RTE 1401 test 2

No matter which direction the Compton scatter photon goes, it retains approximately a. two thirds of its energy b. one third of its energy c. one half of its energy d. one fourth of its energy

. two thirds of its energy

During x-ray production the electrons penetrate the target approximately a. 2 mm b. 5 mm c. 0.2 mm d. 0.5 mm

0.5 mm

Of all the energy involved in x-ray production, _________ is converted to x-ray energy. a. 99% b. 10% c. 50% d. 1%

1%

The average energy of a brems photon is ______ of the kVp selected at the control panel a. 1/2 b. the same as that c. 2/3 d. 1/3

1/3

For photodisintegration to occur, the incident photon must have an energy level of at least a. 100 MeV b. 1.02 MeV c. 10 MeV d. 100 keV

10 MeV

How many heat units are produced with five consecutive exposures using a three-phase, 12-pulse x-ray unit; 85 kVp; and 20 mAs? a. 2,295 HU. b. 11,985 HU. c. 2,397 HU. d. 1,700 HU.

11,985 HU

The most common x-ray tube target angle is a. 2 degrees b. 18 degrees c. 12 degrees d. 8 degrees

12 degrees

If kVp is doubled, the quantity of radiation increases by a factor of a. 3 b. 8 c. 4 d. 2

4

For every 4-5 cm of tissue, the x-ray beam quantity is reduced by approximately a. 25% b. 50% c. 10% d. 75%

50%

A filament electron removes a K shell electron and an M shell electron fills the vacancy. The K shell binding energy is 69.5 keV and the M shell binding energy is 2.8 keV. What is the energy of the K-characteristic photon produced? a. 57.4 keV. b. 69.5 keV. c. 66.7 keV. d. 2.8 keV

66.7 keV.

With a 75-kVp exposure, the energy of the photons displayed on the continuous emission spectrum can range from just above 0 to a. 25 keV b. 50 keV c. 150 keV d. 75 keV

75 keV

If a filament electron leaves the tungsten atom with 15 keV of energy and the brems photon produced was 65 keV, how much energy did the incoming filament electron have? a. 80 keV. b. 65 keV. c. 15 keV. d. 50 keV.

80 keV

If the distance from the source is changed from 72 inches to 36 inches and the original beam intensity was 200 mR, what is the new intensity? a. 50 mR. b. 800 mR. c. 100 mR. d. 400 mR.

800 mR.

Which of the following results in the equivalent of doubling the mAs if the original kVp is 80? a. 92 kVp. b. 85 kVp. c. 160 kVp. d. 120 kVp.

92 kVp.

Imaging which of the following results in the least attenuation? a. Bone. b. Muscle. c. Air in lungs. d. Fat.

Air in lungs

Changing from a high-frequency generator to a single-phase generator results in the x-ray emission spectrum a. changing along the x-axis b. changing along the y-axis c. both of these

C both

Secondary x-ray photons are the result of a. Thompson scattering b. Compton interactions c. photoelectric interactions d. Compton interactions and photoelectric interactions

Compton interactions and photoelectric interactions

Which of the following occurs first during x-ray production? a. Thermionic emission. b. Current passes through the rheostat. c. Kilovoltage is applied to anode and cathode. d. Voltage is transformed to kilovoltage.

Current passes through the rheostat.

The focusing cup is made of a. thorium b. molybdenum c. nickel d. tungsten

Nickel

In producing a radiographic image, which of the following occurs first? a. Quality and quantity of x-ray beam exit the x-ray tube. b. Radiation interacts with image receptor. c. Differential absorption. d. Radiation exits the patient with different energies.

Quality and quantity of x-ray beam exit the x-ray tube

In producing a radiographic image, which of the following occurs last? a. Differential absorption. b. Quality and quantity of x-ray beam exit the x-ray tube. c. Radiation interacts with image receptor. d. Radiation exits the patient with different energies.

Radiation interacts with image receptor

Classical interactions are also known as a. Thomson scattering b. coherent scattering c. Thomson and coherent scattering d. Compton scattering

Thomson and coherent scattering

If all other factors remain constant, a decrease in the mA results in a. a decrease along the y-axis b. a shift to the left along the x-axis c. a shift to the right along the x-axis d. an increase along the y-axis

a decrease along the y-axis

Placing filtration in the path of the beam results in a. a softer beam b. a sharper image c. more x-ray photons d. a harder beam

a harder beam

A positron is a. a positively charged electron b. a positively charged neutron c. the same as an electron d. the same as a proton

a positively charged electron

Filtration placed in the path of the x-ray beam a. reduces the quantity of radiation by a factor of 2 b. absorbs low-energy photons c. increases patient dose d. absorbs high-energy photons

absorbs low-energy photons

The anode serves as a(n) a. target for the electron interaction to produce x-ray b. electrical conductor c. heat conductor d. all of these

all of these

The protective tube housing helps to a. keep the tube cool b. prevent electrical shocks to the radiographer c. limit leakage radiation d. provide solid, stable mechanical support e. all of these

all of these

Which of the following factors affect beam quantity? a. kVp. b. Distance. c. Filtration. d. All of these.

all of these

To produce a radiographic image, which of the following conditions should NOT occur? a. some photons, but not all, penetrate the body b. some photons penetrate the body c. all photons penetrate the body d. some photons do not penetrate the body

all photons penetrate the body

Increasing the kVp results in a. an increase along the y-axis and a shift to the right along the x-axis b. an increase along the y-axis c. a shift to the left along the x-axis d. a shift to the right along the x-axis

an increase along the y-axis and a shift to the right along the x-axis

The positive end of the x-ray tube is the a. cathode b. filament c. envelope d. anode

anode

The electrons in the tube current travel a. at the speed of light b. approximately half the speed of light c. approximately one-fourth the speed of light d. none of these

approximately half the speed of light

As the kVp increases a. beam energy decreases b. beam penetrability increases c. beam energy increases d. beam energy and beam penetrability increases

beam energy and beam penetrability increases

Bremsstrahlung means a. electron b. x-ray production c. braking radiation d. all of these

braking radiation

The majority of the x-ray photons produced are a. photons with energy higher than 80 keV b. photons with energy higher than 70 keV c. brems photons d. characteristic photons

brems photons

A continuous emission spectrum is a graphic representation of a. characteristic radiation and bremsstrahlung radiation b. characteristic radiation c. bremsstrahlung radiation d. bremsstrahlung radiation and remnant radiation e. remnant radiation

bremsstrahlung radiation

L-characteristic and higher photon energies are not usually displayed on a discrete emission spectrum because a. there are no photons produced at those levels b. the energies of the photons produced are too high for image production c. the energies of the photons produced are too low for image formation d. none of these; these photon energies are displayed

c. the energies of the photons produced are too low for image formation

X-rays are produced by a. uncharacteristic interactions b. bremsstrahlung interactions c. characteristic interactions d. characteristic and bremsstrahlung interactions

characteristic and bremsstrahlung interactions

If the anode angle becomes too small, which of the following may result? a. X-ray beam size may start to be limited. b. The intensity of the beam near the anode may be reduced. c. The anode heel effect may be seen. d. All of these.

d. All of these.

After ejection from the atom's nucleus, when the positron interacts with an electron a. an annihilation event occurs b. the electron and positron are both destroyed c. two x-ray photons are produced d. all of these

d. all of these

If a middle-shell electron is removed during a Compton interaction a. secondary photons are produced b. a secondary electron is ejected c. a Compton scatter photon is produced d. all of these

d. all of these

The cathode a. includes a focusing cup b. provides electrons for x-ray production c. includes filaments d. all of these

d. all of these

To produce a radiographic image that represents anatomy, there must be a. photoelectric interactions b. transmitted photons c. differential absorption d. all of these

d. all of these

A high-energy beam results in a. increased absorption b. no change in attenuation c. decreased attenuation d. increased attenuation

decreased attenuation

As the distance increases, the beam quantity reaching a specific area a. stays the same b. increases c. doubles d. decreases

decreases

To double the beam quantity a. increase the mAs by a factor of 4 (22) b. halve the mAs c. leave the mAs as is and reduce the kVp d. double the mAs

double the mAs

An x-ray tube with two filaments is called a a. highly specialized tube b. dual-focus tube c. trifocal tube d. two-focus tube

dual focus tube

What refers to the range of exposure intensities an image receptor can accurately detect? a. attenuation b. ionization c. dynamic imaging d. dynamic range

dynamic range

The probability of Compton scattering is related to the ____________ of the photon. a. speed b. type c. origin d. energy

energy

The filaments are connected to the a. filament circuit b. primary circuit c. secondary circuit d. none of these

filament circuit

The primary source of radiation exposure to the radiographer who is in the room during an exposure is a. from scatter from the patient b. from scatter from the image receptor c. hard to determine; it depends on the procedure being done d. from scatter from the table

from scatter from the patient

Tungsten is used to coat the anode disc because it a. has a low melting point b. does not conduct heat well c. has a high atomic number d. has a low atomic number

has a high atomic number

The Compton electron a. does not have enough energy to produce further interactions b. has enough energy to produce further interactions c. typically exits the patient as part of the remnant radiation and does not have enough energy to produce further interactions d. typically exits the patient as part of the remnant radiation

has enough energy to produce further interactions

The formula kVp × mA × s × c is used to calculate a. cooling time b. Hounsfield units c. heating time d. heat units

heat units

Pitting of the anode is the result of a. very long exposure times b. high exposures c. failure to warm up the tube d. all of these

high exposures

Copper can be found __________________ of the rotating anode. a. surrounding the tungsten b. in the target area c. in the shaft d. in the base

in the shaft

A low-kilovoltage x-ray beam results in a. increased attenuation b. no change in attenuation c. decreased attenuation d. decreased absorption

increased attenuation

Increasing the thickness of the part being imaged results in a. increased attenuation b. decreased attenuation c. decreased absorption d. no change in attenuation

increased attenuation

Tissue that is more dense results in a. no change in attenuation b. decreased attenuation c. decreased absorption d. increased attenuation

increased attenuation

The ability to remove electrons from an atom is a. absorption b. transmission c. ionization d. none of these

ionization

During the bremsstrahlung interaction, the filament electron a. knocks out an inner-shell electron b. is absorbed by the nucleus c. knocks out an outer-shell electron d. is attracted to the nucleus but not absorbed

is attracted to the nucleus but not absorbed

The x-ray photon produced during classical scattering a. continues traveling in the same direction as the incident photon b. is the same energy as the incident photon c. is higher energy than the incident photon d. is lower energy than the incident photon

is the same energy as the incident photon

Reducing the amount of Compton scattering a. is impossible b. is extremely difficult to accomplish c. is very important in producing quality images d. all of these

is very important in producing quality images

The primary controlling factor for beam quality is a. kVp b. distance c. mAs d. filtration

kVp

The best situation for less heat production and a quality image is to have a: a. small actual focal spot and small effective focal spot only b. large actual focal spot and small effective focal spot c. small actual focal spot and large actual focal spot only

large actual focal spot and small effective focal spot

The focusing cup is able to keep the electrons together because a. opposite charges repel b. opposite charges attract c. like charges attract d. like charges repel

like charges repel

A breakage of the major structure and framework of the macromolecule as a result of an x-ray interaction is called a. main-chain scission b. cross-linking c. point lesions d. all of these

main-chain scission

The primary purpose of the glass or metal enclosure is to a. insulate against electrical shock b. maintain a vacuum within the tube c. allow the heat to dissipate d. none of these

maintain a vacuum within the tube

After processing, there is a image. a. visible b. manifest and visible c. manifest d. latent

manifest and visible

For photoelectric interactions to occur, the energy of the incident photon a. may be the same or greater than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron b. may be greater than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron c. may be less than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron d. may be the same as the binding energy of an inner-shell electron

may be the same or greater than the binding energy of an inner-shell electron

The rotating anode design uses a disc whose core is made of a. copper b. aluminum c. molybdenum d. tungsten

molybdenum

The y-axis for all emission spectra represents the a. energy level of the photons b. penetrability of the radiation c. number of photons d. HVL of the photons

number of photons

How many HVLs are needed to reduce beam intensity from 600 mR to 300 mR? a. Three. b. Two. c. One. d. Four.

one

The effective focal spot is the a. origin of the x-ray beam as seen from below the tube b. same as the actual focal spot c. actual size of the origin of the x-ray beam d. actual area where the electrons hit the target

origin of the x-ray beam as seen from below the tube

Complete absorption of the diagnostic range x-ray photon is the interaction known as a. Coherent scattering b. photoelectric interaction c. photodisintegration d. Compton scattering

photoelectric interaction

Differential absorption occurs because different tissues have varying amounts of a. pair production b. Compton scattering c. coherent scattering d. photoelectric interactions

photoelectric interactions

What is produced as a result of pair production, a(n) a. electron and proton only b. positron and proton only c. positron and electron only d. positron, electron, and proton

positron and electron only

The beam that is found leaving the collimator and exposes the patient is called the a. primary beam b. transmitted beam c. remnant beam d. collimator beam

primary beam

With the photoelectric interaction, after the incident photon ejects an inner-shell electron, the energy of the photon is a. slightly less than the original energy b. the same as the original energy c. reduced to zero d. greater than the original energy

reduced to zero

For the covering of the rotating anode disc, _____________ may be added to tungsten to increase thermal capacity and tensile strength. a. molybdenum b. rhenium c. copper d. none of these

rhenium

The two types of anode designs are stationary and a. traveling b. rotating c. dynamic d. all of these

rotating

The focusing cup is part of the a. filament circuit b. primary circuit c. secondary circuit d. none of these

secondary circuit

The area of the envelope where x-rays should exit the tube is the a. x-ray trap b. target window c. target door d. x-ray gate

target window

Scattering in the diagnostic range is due to a. photoelectric interactions b. absorption c. the Compton effect d. all of these

the Compton effect

Part of the useful x-ray beam gets absorbed in the anode when a. the actual focal spot is too large b. the actual focal spot is too small c. the anode angle is too large d. the anode angle is too small

the anode angle is too small

The energy of the photoelectron is equal to a. the binding energy of the orbital electron minus the energy of the incident photon b. the energy of the incident photon minus the binding energy of the orbital electron c. the binding energy of the orbital electron plus the energy of the incident photon d. none of these

the energy of the incident photon minus the binding energy of the orbital electron

If a filament electron enters the tungsten atom with 80 keV of energy and leaves the atom with 75 keV of energy: the filament electron traveled very far from the nucleus b. the brems photon will be 75 keV c. the brems photon will be 80 keV d. the filament electron traveled very close to the nucleus

the filament electron traveled very far from the nucleus

The greater the absorption of radiation a. the greater the differential absorption b. the better the image quality c. the greater the patient dose d. all of these

the greater the patient dose

The advantage to using a small effective focal spot is a. the image is less sharp b. the image is sharper c. less exposure can be used d. it is safer for the patient

the image is sharper

Pair production occurs when the incident photon interacts with a. inner- and outer-shell electrons b. the nucleus of the atom c. an inner-shell electron d. an outer-shell electron

the nucleus of the atom

Photodisintegration occurs when the incident photon interacts with a. the nucleus of the atom b. an outer-shell electron c. inner- and outer-shell electrons d. an inner-shell electron

the nucleus of the atom

The probability of a Compton interaction is _______________ in bone than soft tissue. a. less b. the same c. higher d. none of these

the same

The size of the actual focal spot depends on a. the size of the tube b. the size of the cathode filament being used c. the size of the effective focal spot d. the size of the anode

the size of the cathode filament being used

There is about 1-2% of ______________ added to the filament to increase thermionic emission. a. thorium b. tungsten c. rhenium d. copper

thorium

Radiation interacting with air is more likely to be _____________, resulting in that area of the image being darker. a. absorbed b. scattered c. transmitted d. attenuated

transmitted

The filament is primarily made of a. rhenium b. molybdenum c. copper d. tungsten

tungsten

The stationary anode includes an area of ___________ embedded in a copper rod. a. glass b. copper c. molybdenum d. tungsten

tungsten

Scatter radiation that reaches the image receptor creates a. unwanted exposure and fog b. unwanted exposure c. fog d. useful information

unwanted exposure and fog

The total number of x-ray photons in a beam is referred to as the a. x-ray number b. x-ray quality c. x-ray beam d. x-ray quantity

x-ray quantity