RQ01

Of the following statements about Earth's crust, which is/are true? -Continental crust and oceanic crust are both composed of igneous rocks. -Continental crust is much thinner than oceanic crust. -Continental crust is made mostly of basalt. -Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. -Continental crust is made of rock that is relatively light in color.

-Continental crust and oceanic crust are both composed of igneous rocks. -Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. -Continental crust is made of rock that is relatively light in color.

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? -The time periods of the geological time scale are based on events caused by density stratification. -Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Density stratification caused the oxygen crisis on Earth. -Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.

-Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. -Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. -Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe? -The Vikings actively explored the North Atlantic Ocean and set up colonies in Iceland, Greenland, and North America (Vinland). -John Harrison solved the "longitude problem" by inventing an accurate timepiece (watch). -Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. -Thor Heyerdahl sailed the balsa raft Kon Tiki to Polynesia to help establish a link of ancient peoples. -Captain James Cook explored the Pacific, tried to reach the "Southern Land," and searched for the fabled "northwest passage." -Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."

-Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. -Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? -Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. -The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food. -As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time.

-Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. -As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. -The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time.

Of the following statements related to the formation of a density-stratified Earth, which is/are true? -Solid materials will always sink beneath fluid materials. -Rocky material of the mantle is less dense than the liquid outer core. -The layer of Earth with the greatest density is located at the deepest depth beneath Earth's surface. -Molten material will rise if it is less dense than the surrounding material. -The thickest layer of Earth has the greatest density.

-Rocky material of the mantle is less dense than the liquid outer core. -The layer of Earth with the greatest density is located at the deepest depth beneath Earth's surface. -Molten material will rise if it is less dense than the surrounding material.

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? -The asthenosphere is composed of liquid molten rock. -The asthenosphere is composed of solid rocks associated with the rigid mantle. -The asthenosphere consists partially of crust and partially of mantle. -The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. -The asthenosphere will fracture under extreme pressure. -The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

-The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. -The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.

Of the following statements about the internal structure of Earth, which is/are true? -The composition of the lithosphere is uniform throughout. -The asthenosphere is composed of basalt and granite. -The magnesium-silicate rocks of Earth's mantle exist in both solid and molten form. -The mesosphere and the asthenosphere have the same chemical composition. -The liquid outer core is composed of different metals than the solid inner core.

-The magnesium-silicate rocks of Earth's mantle exist in both solid and molten form. -The mesosphere and the asthenosphere have the same chemical composition.

Based on the concept of isostatic adjustment, which of the following would result in the uplift of Earth's surface? (Choose all that apply.) -lithosphere that was made to be less dense -lithosphere that was weighed down by glacial ice -lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building -lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere -lithosphere that gets a large amount of additional mass added on top of it

-lithosphere that was made to be less dense -lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building -lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________. -Christopher Columbus -Leif Erikson -James Cook -James Cameron -Jacques Piccard

James Cook

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system? -The initial atmospheres of Earth and other planets close to the Sun were rich in ammonia and carbon dioxide. -The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began. -The Sun and the rest of the solar system were formed about one billion years ago. -The moon is believed to have been a protoplanet that passed close to Earth and was captured by its gravitational field. -The solar system was formed by the expansion of a relatively small cloud of gas and space dust.

The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? -Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles -Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles -Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes -Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles -Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Submit

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? -Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle. -Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. -Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. -Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. -Waves transfer wind energy from the surface to deeper water.

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. -discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India -the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world -exploration outside the Mediterranean and into the North Atlantic Ocean -devising a means of fixing longitude while at sea -a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet Submit

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

The lithosphere consists of Earth's __________. -crust and uppermost mantle -upper mantle and hydrosphere -outer core -lower mantle -crust and ocean

crust and uppermost mantle

The water in Earth's oceans came __________. -completely from volcanic outgassing -completely from comets colliding with Earth -from the melting of polar icecaps that formed when protoplanet Earth first cooled -mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets -from condensation of water vapor in Earth's initial atmosphere

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

Stanley Miller's famous experiment demonstrated that __________. -living organisms can be produced by lightning strikes -organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere -the earliest organisms lived in volcanoes -Earth's early atmosphere was rich in CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen -all the required factors have been identified for the production of living organisms

organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________. -bacterial action has produced essential methane -the oceans have provided water vapor -plant photosynthesis has provided carbon dioxide -plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration -volcanic outgassing produced essential nitrogen and argon

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________. -Africa -the Atlantic Ocean -Eurasia -the Antarctic ice cap -the Pacific Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________. -thicker, less dense, darker in color, and lower in elevation -thinner, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation -thicker, less dense, lighter in color, and higher in elevation -thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations -thicker, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations

Which of the following would best describe the principal goal of science? -to explain why the world and the laws of nature exist -to allow scientists to test their hypotheses with experiments -to develop theories that help scientists determine the truth -to determine what happened in the past -to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

to explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena