007)? a. Language is determined by cognition b. Cognition is determined by language c. Cognition initially influences language, and then language influences cognition d. Language and cognition are related but independent skills e. Language and cognition are not connected to each other

c. Cognition initially influences language, and then language influences cognition

Juan was referred to the IEP team for evaluation and possible placement in the learning disabilities program. In the classroom, Juan displays grade-level delays in math and reading. A bilingual SLP completed standardized tests in Spanish that revealed the following results: Overall language skills significantly delayed in comparison with intellectual functioning Delayed receptive vocabulary skills Difficulty following oral directions and responding to questions Of the following actions, which is the most appropriate next step for Juan? a. Placement in the learning disabilities program b. Complete further testing in English c. Complete classroom observations to verify test results d. Compare test results with the findings of other IEP team professionals e. All of the above

c. Complete classroom observations to verify test results

Changes to the surface shape of the facial skin is a consequence of the following condition: a. Elasticity of the basement membrane of the skin b. Tendinous attachment of muscle to the facial skin c. Direct insertion of muscle fascicles into the facial skin d. Compression of static tissues volumes during oral movement e. Edema

c. Direct insertion of muscle fascicles into the facial skin

When and how do children indicate differences in speech acts? a. At age 3 years, they use a basic grammar b. At age 2 years, they can express basic semantic relations c. During infancy, they use different intonation patterns to covey different meanings for single words d. When they can express different sentence particles for questioning or negative responding e. All the above

c. During infancy, they use different intonation patterns to covey different meanings for single words

For alternative assessment of multicultural populations in which the focus is on processes of language conception rather than output of linguistic constructions, which of the following is useful? a. Inventories b. Work sample analysis c. Dynamic assessment d. Ethnographic interviews e. All of the above

c. Dynamic assessment

The zygomaticus major and minor muscles operate together to: a. Retract the oral angle directly posterior b. Draw the lower lip directly upward and compress it against the upper teeth during speech c. Elevate the upper lip and draw the oral angle superiorly and posteriorly d. Compress the cheek tissue against the teeth e. Draw the oral angles downward, as in a frown

c. Elevate the upper lip and draw the oral angle superiorly and posteriorly

Peaks in a vowel output spectrum with maximal energy transfer are called: a. Crests b. Troughs c. Formants d. Harmonics e. Vowels peaks

c. Formants

An SLP conducted a full diagnostic battery with a 6-year old Native American boy for speech and language performance. A complete case history interview was conducted with the boy's mother; from this interview, the SLP determined that further testing and observation were required. Of the following characteristics, which might be a diagnostic "red flag" from the case history? a. History of sore throat b. Reluctance to speak in the classroom c. Frequent ear infections d. First word spoken at age 14 months e. Began to walk at 10 months

c. Frequent ear infections

Gestures play an important role in communication and develop relatively early in life. Of the following types of gestures, which develops earliest? a. Gestures that consistently convey a specific meaning across contexts b. Gestures that track the rhythm of speech emphasizing ideas c. Gestures that point to or show a referent d. Gestures that convey a particular meaning based on social-cultural context e. Gestures that mark the beginning of a story

c. Gestures that point to or show a referent

Bloom and Lahey (1978) developed a theory in which language is viewed as an integration of form, content, and use. Bloom and Tinker (2001) expanded that model by embedding these three elements into what two domains? a. Pattern learning and intention reading b. Modular learning and egocentric perspectives c. Intersubjectivity and cognitive processes d. Stimulus and responses e. Axons and synapses

c. Intersubjectivity and cognitive processes

A preschool-aged child who is developing normally is playing with his toy trucks and tractors in the sand box. His mother is playing with him, modeling language, expanding and extending his utterances. He uses semantic bootstrapping to acquire new knowledge of language. Of the following examples, which best illustrates this strategy? a. His mother said, "Look at the treads" and accompanied the utterance with a point to the treads; this signaled to him that the new word treads referred to a part rather than to the whole entity or object b. His mother said, "The tractor dug a tunnel," and the child used his knowledge of subject-verb-object sentence structure to figure out the meaning of the word tunnel in his mother's utterance c. His mother said, "My truck crashed!" and this child's knowledge of possessor-possession helped him to understand the noun phrase structure in the utterance d. His mother said, "I'm tunneling through the sand"; this child's knowledge of the present progressive morphological marker "-ing" helped him recognize that tunneling was a verb in the sentence e. After he said, "My dirt falled off," his mother said, "Uh oh, your dirt fell off"; the mother's recast of his utterance helped him learn the irregular past tense for the word fall

c. His mother said, "My truck crashed!" and this child's knowledge of possessor-possession helped him to understand the noun phrase structure in the utterance

Of the following, which is an example of a task of phonemic awareness skills? a. What is "cupcake" without "cup"? b. Do "cup" and "pup" rhyme? c. How many syllables are in the word "alligator"? d. How many words are in the sentence "I love pizza"? e. What is "cup" without /k/?

c. How many syllables are in the word "alligator"?

A bilingual SLP evaluates a 4-year-old child in both English and Tagalog. He notes that the child has been in the United States for 18 months and that Tagalog is the language spoken in the home. The child displays difficulties in both languages. Of the following scenarios, which are major indicators that the child's problems indicate a language learning disability? I. The child fails to follow instructions II. The child uses Tagalog words in English sentences III. The childÕs errors are inconsistent IV. The childÕs performance in English is better than Tagalog V. The child has difficulty paying attention a. I and IV b. III and V c. I and V d. III and IV e. II and IV

c. I and V

Of the following scenarios, which cultural aspects are important enough to be considered by a clinician working on a Native American reservation? I. Therapy in small, same-gender groups II. Individual rewards for performance III. Extended time to answer questions IV. Cooperative learning exercises V. Individual drill and practice a. I, II, and IV b. III, IV, and V c. I, III, and IV d. II, IV, and V e. I, II, and III

c. I, III, and IV

Together, which abdominal muscles form the lateral abdominal wall? a. Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, and subcostal muscles b. External abdominal oblique, quadratus lumborum, and scalene muscles c. Internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscles d. Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and serratus posterior muscles e. Deltoid, serratus anterior, and sacrospinal muscles

c. Internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscles

In the absence of the trigeminal nerve, what abnormalities would be observed? a. Loss of sensation to the larynx b. Loss of taste to the anterior portion of the tongue c. Loss of sensation to the skin of the face d. Loss of motor control to the muscles of the face e. Loss of salivary gland function

c. Loss of sensation to the skin of the face

With regard to vowel formants, the vowel quadrilateral demonstrates which generality? a. First formant frequency (F1) is affected mostly by the anterior-posterior position of the tongue b. Second formant frequency (F2) is influenced mostly by the height of the tongue body c. Low vowels have higher F1 values than do high vowels d. Third formant frequency (F3) is influenced by the interaction of tongue position and height e. F1 is affected most by the size of the oral opening

c. Low vowels have higher F1 values than do high vowels

Read the following set of utterances from a child's language sample (E 1⁄4 examiner, C 1⁄4 child). E: Okay, now, tell me about what happened to Sadie (the childÕs cat). C: Sometimes she donÕt throw up. C: (Um) she went to the vet every time (um) we got her dry cat food. C: She donÕt like it, though. C: We got her something else at the vet. C: When I got outta school, she (um) got her some food for her. E: So you went after school to the vet. E: And he said she should have dry food? C: Because [4 second pause] she (um) throws up every time. E: SheÕs been throwing up? C: Mm hm. C: Not every time, though. C: (She really) sheÕs doing fine, though. E: But you said something about her fur coming back. E: Did she lose her fur? C: No. C: ItÕs coming back, though. Both the utterances "(She really) she's doing fine, though" and "Because [4 second pause] she (um) throws up every time" contain which of the following? a. Present progressive verb forms b. Third-person singular verb forms c. Mazes d. Contractible verb forms e. Root word errors

c. Mazes

Of the following situations, which is an example of linguistic bias in a test battery administered to an African American child? a. The test items are pictures of objects unfamiliar to the child b. There were no African American children in the norming population for the test c. Mean length of utterance is scored according to Brown's (1973) developmental stages d. The test format is unfamiliar to the child e. All of the above

c. Mean length of utterance is scored according to Brown's (1973) developmental stages

Some speech sound combinations are difficult for children to acquire and therefore appear later in development. Which of the speech sound combinations listed below generally appear later? a. Prevocalic consonant clusters b. Postvocalic consonant clusters c. Medial consonant clusters d. Clusters with /s/ as a component e. Clusters with /r/ as a component

c. Medial consonant clusters

The myofibril is composed of two critical proteins whose interaction underlies the process of muscle contraction. These two proteins are: a. Myosin and tropomyosin b. Actin and cytoskeleton c. Myosin and actin d. Troponin and actin e. Myoactin and tropomyosin

c. Myosin and actin

According to social learning theory, the main process that modifies behavior is: a. Reinforcement and punishment b. Changing attitudes c. Observational learning d. Active involvement in small group activities e. Repeated trials of modeling and imitation

c. Observational learning

A lesion to the recurrent laryngeal nerve would result in what behavioral outcome? a. Loss of sensation in the larynx b. Loss of motor (muscle) activity to the extrinsic laryngeal muscles c. Paralysis of all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except the cricothyroid d. Paralysis of the cricothyroid e. Paralysis of the external laryngeal musclesv

c. Paralysis of all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except the cricothyroid

Cheng is a 9-year-old who has been recommended for special education placement because of his difficulties with reading, writing, and math. Cheng and his family emigrated from Hong Kong when he was 5 years old. His family speaks Cantonese at home. He participates in a bilingual education program in his elementary school and attends a Chinese language school on week- ends. For the SLP's evaluation, which of the follow- ing will be the strongest indicator of the presence of a language disorder? a. Difficulty in reading and writing in both English and Cantonese b. Substitutions of Cantonese words for English words c. Poor auditory memory skills d. Limited vocabulary in both Cantonese and English e. All of the above

c. Poor auditory memory skills

Cultural differences are most prominent in which of the following linguistic elements? a. Phonology b. Morphology c. Pragmatics d. Syntax e. Referential meaning

c. Pragmatics

On your first day in your new position as SLP, you find that your school only has one formal assessment mea- sure, the Test of Language Development Primary, Fourth Edition (TOLD-P:4). This assessment has nine subtests for measuring language. Specifically, the TOLD-P:4 is used to assess word meaning and relation- ships, word structures, and comprehension of sentence structure. Which aspect of language is not assessed with the TOLD-P:4? a. Syntax b. Semantics c. Pragmatics d. Speech e. Phonology

c. Pragmatics

Regulation of the respiratory system through rapid and controlled internal intercostal muscle activity allows a person to modulate different parameters of voicing, including: a. Phrasing b. Formant values c. Prosody d. Nasality e. Fluency

c. Prosody

You are working with a client to decrease stuttering by having the client briefly stop speaking after each stutter. To encourage the client to do so, you use operant conditioning, applying: a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Extinction procedures e. Counseling

c. Punishment

The ability to categorize words on the basis of their semantic relatedness is necessary to the understanding of what? a. Referential word meaning b. The syntax of utterances c. Relational word meaning d. Morphological word differences e. None of the above

c. Relational word meaning

If you teach the fricatives /f/, /z/, and /Ð / to a child and the child's pronunciation of other untaught fricatives begins to improve, this process is called: a. Maintenance b. Stimulus generalization c. Response generalization d. Discrimination e. Stimulus control

c. Response generalization

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's (ASHA's) position on social dialects provides for each of the following except: a. In order to provide services to individuals who speak social dialects, SLPs must have a thorough knowledge of the dialect b. SLPs providing services to individuals who speak a social dialect must preserve the original dialect c. SLPs are prohibited from providing clinical services to individuals who speak a social dialect d. For individuals who speak a social dialect and exhibit a communication disorder, the SLP must treat only those features that are disorders e. None of the above

c. SLPs are prohibited from providing clinical services to individuals who speak a social dialect

Identify the statement below that is true: a. Individuals who start learning a second language at a younger age usually achieve less proficient syntactic skills than those who begin learning a second language in adulthood b. Second-language learners seldom experience language loss c. Second-language learners may code switch within the same communicative interaction d. Second-language learners do not exhibit dialectical variance e. Second-language learning interferes with metalinguistic knowledge

c. Second-language learners may code switch within the same communicative interaction

Of Piaget's (1983) stages, which of the following corresponds with the emergence of a normally developing child's first words? a. Preoperational b. Formal operations c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operations e. Operational

c. Sensorimotor

How many t-units are present in the following passage? "There was this boy who had a frog. He kept this frog in a jar in his bedroom. The boy and his family were going to a fancy restaurant, but the boy was worried about leaving the frog alone because he would have been lonely. So, the boy put the frog in his coat pocket, but his parents didn't know he had the frog with him. When they got to the restaurant and sat down, the frog caused all kinds of chaos." a. Three b. Five c. Seven d. Nine e. Six

c. Seven

Short-term memory has been found to be critically related to the number of units in a sequence that can be recalled. What is the number of units that can be recalled by anyone? a. Thirteen b. Five plus or minus two c. Seven plus or minus two d. Nine plus or minus five e. Ten

c. Seven plus or minus two

You are going to teach /r/ to an adolescent boy. To do so, you are going to start with /i/ and then gradually reinforce speech behaviors that move toward the production of /r/. From a behavioral perspective, this is called: a. Extinction b. Chaining c. Shaping d. Generalizing e. Self-monitoring

c. Shaping

In many school systems, the relationship between play and literacy is not understood. What are the results of this limited understanding? a. Some schools have increased play areas in classrooms b. Some schools have minimized teacher-directed activities such as knowledge of alphabets c. Some schools have reduced recess time d. Some schools focus less on phonological awareness e. Some schools include print awareness

c. Some schools have reduced recess time

During a treatment session, a client produces a target behavior only when the speech-language pathologist shows a picture and asks, "What is this?" This response is an example of: a. Generalization b. Maintenance c. Stimulus control d. Observational learning e. Postreinforcement pause

c. Stimulus control

Lateral deviation of the tongue body requires fine motor regulation of the: a. Transversus and verticalis muscles b. Genioglossus and thyrohyoid muscles c. Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles d. Verticalis and styloglossus muscles e. Transversus and styloglossus muscles

c. Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles

The earliest pragmatic skill of a typically developing toddler (aged 12 to 36 months) is: a. Use of sarcasm b. Gestures and word combinations c. Taking turns d. Utterance repair e. Understanding jokes

c. Taking turns

An SLP is evaluating a child's narrative by looking for the components of story grammar. She finds that in addition to other story grammar components, the child's narrative includes several attempts. This means that the narrative includes which of the following? a. Characters' success or failure at reaching their goals b. The characters' emotional responses to, thoughts about, or actions as a result of the outcome of the chain of events c. The characters' actions to attain their goals d. Characters' strategies for attaining their goals e. The event that induces the characters to act

c. The characters' actions to attain their goals

Of the following treatment goals, which addresses a child's form of language? a. The child will maintain a topic for three verbal turns during play interactions 80% of the time b. The child will increase the number of different words used during narrative retelling to within one standard deviation of peers in samples of comparable length c. The child will use the correct regular past tense verb forms during conversational interactions 80% of the time d. The child will improve the ability to repair communication by increasing accuracy of answers to simple "who," "what," "where," and "when" questions to 80% during structured activities e. After instruction on a set of curricular vocabulary words, the child will use word-finding strategies to complete cloze sentences with 80% accuracy

c. The child will use the correct regular past tense verb forms during conversational interactions 80% of the time

According to Vygotsky's (1986) theory of cognitive development, the "zone of proximal development" is: a. What a child can do with adult assistance b. What a child can do without adult assistance c. The difference between what a child can do without adult assistance and with adult assistance d. The next stage of development after the termination of adult assistance e. A cognitive scheme that results from moving into the next stage of cognitive development

c. The difference between what a child can do without adult assistance and with adult assistance

After completing a language sample on Angelique, aged 4 years, 6 months, who speaks African American English, you decide to use a criterion-referenced measure, the Minimal Competency Core (MCC) (Stock- man, 1996). Of the following, which best describes what the MCC represents? a. The most knowledge (or skill) needed for a child to be judged as typically developing b. The range of morphosyntactic skills that young children are able to produce c. The least amount of knowledge (or skill) needed for a child to be judged as typically developing d. The alternative to language sample analysis e. The range of communicative functions necessary for a child to be considered an age-appropriate language user

c. The least amount of knowledge (or skill) needed for a child to be judged as typically developing

Mirror neurons are important for language development because: a. They play a vital role in the connecting the Broca and Wernicke areas in the left hemisphere of the brain b. They play a vital role in the acquisition of language through the language acquisition device c. They play a vital role in the mental reenactment of actions when linguistic descriptions of those actions are processed d. They play a vital role in the ability of the Wernicke area to support language comprehension e. They play a vital role in gaze behavior

c. They play a vital role in the mental reenactment of actions when linguistic descriptions of those actions are processed

The volume of air inspired or expired during any given breath cycle is known as: a. Expiratory reserve volume b. Inspiratory reserve volume c. Tidal volume d. Residual volume e. Dynamic volume

c. Tidal volume

Recognition of the syllabic structures in a language has been found: a. To be the same in different languages b. To be the most important factor in speech sound acquisition c. To change as the child develops knowledge of the language d. Not to appear sometimes during the first year of life e. Not to occur in language acquisition

c. To change as the child develops knowledge of the language

Researchers have found that children understand the basic relations of subject, verb, and object as given by the word order rules of their language by the time they are what age? a. Three years b. Five years c. Two years d. Ten years e. Seven years

c. Two years

Of the following utterances, which would be considered a true error of syntax and not a dialectal feature of African American English? a. "The baby shoe" b. "He like milk" c. "I might could go" d. "He wented home" e. None of the above

d. "He wented home"

Of the following utterances, which contains the use of a deictic term? a. "Once upon a time" b. "Where is the dog?" c. "After we eat" d. "Put that here" e. "It's on the table"

d. "Put that here"

Of the following, which is not true about the sentence "The boy threw the red ball"? a. "Threw" is a verb b. Both "the boy" and "the red ball" are noun phrases c. "The" is an article d. "The red ball" is the indirect object in this sentence e. "The red ball" contains an adjective modifier

d. "The red ball" is the indirect object in this sentence

You are observing a clinician in private practice. He specializes in childhood language disorders and serves elementary school-aged children. You observe that this clinician has a well-structured reward system for each child. Some children receive a Froot Loop for each correct response they make; others work to earn stickers and even small toys. This clinician has written down each specific behavior that he wishes to elicit from each child with a percentage of accuracy attached. For example, an objective for one child reads, "when presented with a picture of two or more objects, Jimmy will label the picture using plural 's' 80% of the time." This clinician probably subscribes to which of the following theories of child language development? a. Nativist b. Social interactionist c. Universal grammar d. Behaviorist e. Cognitivist

d. Behaviorist

Jeffrey is a 5-year-old who has Down syndrome. He lives with both parents and has a sister, aged 8, and a brother, aged 14 months. He participates in a regular kindergarten classroom for the majority of his day; during some activities, he receives paraprofessional support within the classroom. In addition to receiving speech language therapy, Jeffrey receives physical therapy and occupational therapy services once each week. Jeffrey communicates in single words and short phrases, in addition to using a few simple signs and "invented" gestures he learned in therapy (e.g., "please," "more"). He is very affectionate with the other students but is sometimes intrusive during group activities or disruptive during circle time, which often frustrates the other children. He does not always spontaneously share his toys and sometimes has tantrums during transitions between activities. He has had recurrent ear infections and bilateral tube placement, and he also has a number of allergies. Jeffrey has difficulty producing lingua-palatal sounds. Of the following sounds, which does he probably misarticulate? a. /f/, /v/ b. /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/ c. /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/ d. /ch/, /sh/, /esh/, /dg/ e. /h/

d. /ch/, /sh/, /esh/, /dg/

How many morphemes does the utterance "Mommy likes the scarves and hats I knitted" contain? a. 8 morphemes b. 10 morphemes c. 11 morphemes d. 12 morphemes e. 13 morphemes

d. 12 morphemes

Researchers have formalized the distinction between the cognitively undemanding, automatic, surface aspects of language, known as basic interpersonal communication skills (BICSs), and more complex, higher level, cognitively demanding language necessary for classroom learning, known as cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP). A school-aged English Language learner (ELL) is able to function adequately with his English- speaking peers but exhibits difficulty in classroom tasks required for reading and writing. Of the following out- comes, which most probably reflect the child's abilities? a. Adequate BICSs, adequate CALP b. Marginal BICSs, adequate CALP c. Inadequate BICSs, inadequate CALP d. Adequate BICSs, inadequate CALP e. Marginal BICSs, inadequate CALP

d. Adequate BICSs, inadequate CALP

An SLP is employed in an urban school where the population is mainly Haitian Americans who speak in a dialect influenced by Haitian Creole. For placement in special education, the school system requires evaluation with standardized test results. The SLP knows that the required test instruments unfairly penalize the students because of their dialect and first language. In this situation, it is most appropriate for the SLP to: a. Continue to administer the test instruments because it is a school system requirement b. Refuse to administer the test instruments because they are not appropriate c. Devise self-made instruments that are sensitive to the dialect of the children d. Administer the instruments and report the results as tentative, supplementing the results with nonstandardized measurements e. Employ nonstandard measures exclusively

d. Administer the instruments and report the results as tentative, supplementing the results with nonstandardized measurements

A test of language ability contains the item "The girl crossed the street" to examine a client's use of the past-tense grammatical morpheme. No alternative responses are permitted. The item is potentially biased against a speaker of African American English because: a. The test was not normed on an African American population b. The past-tense marker "-ed" is always absent for African American speakers c. African American speakers' development of past tense lags behind that of speakers of standard English d. African American speakers may pronounce "crossed" as "cross" because of the phonological rule of final consonant cluster reduction e. There is no opportunity for code switching

d. African American speakers may pronounce "crossed" as "cross" because of the phonological rule of final consonant cluster reduction

Samantha is a 5-year-old with language impairment. Her expressive and receptive language skills have improved substantially over the past year with intervention; however, her parents and preschool teacher are concerned that she is not developing literacy skills. According to ASHA's guidelines regarding the roles and responsibilities for SLPs with regard to reading and writing in children, which of the following is the best approach? a. Wait until she enters kindergarten to assess her early literacy abilities, and address them if necessary at that time; it is too early to address such skills in preschool b. Assess her early literacy skills now and give the results to her current classroom teacher so that these skills can be addressed in school c. Refer her for other special education services, because reading and writing are not in the SLP's scope of practice d. Assess early literacy and add appropriate goals to your treatment plan to address weaknesses, because children with language impairment are known to be at greater risk for difficulties learning to read and write e. Explain to the teacher and parents that Samantha has good articulation skills and, therefore, she should learn to read and write without any difficulty

d. Assess early literacy and add appropriate goals to your treatment plan to address weaknesses, because children with language impairment are known to be at greater risk for difficulties learning to read and write

Children begin to recognize words: a. At 15 months of age b. At 12 months of age c. At 24 months of age d. Before 12 months of age e. Between 24 and 30 months of age

d. Before 12 months of age

Of the following intervention objectives, which is not appropriate for helping a bilingual student develop expressive vocabulary in the silent period of second language acquisition? a. By January, Tito will identify objects in pictures in both English and Spanish with 80% accuracy b. By February, Tito will select the correct words from a list for sentence completion items with 90% accuracy c. By May, Tito will use the picture dictionary in completing his spelling assignments with 90% accuracy d. By December, Tito will use sound blending skills to identify words in English with 80% accuracy e. By April, Tito will use sound segmenting skills to identify words in English with 80% accuracy

d. By December, Tito will use sound blending skills to identify words in English with 80% accuracy

How do children create comprehensible question sentences early in development? a. By adding question markers to simple sentences b. By changing the stress pattern in words c. By gesture and facial expression d. By change in intonation e. All the above

d. By change in intonation

An 82-year-old bilingual Hispanic woman has presbycusis. Using phonetically balanced words for a speech discrimination task, an audiologist conducts a speech audiometry battery with the client. The client is asked to repeat a list of words presented at a comfortable level at the client's speech reception threshold. Of the following words, which would most probably result in an error of repetition? a. Sled b. Hive c. List d. Chip e. All of the above

d. Chip

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which elicits a reflex response, the process is called: a. Operant conditioning b. Instrumental conditioning c. Systematic desensitization d. Classical conditioning e. Paired stimuli technique

d. Classical conditioning

Intonation patterns of caregivers' speech help infants: a. Segment the stream of speech b. Identify their dialect c. Identify the speaker d. Decide what and who to listen to e. Perceive different phonetic features

d. Decide what and who to listen to

In assessments of children who are learning English as a second language or who are speaking a social dialect of English, which of the following assessment processes elicits the most accurate results? a. Behavioral assessment processes b. Standardized, norm-referenced assessments c. Observational assessments d. Dynamic assessment processes e. The assessment measure without modifications

d. Dynamic assessment processes

Why do children rapidly acquire knowledge of the word order of their language? a. The order of subject-object-verb of the language is the form least frequently used by caregivers b. Caregivers correct word order errors before other errors c. Caregivers do not stress the order of the words in a sentence d. Early sentences used in communication with the child are simple, are used frequently, and expose the child to exemplars that make clear the order in their language e. All the above

d. Early sentences used in communication with the child are simple, are used frequently, and expose the child to exemplars that make clear the order in their language

You provide a token to a client after (on average) every five correct productions of the target behavior. This schedule of reinforcement is known as: a. Continuous b. Fixed interval c. Variable interval d. Fixed ratio e. Variable ratio

d. Fixed ratio

Which factor is thought to affect the rate of lexical acquisition after acquisition of the first 100 words? a. Frequency of use by caregiver b. Reference to the here and now c. Pointing to referent d. Growth in cognitive development e. Growth in social development

d. Growth in cognitive development

Of the following actions, which might be considered a violation of cultural rules by a female clinician providing treatment to a male client from a Middle Eastern Islamic country? a. Side-by-side seating close to a male client during the treatment session b. Direct eye contact by the clinician during conversation c. Addressing a male client by his first name d. Handing over materials with the left hand e. All of the above

d. Handing over materials with the left hand

The _______________ is a free-floating and U-shaped bone that forms the upper extent of the laryngeal system. a. Thyroid b. Cricoid c. Arytenoid d. Hyoid e. Tragus

d. Hyoid

A clinician consults with a fourth-grade teacher regard- ing a Native American student for possible special education placement. While observing in the classroom, the SLP notes that the student does not volunteer to speak and appears hesitant when called upon to answer questions. The student readily interacts with other children, especially when independent seat work is required, which the teacher considers cheating. Of the following recommendations from the clinician to the teacher, which would be appropriate? I. Allow additional time for reflection in answering questions II. Seat the child in the front of the class where the studentÕs talking can be monitored III. Place the student in group learning situations in which free talk is allowed IV. Recognize the childÕs cultural differences that appear to be learning difficulties a. I only b. I and II c. I, II, and IV d. I, III and IV e. I, II, and III

d. I, III and IV

If you apply extinction to an undesirable behavior being produced by a client, you would expect occurrences of the behavior to: a. Decrease rapidly after the application of extinction procedures b. Decrease rapidly and then increase after the application of extinction procedures c. Increase after the application of extinction procedures d. Increase and then decrease after the application of the extinction procedures e. Start to decrease and then return to baseline levels

d. Increase and then decrease after the application of the extinction procedures

Some children without any neurophysiological problems have difficulty in learning others' communication rules because of: a. Lack of experience b. Stubbornness c. Other interests d. Interference of own rules e. Socioeconomic differences

d. Interference of own rules

A kindergarten teacher consults an SLP because he suspects that an African American boy in his classroom displays behaviors associated with attention deficit dis- order (ADD). The teacher describes the characteristics displayed by the child, including difficulty remaining seated, lack of focus, and high distractibility. Of the following characteristics, which is not associated with ADD and therefore not essential for an appropriate differential diagnosis? a. Difficulty following sequential instructions b. Poor pragmatic skills c. Poor listening skills d. Lack of interest in interacting with others e. Impulsivity

d. Lack of interest in interacting with others

Piaget (Owens, 2007) would support the following statement about language acquisition: a. The mind is a black box; we cannot see into it, and therefore we cannot speculate about what goes on within it b. Language is learned through environmental stimulation, imitation, selective reinforcement, and shaping of behavior c. The language acquisition device is a part of the brain specialized for language, and environmental stimulation triggers its development d. Language is part of a larger set of cognitive skills, and language acquisition therefore depends on the development of these cognitive processes e. Language is acquired through social interaction with adults and peers; therefore, both the child and the adult have active roles in driving language development

d. Language is part of a larger set of cognitive skills, and language acquisition therefore depends on the development of these cognitive processes

All of the following concepts are part of the language component pragmatics, with the exception of: a. Intentions b. Narratives c. Register d. Lexicon e. Presupposition skills

d. Lexicon

Which 24-month-old described as follows is exhibiting an age-appropriate level of play? a. Anthony is setting the stage for his play by assigning roles to his friends; for example, "You be the mommy and I'll be the baby" b. James uses objects in a functional manner but does not spend much time with any object; for example, he may pick up a brush and touch it to his head before moving on to another object c. Alicia picks up a toy and brings it to her mouth, and then bangs the toy on the table before returning it to her mouth d. Marcia picks up the phone, dials it, pretends to talk on the phone, hands it to another person, and then hangs up the phone e. Roberto pretends that he is a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle battling a Transformer and plays this game from different perspectives

d. Marcia picks up the phone, dials it, pretends to talk on the phone, hands it to another person, and then hangs up the phone

An African American child who uses the construction "I [ækst] her yesterday" is displaying which of the following rules? a. Omission of the past-tense construction b. Cluster simplification c. Omission d. Metathesis e. Final consonant deletion

d. Metathesis

Which of the plural markers listed is generally used first by a child acquiring speech and language normally? a. Plural /z/ b. Plural /iz/ c. Plural /s/ d. Number words such as "two" or "more" e. None of the above

d. Number words such as "two" or "more"

According to Brown (1973), young children produce eight prevalent semantic relations. The two-word utterance "more cookie" is which type of prevalent semantic relation? a. Action þ object b. Agent þ object c. Quantifier d. Recurrence e. Demonstrative þ entity

d. Recurrence

An itinerant SLP services three separate schools in a suburban school district. In school 2, the demographic makeup is 85% African American, and the socioeconomic status for most families is below the poverty level. After screening first graders in all three schools for speech and language disorders, he notices that significantly more children in school 2 appear to have dis- orders. In this situation, the most appropriate action for the SLP is to: a. Arrange his schedule to accommodate the high caseload within school 2 b. Service the children in school 2 who have the most severe needs c. Ask the classroom teachers in school 2 to confirm the presence of disorders d. Rescreen the children in school 2 with a different screening instrument e. Provide consultative services to the school

d. Rescreen the children in school 2 with a different screening instrument

An elementary school-aged child of Hmong descent has been evaluated by the local school district for consideration for placement in special education classes. Numerous letters have been sent to the home address in order to schedule the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meeting, but the parents have never responded. Of the following procedures, which is the most professionally responsible and legally appropriate for securing the necessary educational services for the child? a. Place the child in regular education inasmuch as there is no consent for special education services b. Suspend the child from school until parents attend the IEP meeting c. Place the child in special education without the consent of parents d. Secure the services of a Hmong-speaking social worker to contact the parents e. Refer the child to an outside agency for assessment/ treatment

d. Secure the services of a Hmong-speaking social worker to contact the parents

A client who stutters does not believe that he or she will be successful in using fluency shaping while speaking on the telephone. According to social learning theory, the belief that you can (or cannot) perform a behavior is called: a. Self-reinforcement b. Self-esteem c. Affirmation d. Self-efficacy e. Self-monitoring

d. Self-efficacy

According to Piaget (1983), a normally developing child goes through several stages of cognitive development. Those stages are: a. Sensorineural, Preoperant, Abstract, Operational b. Sensory, Premotor, Concrete, Formal Operations c. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Abstract d. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal Operations e. Sensorimotor, Presystematic, Systematic, Formal Operations

d. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal Operations

You believe that language is used primarily for com- municating ideas and making connections with other people. Of the following, which best denotes the theo- retical framework that will guide your clinical practice? a. Behaviorism b. Informational processing c. Linguistic theory d. Social interactionism e. Constructivism

d. Social interactionism

For the purpose of speech and language assessment, which of the following is considered by law as the native language of a 21⁄2-year-old deaf child whose parents are recent immigrants to the U.S. from Korea? a. American Sign Language b. Korean Sign Language c. Spoken Korean d. Spoken English e. Signed exact English

d. Spoken English

Of the following issues, which can be given the lowest priority in assessment of infants and toddlers from low-income families who are at risk for the development of communication disabilities? a. Family-centered assessment b. Culturally oriented assessment c. Team assessment d. Standardized assessment e. Parent/child communicative interactions

d. Standardized assessment

Research indicates that stuttering varies according to the social status of the speaker, the nature of the communication context, the type of language used by the speaker, and the attitude of the listener. A clinician who provides treatment by using a sociocultural approach would focus on which of the following? a. Operant conditioning b. Preparatory set c. Biofeedback d. Systematized desensitization e. Delayed auditory feedback

d. Systematized desensitization

What is the definition of a speech act? a. The production of an utterance b. The paralinguistics of an utterance c. The context in which an utterance is produced d. The communicative intent of an utterance e. The listener's comprehension of the message

d. The communicative intent of an utterance

The word or phrase receiving the most stress or emphasis in a declarative sentence can always be used by a listener to identify: a. The speaker b. The addressee c. The act in the message d. The important features of the message e. None of the above

d. The important features of the message

Which choice best describes the word order rules of the basic relations among subject, verb, and object in different languages? a. The verb is always after the subject b. The verb is always before the object c. The verb is always in the middle of the sentence d. The order of these basic relations varies among languages e. None of the above

d. The order of these basic relations varies among languages

According to Piaget's (1983) theory of cognitive development, accommodation occurs when a child: a. Integrates new information into an existing cognitive scheme b. Establishes an equilibrium between previously contradictory cognitive schemes c. Modifies new information to reconcile it with an existing cognitive scheme d. Uses new information to transform an existing cognitive scheme e. Responds to tasks from a later stage of development in a way that is consistent with an earlier stage of development

d. Uses new information to transform an existing cognitive scheme

An investigator wishes to construct a culturally fair and unbiased instrument to assess language disorders across a wide population of children that includes the major cultural groups represented in the national population. Of the following actions, which would be the most appropriate sampling mechanism to achieve inclusivity? a. Selecting individuals at random within the total population, including representatives of each cultural group b. Using a stratified random sample with an equal number of participants from all the cultural groups c. Using a stratified random sample that includes each cultural group in accordance with its census proportion within the national population d. Using a stratified random sample that includes each cultural group in accordance with its proportion among the overall population of people with language disorders e. None of the above

d. Using a stratified random sample that includes each cultural group in accordance with its proportion among the overall population of people with language disorders

Ms. Martinez is a 58-year-old Hispanic school teacher who suffered a mild stroke. Although she spoke both Spanish and English fluently before the stroke, her Spanish skills are now stronger than her English skills. In determining which language to use for Ms. Martinez's rehabilitation, which of the following situations is not a factor? a. Ms. Martinez's need to return to her job setting b. Ms. Martinez's prognosis for recovery of English c. Ms. Martinez's prognosis for recovery of Spanish d. Whether Spanish and English were developed simultaneously or sequentially e. None of the above

d. Whether Spanish and English were developed simultaneously or sequentially

Children who are acquiring English as a second language may continue to have sound production problems, depending on which of the following? a. The age at which the second language is acquired b. Distinctions between the phonological elements of their first language and those of English c. The frequency with which their first language is spoken at home d. Confusion in speech perception e. All the above

e. All the above

Of the following long-term memory factors, which one or more are crucial in comprehension and production of connected discourse? a. Remembering the meaning of words over time b. Remembering how sentences are put together c. Remembering the relation between what is seen and what is heard d. Remembering the structure of different types of discourse e. All the above

e. All the above

Tests of word recognition assess children's vocabulary skills. What specific vocabulary skill in fact do these tests assess? a. Vocabulary knowledge b. Word association knowledge c. Lexical retrieval d. Visual recognition e. All the above

e. All the above

The meaning of a spoken message is conveyed by: a. Stress b. Intonation c. Rhythm d. Facial expression e. All the above

e. All the above

What aspects of the communication situation do young children use to help them acquire word knowledge? a. Speakers' pointing b. Eye gaze c. Word stress d. Phonological cues e. All the above

e. All the above

The spectrographic patterns of nasalized vowels, in comparison with those of nonnasalized vowels, exhibit the following characteristic: a. A narrowing of the effective bandwidths around specific formant peaks b. An increase in overall sound energy c. An increase in specific formant peaks d. A perceived decrease in pitch e. An absence of sound energy at certain frequencies within the source spectrum

e. An absence of sound energy at certain frequencies within the source spectrum

The corticobulbar tract projects to most of the brain- stem's motor nuclei in which manner? a. Ipsilaterally b. Contralaterally c. Rostrally d. Caudally e. Bilaterally

e. Bilaterally

A lesion to the lower motor neuron will result in which of the following symptoms? a. Spasticity b. Hyperactive reflexes c. Tremor d. Observed muscle effects on the contralateral side from the injury e. Flaccid paralysis or paresis

e. Flaccid paralysis or paresis

Discrimination of distinctive features is necessary for word acquisition: a. Because minimal pair distinctions are needed b. Because it is used to mark differences between words c. Because of the need to produce accurate speech sounds d. Because of the need to develop auditory percepts of developing sounds e. For none of the reasons above

e. For none of the reasons above

The thyrovocalis muscle: a. Abducts the vocal folds b. Slides the arytenoid cartilages toward the midline c. Decreases the distance between the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages d. Contributes minimally to pitch adjustment during speech e. Forms the medial segment of the musculature of the vocal folds

e. Forms the medial segment of the musculature of the vocal folds

The physiological classification of muscle fibers as "fatigue resistant" suggests that these fibers: a. Generate large amounts of force b. Operate for short time periods c. Are active during strenuous activities d. Are well suited to support rapid burst of force production e. Generate small levels of force during most routine behaviors

e. Generate small levels of force during most routine behaviors

Of the following audiological tests, which would not be affected by the clinician's and the client's accent or dialectal differences? I. Temporal patterning tests II. Dichotic speech tests III. Speech recognition threshold IV. Uncomfortable loudness level a. I and II b. II and III c. I and III d. II and IV e. I and IV

e. I and IV

Which segment of the internal intercostal muscle group operates to lower the ribs? a. Interchondral segment b. Intrapulmonary branch c. Interpleural segment d. Bronchiole segment e. Interosseous segment

e. Interosseous segment

A low-pass filter is characterized by what property? a. It attenuates low-frequency components in a complex waveform b. It boosts the amplitude of low-frequency components in a complex waveform c. It boosts the intensity of high-frequency components in a complex waveform d. It has a flat frequency response e. It attenuates high-frequency components in a complex waveform

e. It attenuates high-frequency components in a complex waveform

The _______________ is the basic unit of the nervous system. a. Axon b. Dendrite c. Soma (cell body) d. Motor unit e. Neuron

e. Neuron

While two children are being taught during the same session, one child starts practicing the target language behavior. After a few minutes of this, without any direct teaching, the other child begins to respond with the same language behavior. This is an example of: a. Stimulus generalization across people b. Response generalization c. Stimulus discrimination d. Stimulus control e. Observational learning

e. Observational learning

The volume of air remaining in the pulmonary system at the end of maximum expiration is known as: a. Expiratory reserve volume b. Inspiratory reserve volume c. Tidal volume d. End-point volume e. Residual volume

e. Residual volume

Jeffrey is a 5-year-old who has Down syndrome. He lives with both parents and has a sister, aged 8, and a brother, aged 14 months. He participates in a regular kindergarten classroom for the majority of his day; during some activities, he receives paraprofessional support within the classroom. In addition to receiving speech language therapy, Jeffrey receives physical therapy and occupational therapy services once each week. Jeffrey communicates in single words and short phrases, in addition to using a few simple signs and "invented" gestures he learned in therapy (e.g., "please," "more"). He is very affectionate with the other students but is sometimes intrusive during group activities or disruptive during circle time, which often frustrates the other children. He does not always spontaneously share his toys and sometimes has tantrums during transitions between activities. He has had recur- rent ear infections and bilateral tube placement, and he also has a number of allergies. During a reevaluation of Jeffrey's language skills, his speech-language pathologist (SLP) collected a language sample, calculated his mean length of utterance (MLU), and analyzed how he was able to put words together to make sentences. Of the following domains of language, which was the SLP trying to assess? a. Semantics b. Pragmatics c. Phonology d. Receptive language e. Syntax

e. Syntax

The _______________ muscle is responsible for the opening of the eustachian tube. a. Levator veli palatini b. Palatopharyngeus c. Palatoglossus d. Musculus uvulus e. Tensor veli palatini

e. Tensor veli palatini

The behavioral process of negative reinforcement refers to: a. The application of a penalty to a person as a consequence of an undesirable behavior b. The removal of a reinforcer from a person as a consequence of an undesirable behavior c. The contingent presentation of a consequence, which increases the future occurrence of a behavior d. The contingent withdrawal of an aversive stimulus, which decreases the future occurrence of a behavior e. The contingent withdrawal of an aversive stimulus, which increases the future occurrence of a behavior

e. The contingent withdrawal of an aversive stimulus, which increases the future occurrence of a behavior

Bilingual children learn the syntax or word order of both languages. Which of the following factors account for the order in which the syntax of the first or second language is acquired? a. The syntax of the language used by their caregivers b. The syntax of the language that is easiest c. The syntax of the language that they hear most frequently d. The syntax of the language used by the members of their family e. The syntax of the language used in the child's educational environment

e. The syntax of the language used in the child's educational environment

The levator veli palatini muscle is commonly referred to as the velar sling. The primary role of this muscle during velopharyngeal port closure is: a. To tense and stiffen the anterior velum at the border of the palatine bone b. To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline c. To lower the velum d. To stiffen the nasal surface of the velar tissue e. To elevate and retract the velum posteriorly

e. To elevate and retract the velum posteriorly

If you used a cognitive-behavioral perspective for treatment, then to change behavior, you must: a. Treat the client's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings without directly treating the behaviors b. Disregard the client's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings and provide direct treatment only for behaviors c. Treat the client's behaviors after the client has finished counseling or psychotherapy d. Only refer the client for counseling or psychotherapy e. Treat the client's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings in addition to behaviors

e. Treat the client's thoughts, beliefs, and feelings in addition to behaviors

Imitation is an important strategy for language learning. Physical imitation requires which of the following? a. Turn-taking b. Attending to the action c. Replicating the features of the action d. a and b e. a, b, and c

e. a, b, and c