Rock years

A&R

(Artists & Repertoire) record executive who finds new talent

groove

(Hook) A memorable musical phrase or Riff, evoke the channeled flow of "Swinging" or "funky" or "phat" rhythms.

What was unique about the Vaudeville Classic blues?

Vaudeville were traveling shows, growing of memorized music, dominated by A.A. women

b. Describe the honky-tonk style.

Vocals were directly emotional, cracks in voic stylistic fiddle, steel guitar, lead guitar, string bass, piano

Producer

convinces board of directors to back project, influences style of talent, may direct rearing process

Syncopation

displace the beats or accents in (music or a rhythm) so that strong beats become weak and vice versa

c. What was the title of their first major single released in the U.S.?

"I Want To Hold Your Hand"

29. What are the four subtypes of rhythm & blues?

1) Jump Blues: small combos using jazz instrumentation, blues harmonies • Louis Jordan "Caldonia" - M.V. revolutionary 2) Club/ Cocktail Blues: Reserved, mellow style, more quite for conversations • Charles Brown "Black Night" 3) Urban Blues : Derived from Mississippi Delta stle. Feat. Electric instrum. • Muddy Waters "Hoochie Coochie Man"

Know the various blues styles in chronological order.

1. Country: rural, after war. Mississippi Delta birthplace • Singer, guitar, harmonica, hoc instruments 2. Delta Blues: Robert Johnson 3. Croasroad Blues "Vaudeiville/ classic Blues" 5. Rhythm & Blues

Which harmonic structure is most often used for the blues?

12- Bar form, may also have irregular form based on lyrics

riff

A repeated pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum.

25. What do the abbreviations ASCAP and BMI stand for?

ASCAP (American Society of Composers Authors & Publishers) 1914 • originally focused on live music. • Very restrictive & discriminatory membership acceptance BMI (Broadcast Music Incorporated) 1939 • Formed by radio networks. • More Open door Policey • Attracted A.A.

Actively engage in music?

Actively: Before people could only buy sheet music and preform the music themselves to listen to it. Also air guitar and singing to iPod

What are "blue notes"?

Adaptation of West African scale to European system. Is sung or played at a slightly different pitch than standard

a. In which city was rock & roll first broadcasted on the air?

Allan Freed: Dj in Cleveland

Why do some audiophiles prefer analog over digital recordings

Analogs directly mirror the energy fluctuations of sound waves, "sound better" than digital recordings which break sound waves down into packets of information. Analogs claim to be warmer, richer sounding and more humane.

What is an audiophile?

Audiophile is a person enthusiastic about high fidelity sound reproduction

42. Which group led the Surf Music craze?

Brian Wilson & The Beach Boys

a. Why was Ralph Peer significant

Columbian Records Executive: Coined term "race music" in early 1920's music recorded for black people by black people

35. What was a cover artist and why were they deemed necessary?

Cover artists were singers who would sing songs to other artists. Many Cover artists were white and sang black songs and made them more popular • Pat Boone • Elvis Presley

What is critical listening?

Critical listening is listening that consciously seeks out meaning in music, drawing on some knowledge of how music is put together, its cultural significance, and its historical development.

Arranger

Decides instrumentation, key, form

a. Who developed Top 40 programming?

Developed by Todd Storz (1950s)

d. What was the primary difference between the band's music in the early sixties vs. the mid to late sixties?

Early: straightforward untempo love song AABA form Later: Incorparate Blue Notes not exatly traditional 12 bar blues

Which three cultures serve as the roots of most American popular music?

European, African American, and Latin American

Which song forms are the American roots of the blues?

Field Hollers, Work songs, Slave songs: Plantation, prison

c. What was the name of the radio program?

For Big Beat Show

Which figure in West African culture served as the predecessor to the bluesman/woman?

Griots: singer, poet, musician, historian

31. Which musical styles are represented by the category Country & Western?

Hillbilly music

Historically, what has been the role of independent record labels?

Independent or "indie" companies run by entrepreneurs, more daring, search out new talent, creating specialized niches and feeding new styles into musical mainstream. Indie popularized blues, country, rap, reggae, rock, funk, soul.

27. What advances in recording technology were made after WWII?

LP. 45's, radio braodcating,TV

Call & Response

Lead singer and chorus alternate, the lead being allowed more freedom to elaborate their part. Repetition, riffs.

b. Why was Phil Spector significant in this period?

Made all girl Doo Wop group

b. What was the title of the first commercially successful recording by an African American artist?

Mamie Smith: "Crazy Blues"

41. Why was the management style of Motown Records label unique?

Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label which achieved significant crossover success. Aimed music at youth not certain race.

What is the definition of popular music

Music appealing to the popular taste, including rock and pop and also soul, country, reggae, rap, and dance music. Provides images of gender identitiy, culturally specific ways of being masculine and feminine. Pop. Music tied with stereotypes, convenient ways of org. ppl into categories.

34. What problematic issues did radio programming create that challenged the notion of race and segregation?

On the radio listeners were unaware of the singers race which made their fan bases grow. Radio shows would have segregated dancing.

Publishing Company

Owns rights to music, distribution, dissemination

Passively engage in music?

Passively: Just listening to the music not doing anything.

a. Who were the biggest stars of Country & Western in the pre-rock era?

Patti Page, Hank Williams, Bing Crosby, Tonny Bennet

24. Which new category replaced " race music?"

Rhythm & Blues

32. Which popular music style(s) served as the roots/origins of rock & roll?

Rhythm & Blues

Who founded Sun Records? a. What was his famous statement about race and making money in the pop music industry?

Sam Philips, "White man with negro sound and feel will make millions"

Explain how the pop music industry is supported by a few top-selling artists.

Seek to guarantee their profits by producing variations on the "same old thing" taking advantage of the latest thing. Making "predictable" music conservative ensure profits.

Polyrhythm

Texture in which many rhythms are going at the same time (funk; James brown)

What tends to happen to a musical style as it moves from the margins to the center of popular culture?

The center: New York, LA, Nashville; where power, capital, and control over mass media are concentrated. The periphery inhabited by smaller institutions who have bee excluded from the politician and economic mainstream

Timbre

The quality of a sound (Tone Color). Establishes the "Sound print" of the performer.

Why do some music fans find greater value in acoustic music over electric?

With acoustic artists demonstrate "real" musical abilities and sincerity. Can't manipulate the music like you can with electric technologies.

Engineer

Work in studio making decisions about the balance between voice and instruments "sound of a record"

Composer

Writes the music

Lyricist

Writes the words

26. What are royalties?

a sum of money paid to a patentee for the use of a patent or to an author or composer for each copy of a book sold or for each public performance of a work.

Know the various musical trends of this era. a. Know the artists & songs associated with each trend.

o Dance Music • "The Twist" - Chubby Checker • Name ushered by Fats Domino Teen Symphonies • "The Leader of the pack" by The Shangri-Las • All girl Doo-Wop Concept by Phil Spector • The Ronettes: album "Wall of sound" by Phil Spector

b. What is overdubbing?

record (additional sounds) on an existing recording

23. What is payola?

record comp. pay DJs to play certain songs

Syncretism

the selective blending of traditions derived from Africa & Europe

a. What was an LP?

• (Long Playing; 33 1/3 rpm) • Introduced by Columbia Records 1948 • Could hold more that 20 min on each side

j. "Surfin' U.S.A." track #12

• Beach Boys • Electric guitar, drums, bass guitar

a. Which artist served as the main influence on their first top-10 hit?

• Beach Boys - "Surfin' USA"

a. Who was the founder of Motown?

• Berry Gordy who is Black

Music Contradict Cultural Stereotypes:

• Black country singers (Charles Pride) • White blues musician (Steve Ray Vaughan) • Styles that contradict stereotyped conceptions of race & culture • Minority groups who have reinterpreted derogatory stereotypes & made them basis for distinctive forms of musical creativity & cultural pride o * "Say It Loud, I'm Black and Proud" o * "Okie from Muskogee o * "At the YMCA"

b. Describe the musical style of Motown.

• Blues & Gospel • Stevie Wonder & Jackson 5 & Funk Brothers & The Temptations

"Goodnight Irene" track #1

• By "The Weavers" • Folk • Acoustic guitar, Banjo

What factors contributed to rock & roll losing its edge in the late 1950s? a. Why was the music under attack?

• By the government claim rock n roll bad for youth (racists) ->Allen Freed 4 payola (bc he wouldn't play cover artists) • Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, J.P die in car crash after there were watered down rock n roll (Paul Lanka) • Ended with conservative clean songs

i. "The Twist" track #11

• Chubby Checker • Dance song R&B • Trumpet, guitar, drums

b. Who were some other groups associated with this style?

• Del Tones • Chantays • Ventures

21. Describe the social & economic climate of Post WWII America?

• Economic growth • Military realted industy • G.I. Bill increased house sales (gov. helps veterans pay 4 houses) • Teen consumers • Americans baby boom • Conservative nature expressed

f. "Hound Dog" track #8

• Electric guitar, drums, piano • R&B • Big Mama Thorton

e. "Hound Dog" track #7

• Elvis Presley • Rock n Roll • Plucking upright bass, electric guitar, drums

c. Which popular artists were signed to Sun Records?

• Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Louis

Love & Marriage

• Frank Sinatra • Pop Crooners • Drums, trumpet

What did cultural theorist Theodor Adorno have to say about the effects of pop music & capitalism?

• German Philosopher wrote in 1940-50's effects of capitalism and industrization on popular music • Music industry promotes the illusion we are all highly independent defined by our own personal tates • Industry manipulates the notion of personal taste to sucker us into buying product • Emotional identification with wealthy superstar on tv & film

c. Explain the "wall of sound" concept associated with Spector.

• Influenced by Richard Wagner (Opera) • Wagner had more instruments make sound bigger • Spector made bigger studio • Separated tracks for instruments plays them slightly sperated

43. Describe the early career of The Beatles in terms of personnel, influences and style.

• Influenced by: Indian Music, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and Carl Perkins, Beach Boys • Rock Pop

b. "Choo Choo Ch'Boogie"

• Louis Jordan & His Tympany 5 • J • Saxaphone, , Piano, drums, Bass Plucking upright

d. "Hoochie Coochie Man" track #5

• Muddy Waters • R&B • Electric Guitar, harmonica

22. What were some of the changes taking place in the music business during the 1940s & 1950s?

• Music changes to be viewed as a product to be sold. • Top 40: Jukebox approach that rotated top 40 requested hits. • Rise of Payola • Stylistic categories : race music, hillbilly music REPLACED by Rhythm & blues, country music

g. "Tennessee Waltz" track #9

• Patti Page • Coutry • Acoustic guitar, piano

39. What was the social & political climate of the United States in the 1960s?

• Political turmoil o Civil rights era o Vietnamese War o Assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. o Young generation leads to push for change o Racial integration o Sexual revolution

37. What is rockabilly?

• Rock n Roll AND hillbilly • One of ealiest styles of rock n roll from 1950's • Blends sound of country and R&B leads to "classic" rock n roll • Bluegrass style w/t rock n roll

a. Why was the crooning style particularly popular during this time?

• Roots in big band swing • Speech clear, singer bigger than band, fixed instruments • Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole

30. Who recorded the original version of "Hound Dog?"

• Singer: Big Mama Thorton • Composers: Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller -> Atlantic Records • Atlantic Records -> Jerry Wexler coined term Rhythm & Blues

Music Reinforce Cultural Stereotypes:

• Song lyrics & mv of women as sexual objects • Association of men with violence • Image of A.A. men as playboys & gangsters • Southern white as illiterate "rednecks" • Jewish & money • Caricatures of Asian and Latin American people

b. What was the first commercially successful urban folk group?

• The Weavers, led by Pete Seegar o Goodnight Irene: "I'll see you in my dreams"

h. "Hey, Good Lookin'" track #10

• hank Williams • Country • acoustic guitar, banjo, bass plucking, violin

b. Why was George Martin significant?

• head of EMI's Parlophone label • Martin agreed to sign the Beatles, partly because of Epstein's conviction that the group would become internationally famous • referred to as "the Fifth Beatle"

a. Who was Brian Epstein?

• managing the Beatles • discovered during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance • meeting with George Martin, head of EMI's Parlophone label