RT 110 chapter 1

Match the following joints to the correct structural classification. 1. First carpometacarpal 2. Roots around teeth 3. Proximal radioulnar joint 4. Skull sutures 5. Epiphyses 6. Interphalangeal joints 7. Distal tibiofibular joint 8. Intervertebral disk space 9. Symphysis pubis 10. Hip joint A. Fibrous joint B. Cartilaginous joint C. Synovial joint

1. C 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C

Match the following functions to the correct body system: 1. Eliminates solid waste from the body 2. Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume 3. Maintains Posture 4. Regulates body activities with electrical impulses 5. Regulates bodily activities through various hormones 6. Eliminates carbon dioxide from blood 7. Receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, and pain 8. Reproduces the organism 9. Helps regulate body temperature 10. Supports and protects many soft tissues of the body A. Skeletal B. Circulatory C. Digestive D. Respiratory E. Urinary F. Reproductive G. Nervous H. Muscular I. Endocrine J. Integumentary

1. C 2. E 3. H 4. G 5. I 6. D 7. J 8. F 9. B 10. A

Match the following synovial joints to the correct movement type: 1. First carpometacarpal joint 2. Elbow joint 3. Shoulder joint 4. Intercarpal joint 5. Wrist joint 6. Temporomandibular joint 7. First and second cervical vertebra joint 8. Second interphalangeal joint 9. Distal radioulnar joint 10. Ankle joint 11. Knee joint 12. Third metacarpophalangeal joint A. Plane (gliding) B. Ginglymus (hinge) C. Pivot (trochoid) D. Ellipsoidal (condylar) E. Saddle (sellar) F. Ball & Socket (spheroidal) G. Bicondylar

1. E 2. B 3. F 4. A 5. D 6. G 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. E 11. G 12. D

List the 10 systems of the human body

1. Skeletal 2. Circulatory 3. Digestive 4. Respiratory 5. Urinary 6. Reproductive 7. Nervous 8. Muscular 9. Endocrine 10. Integumentary

the adult human skeleton is divided into what two skeletal sections?

1. axial skeleton 2. appendicular skeleton

each of the 206 bones can be classified by their shape. name the four classification.

1. long bones 2.short bones 3. flat bones 4. irregular bones

what are the seven movement types of the synovial joints?

1. plane (gliding) joints 2. ginnglymus (hinge) joints 3. Pivot (trochoid) joints 4. ellipsoid (condylar) joints 5. saddle (sellar) joints 6. ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints 7. bicondylar joints

what is the radiographic procedure? (5)

1. position of body part and alignments of IR and CR 2. application of radiation protection measures and devices 3. selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique) 4. instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing) and initiation yo x-ray exposure 5. processing of the IR or digital processing system

list four general classifications of bone

1. they support and protect many soft tissues 2. allow movement through interaction with the muscles to form a system of levers 3. produce blood cells 4. stores calcium

How many bones are in the adult human body?

206 bones

What is a sesamoid bone?

A bone that forms within certain tendons in response to stress. for example: the patella or on the posterior base of the first toe.

What is an AP oblique projection?

A projection of a body part that is rotated, shot anterior to posterior (could also contain a qualifying "medial" or "lateral" term. This indicates which way it was turned) EX in PIC Medial AP Oblique

What is an PA Oblique projection?

A projection of a body part that is rotated, shot posterior to anterior (could also contain a qualifying "medial" or "lateral" term. This indicates which way it was turned)

what is an anteroposterior projection?

A projection of the CR from anterior to posterior

posteroanterior projection (PA)

A projection of the CR from posterior to anterior

Identify the primary and secondary growth centers for long bones A. Primary growth center: ______________ B. Secondary growth center: _____________

A. Diaphysis B. Epiphyses

Which of the following body systems regulate body temperature? A. Endocrine B. Integumentary C. Digestive D. Circulatory

B

the saddle joint allows what movement?

Biaxial: flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, circumduction

The build, physique, and general shape of the body are defined as

Body habitus

What is the largest organ system in the body? A. Digestive B. Nervous C. Integumentary D. Respiratory

C

The lowest level of the structural organization of the human body is

Chemical

The outer covering of a long bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane, is called what? A. Spongy or cancellous bone B. Compact bone C. Medullary aspect D. Periosteum

D

What are synovial joints?

Free moving joints that are surrounded by joint capsules.

Mediolateral vs lateromedial projections

Mediolateral- enters medial and exits lateral lateromedial projections- enters lateral and exits medial

List the 7 types of movement for synovial joints

Plane (gliding), Ginglymus (hinge), Pivot (trochoid), Ellipsoid (condylar), Saddle (sellar), Ball and Socket (spheroidal), Bicondylar

Plantar vs Palmar

Plantar- sole of the foot Palmar- palm of the hand

Base plane of the skull (Frankfort horizontal plane)

Precise transverse plane formed by connecting the lines from the infraorbital margins to the superior margins of the external auditory meatus, the external opening of the ear.

What is hyaline?

Substance with a glass-like appearance

List the 3 functional classifications of the joints

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, & Diarthrosis

What is the anatomical position?

The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward

What is the image receptor?

The device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part (the square thing)

What is radiography?

The process and procedures of producing a radiograph

What are flat bones?

Thin, flat, slightly curved for example: the sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

What is hyaline cartilage?

Translucent cartilage that covers the ends of the bones

True/False: 1 of the 6 functions of the circulatory system is to protect against disease

True

what is radiographic projection

a path of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient (from entrance to exit)

what is a radiograph?

a picture on film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object or body

describe the difference between anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

anterior (ventral) - front side posterior (dorsal) - backside

List the 2 divisions of the human skeletal system

axial and appendicular

how many bones in the axial skeleton and how many in the appendicular skeleton?

axial- 80 bones appendicular- 126

Which of the following body-type classifications makes up 50% of the population? A. Hypersthenic B. Sthenic C. Asthenic D. Hyposthenic

b

What is synchondrosis?

bones joined by hyaline cartilage

What are long bones? and where can they be found.

bones that are longer than they are wide, they can only be found in the appendicular skeleton.

The __________ is the wider portion of a long bone in which bone growth in length occurs. A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Metaphysis D. Epiphyseal plate

c

The image receptor for a hypersthenic adult chest examination should be placed ___________ A. Portrait B. Lengthwise C. Landscape D. It doesn't matter

c

Which aspect of long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells? A. Spongy or cancellous bone B. Compact bone C. Medullary aspect D. Periosteum

c

Which aspect of the long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition? A. Medullary aspect B. Compact bone C. Periosteum D. Articular cartilage

c

Short bones consist of

cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone

What are irregular bones?

complicated shapes such as the vertebrae or facial bones

what is the body of a long body

contains a thicker layer of compact bone that is found at the ends to help resist stress

What are short bones? and where can they be found

cube shaped bones that can be found in the wrist and ankle

Which of the following body type classifications makes up 35% of the population? A. Hypersthenic B. Sthenic C. Asthenic D. Hyposthenic

d

the narrow space between the two layers of compact bones of flat bones within the cranium is known as the?

diploe

what is the general rule in viewing radiographs?

display them so that the *patient is facing the viewer,* with the patient in the *anatomic position*

List the four types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

list the 4 basic types of tissue in the human body

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

what does the axial bone include

everything that lie near the central axis. the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

True/False: Epiphyseal fusion of the long bones is complete by the age of 16 years.

false

True/False: The adult skeleton system contains 256 separate bones

false

True/False: The scapula is part of the axial skeleton

false

True/False: The term asthenic is only applied to a pediatric patient

false

What are gomphosis?

fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint, non moving joint ex) the roots of the teeth (the pegs) fit into their sockets in the mandible ex) maxilla and are the only examples of this type of joint 3/3 fibrous joint subcategory

List the 3 structural classifications of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

the ginglymus joint allows what movement?

flexion and extension

the ellipsoid joint allows what movement?

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction movement

Occusal Plane

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

what is nutrient foramen?

hole in compact bone for which nutrient artery passes through.

What are sutures?

immovable joints of the skull...in infants these joints can move very minimally. these bones make contact with one another along interlocking or serrated edges and are held together by layers of fibrous tissues. 2/3 fibrous joint subcategory

What is a symphysis?

it is amphiarthrosis +, which means limited movement and its got a fibrocartilage like pad between the bones 1/2 Cartilaginous joints

What is cancellous (spongy) bone?

it is highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells

what is the nutrient artery?

its a large artery near the center of the diaphysis that passes through a hole in compact bone.

What are syndesmoses?

joints connected by a ligament. the amount of movement in the joint depends on the length of the connecting fibers of a ligament. 1/3 fibrous joint subcategory

What are fibrous joints?

lack a joint cavity and permits extremely minimal movement for example teeth. held together by fibrous connective tissue

the skeletal system and the muscle systems combined is sometimes called?

locomotor system

list the 4 classifications of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

what do bones need to allow movement?

muscles

the plane (gliding) joints allow?

permits the least movement. and gives a sliding or gliding motion between the articulating surfaces.

What is ossification?

process of bone formation

the ball and socket joint allows what kind movement?

provides the widest range of motion in all planes including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation. example: the shoulder or hip

red blood cells are produced by?

red bone marrow of certain flat and irregular bones such as the sternum, ribs, pelvis and vertebrae. also at the ends of all long bones

what is the central ray?

refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube

the pivot joint allows what movement?

rotational movement around a single axis.

What are the 4 anatomical planes?

sagittal, coronal, transverse, oblique

What is articular cartilage?

smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

what is arthrology?

study of joints

Joints may be classified due their mobility and lack of mobility. name the three terms and the definition of the functions

synarthrosis- immovable joint amphiarthrosis- joint with limited movement diarthrosis- freely movable joint

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

the remaining bones that aren't listed as part of the axial skeleton, in particular those of the upper and lower limbs and their respective girdles

What is the periosteum?

the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone. it is essential for bone growth, repair ,and nutrition

What is a cartilaginous joint?

these joints lack a joint cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage. symphyses and sychondroses

the bicondylar joint allows what movement ?

they usually provide movement in a single axis , such a flexion and extension. they can permit limited rotation. for example: the knee

True/False: Approximately 5% of the population is classified as hypersthenic

true

True/False: The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton

true

True/False: The skull is part of the axial skeleton

true

What is endochondral ossification?

when bone is created/replaced from cartilage

What is intramembranous ossification?

when bones replaces membranes

what is a true PA projection?

without intentional rotation , which requires the CR to be perpendicular to the coronal body plane and parallel to the sagittal plane.

what is a true AP projection?

without intentional rotation unless a qualifier term, indicating it to be an oblique projection

What is the medullary cavity?

yellow bone marrow