Rubenstein: The Cultural Landscape Chapter Three

In the United States and Canada, a ________ is a city that limits its cooperation with the national government effort to enforce immigration law. Leaders in these cities want to reduce the fear of deportation and possible family breakup among people who are in the country illegally so that such people will be more willing to report crimes, use health and social services, and enroll their children in school.

"Sanctuary City"

List the top five countries that are the largest in land area.

#1 Russia # #4 United States #2 Canada #5 Brazil #3 China FYI: Canada is made up of 10 provinces, a principal administrative division found in some countries, whereas the United States uses the term "state" instead.

In 2014, the largest number of refugees were from ______ and _______ due to prolonged civil wars.

1) Afghanistan 2) Syria

The Canadian provinces of _______ and ___________ are experiencing net in-migration, while ______ has the largest out-migration.

1) Alberta 2) British Colombia 3) Ontario

57. According to the Pew Research Center: ______ and ______have the largest numbers of unauthorized immigrants. _______ has the largest percentage. More than _______ of unauthorized immigrants come from _______. ________children are identified as unauthorized immigrants. The amount of time these undocumented immigrants have lived in the U.S. is on the rise -- _____ have been in the U.S. for 10 years or more. Undocumented immigrants are believed to make up ____ of the total U.S. Workforce - primarily in _______ and _____ jobs.

1) California 2) Texas 3) Nevada 4) one-half 5) Mexico 6) 1 million 7) 61% 8) 5% 9) construction 10) hospitality (food service and lodging)

Between 1820 and 1920, about 90 percent of immigrants to the U.S. came from _______. In the 1840s and 1850s, most came from ______ and ______ (e.g. due to the Great (potato) Famine); in the 1870s, they mainly came from _______ and _______.

1) Europe 2) Germany 3) Ireland 4) Ireland 5) Germany

At one time, the greatest number of immigrants to the U.S. and Canada were from Europe. Now, they come from _______ and ______.

1) Latin America 2) Asia

More than 75 percent of all recent immigrants to the U.S. come from ___________ and _________.

1) Latin America 2) Asia

The United Nations has four classifications for countries based upon immigration and emigration policies:

1) Maintain the current level of immigration 2) Increase the level 3) Reduce the level 4) No policy

A _______ is a term for the money earned by one of these foreign-born workers and then sent back to their home country. It is estimated that this total is approximately ______. Why would this money be of particular importance to their families back in their home country? _______.

1) Remittance 2) $550 billion 3) Remittance could provide food and necessities for the worker's family and could help the family migrate to the country where the worker is living.

Groups from _______ rose during the 1880s due to population increases resulting from the ______________.

1) Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark) 2) diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.

The world's largest sources of economic migrants come from _____ and _____ Asia.

1) South 2) East

By 1905 to 1914, more than 60 percent of immigrants to the U.S. came from ________ and _______ Europe. What triggered this increase in migration? _________________.

1) Southern 2) Eastern 3) The diffusion of the Industrial Revolution to Southern and Eastern Europe and the rapid population growth triggered this increase in migration.

According to geographer Wilbur Zelinsky's migration transition model, international migration primarily occurs when a country is at stage ____ of the DTM; any internal migration at this stage is likely to be rural to urban. Most internal migration (from city to suburbs) occurs in countries in stages __ or __.

1) Stage 2 2) Stage 3 3) Stage 4

The primary migration flow in Europe is from _____ to ______. The largest is from ______ to ____. Others include ________.

1) east 2) west 3) Romania 4) Italy 5) migration channels from Poland to Germany and to the United Kingdom, from Italy to Germany, from Romania to Spain, and from Portugal to France.

Nearly 90% are _____ between 12 and 17. What is the main cultural push factor for those from Honduras and El Salvador? __________.

1) males 2) Most are pushed out of Honduras and El Salvador because of increased gang violence there.

Congress has set preferences for those wanting to come to the U.S.: Approximately 75% of immigrants are admitted to ______. Most of the rest are classified as ________. The remaining quota numbers are filled using ________.

1) reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the United States. 2) skilled workers. 3) a lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the U.S.

The primary type of interregional migration is from _______ areas to _________ areas.

1) rural 2) urban

most intraregional migration is from ______ to ______ areas in developing countries and from ________ to ______ in developed countries.

1) rural 2) urban 3) cities 4) suburbs

Emigrants from the poorer countries of ______ and _____ Europe head towards the wealthier countries of ______ and ______ Europe, often taking low-status and low-skill jobs that locals don't want to do themselves.

1) southern 2) Eastern 3) Northern 4) Western

International migration can be divided into: ______, meaning that the migrant chooses to move, usually for _________; and __________, meaning that the migrant has been compelled to move for _______ or ________ reasons.

1) voluntary migration 2) economic reasons 3) forced migration 4) cultural 5) environmental

By the late 20th century, the population center of the U.S. was moving __________, as well as _________. How did this shift contribute to interregional friction? ___________.

1) westward 2) southward 3) The rapid growth of population and employment in the South aggravated interregional antagonism. People in the Northeast and Midwest believe that the southern states have stolen industries from them.

Identify one example of an environmental push factor.

An environmental push factor would be an area that has too little or too much water. Areas with too much water are prone to flooding and areas with too little water may experience droughts.

In terms of migration what is an intervening obstacle?

An intervening obstacle is an environmental or political feature that hinders migration.

In geographic terms, what is brain drain?

Brain drain is the large-scale emigration by talented people.

In geographic terms, what is chain migration?

Chain migration is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

In geographic terms, what is counterurbanization?

Counterurbanization is the net migration from urban to rural areas.

At the international scale, what is the primary cultural push factor?

Cultural migration frequently occurs because of political conflict.

For what reasons are economic migrants typically admitted to the U.S. as compared to refugees?

Economic migrants are generally not admitted into the United States unless they possess a special set of skills or have a close relative already living in the country they are trying to enter. Refugees receive special priority in admission to other countries.

What is the main function of Ellis Island today?

Ellis Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and the buildings were restored and reopened in 1990 as a museum of immigration.

What is the difference between immigration and emigration?

Emigration is the migration from a location. Immigration, however, is migration to a location.

Based upon this classification, what region appears to have policies that encourage immigration?

Europe (including Communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe.)

How does this tend to impact farmland outside (on the periphery of) the cities?

Farms on the periphery of urban areas are converted to housing and commercial developments, where new roads, sewers, and other services must be built.

What had been the original intent of the guest worker program in Europe?

Guest worker programs were meant to be examples of circular migration in which guest workers could temporarily move to host countries to find employment. However, guest workers remained settled in Europe rather than returning home.

What are the reasons for this new counterurbanization migration pattern?

People move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons. Some are lured to rural areas by the prospect of exchanging the frantic pace of urban life for farm life. They want to return to nature and live a cleaner, healthier life. Others may move to farms but do not make a living off of agriculture; instead they work in nearby offices, businesses, and other services.

Explain how Mexico is the source for unauthorized emigration, as well as the destination for unauthorized emigration.

Rural areas and small towns are guarded by only a handful of agents. It is legal to cross the border on foot in several places. The border also runs mostly through sparsely inhabited regions. San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Mexico, at the wester end, and Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico, at the eastern end are the large urban areas situated on the border.

What have some European countries done in an effort to limit the number of immigrants?

Several European countries have erected fences, imposed border checks, and shut down train lines.

What three regions appear to have policies that encourage emigration?

South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.

Economic migrants to _____ Asia are primarily driven by job opportunities in the oil-producing nations. Pay is high in this industry due to the difficult and dangerous working conditions.

Southwest

What three regions appear to have policies that reduce immigration?

Southwest Asia, North Africa, and in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Which region has the highest number of countries trying to lower emigration?

Sub-Saharan Africa

What was the primary pull factor for U.S. settlers during the mid to late 19th century?

The Gold Rush.

During the Communist era in Russia, why did the government force people to move to their remote regions in Asia containing the raw materials for industrial production?

The Soviet government sometimes forced people to move to these regions in order to have an adequate supply of labor to work in mines and factories.

Which nation currently has more foreign-born residents than any other?

The United States has more foreign-born residents than any other country.

What countries were seen as a social "safety valve" as populations increased and CDRs declined following the Industrial Revolution?

The United States, Canada, and Australia.

What is the pull factor for Chinese migration from rural areas in the interior of the country to the east coast?

The abundance of jobs in factories located in urban areas was the pull factor for Chinese migration from rural areas.

By the early 19th century, what technological innovation for the time enabled settlement to move westward?

The building of canals and other transportation improvements helped open the interior. Railroads are not as impactful but they will become more important in the late 1800s.

In what direction has the population center of the United States moved over the last 200 years?

The center has consistently shifted westward.

What did Brazil do in the 1960s to encourage development/settlement in the interior of their country?

The government moved its capital from Rio to a newly built city called Brasília.

Which region has the highest rates of net in-migration? Why?

The highest in-migration rates of all are in petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia. This region attracts immigrants from poorer countries in Asia to perform many dirty and dangerous tasks in oil fields. They are attracted by economic opportunity.

What in the past was the most common environmental obstacle for international migration?

The long, arduous, and expensive journey over land or sea.

What is the main intervening obstacle for migrants today?

The main intervening obstacles for migrants today are political obstacles. Environmental features are less of intervening obstacles because of transportation improvements such as motor vehicles and airplanes.

What was one of the largest internal migration events in U.S. history?

The opening of the American West.

What is the main pull factor for those who try to get to the United States?

They are pulled to the United States because of rumors that they won't be deported if caught.

Like in the U.S., hostility to immigrants has become a part of a political controversy in Europe. What do anti-immigration parties claim about these immigrants?

They claim that immigrants are responsible for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs. The anti-immigration parties fear that long-standing cultural traditions of the host country are threatened by immigrants that adhere to different religions, speak different languages, and prefer different foods and other cultural habits.

America's quota laws in 1924 and 1965 were designed to give special preference to immigrants coming from what region?

They were designed to give special treatment to those coming from Europe because European people have similar tendencies, holidays, and laws as Americans.

What is the most common environmental threat/push factor?

Too much or too little water.

Identify at least three other countries outside of Europe from which these immigrants originate.

Turkey, Morocco, and Afghanistan.

In geographic terms, what is circulation AND give an example that applies to you.

Types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually, are called circulation. Ex: Every Saturday, my family visits Aldi to get groceries and then we go back home.

__________ is an international body created by the United States and Mexico in 1889 to apply the rules for determining the location of their international boundary when twisting and turning rivers reassigned tracts of land from one bank to the other.

U.S.-Mexican International Boundary and Water Commission

The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) has identified three groups who are most likely to migrate for political reasons: (be sure to give an explanation of each term in your answer)

a. A refugee has been forced to migrate to another country due to the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters. This person cannot return because of fear of persecution as a result of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. b. An internally displaced person (IDP) has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border. c. An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in the hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

Identify the four aspects of the ongoing debate in the U.S. over immigration policy:

a. Border Patrols b. Workplace c. Civil rights d. Local initiatives

Which four states are the primary destinations for more than half of the recent immigrants to the U.S.?

a. California c. New York b. Florida d. Texas

What are the three main eras of U.S. immigration?

a. Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. (England and Africa) b. Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (Southern and Eastern Europe) c. Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

What are the three basic reasons why most people migrate?

a. Economic Opportunity b. Cultural Freedom c. Environmental Comfort

Identify the two main sources of immigrants to the U.S. during the colonial period.

a. Europe b. Sub-Saharan Africa

By the early 20th century, what technological innovations made it possible for the settlement of the Great Plains?

a. Farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing. b. The steel plow was used to cut the thick sod. c. Windmills and well-drilling equipment was used to pump more water. d. The extensive rail network permitted settlers to transport their products to the large concentrations of customers in East Coast cities.

What are the three largest flows of migrants at the regional scale?

a. From Latin America to North America b. From South Asia to Europe c. From South Asia to Southwest Asia

What were the primary benefits of the guest worker program on the countries of origin of these workers?

a. Guest workers earned more than they would at home. b. Guest workers could help their native countries by sending remittances back home to their families.

What are the two types of internal migration?

a. Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another. b. Intraregional migration- movement within one region.

What are E.G. Ravenstein's two "laws" of human migration?

a. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. b. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

What two explanations seem to account for this shift?

a. Most people migrate to developed countries for job opportunities, the high percentage of women in the labor force in these countries logically attracts a high percentage of female immigrants. b. Some developed countries have made it possible for wives to join husbands who have already immigrated.

Exceptions to these legislative preferences are:

a. Refugees. b. Spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens.

E.G. Ravenstein's laws of migration can be organized into what three general categories?

a. The distance that migrants typically move. b. The reasons migrants move. c. The characteristics of migrants.

Why was the population of the United States in the 18th century clustered along the Atlantic coastline?

a. They depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials. b. The Appalachian Mountains blocked western development. c. The indigenous residents, or "Indians," still occupied large areas and resisted the expansion of settlement.

What is the difference between the following terms? Unauthorized immigrant: _______, Undocumented immigrant: ________, and Illegal alien: ________.

a. Unauthorized immigrant: the term preferred by academic observers, including the authoritative Pew Hispanic Center, as a neutral term. b. Undocumented immigrant: the term preferred by some of the groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals. c. Illegal alien: the term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws.

Another example of an environmental push factor is _______, which is often caused by human actions in semiarid regions.

desertification

Most people migrate for _______ reasons.

economic

A high percentage of U.S. immigrants are between the ages of 20 and 39 and not likely to be _______.

elderly

Visas (an endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country) are typically granted for ___________.

migrates that are legally able to emigrate from a country and immigrate to a new country.

The description of the "typical" long-distance migrant is now different. Now, a higher percentage are ______.

women and children.

In geographic terms, what is migration?

Migration is a permanent move to a new location.

In the past, migration (relocation diffusion) was primarily responsible for the transmission of ideas from one place to another. What in the modern world makes this transmission more likely to occur?

Modern transportation makes migration easier and modern communication systems allows the transmission of ideas from one place to another without relocation diffusion.

57. According to Ravenstein's "laws" of migration:

Most long-distance migrants were male. Most long-distance migrants were individual adults rather than families with children.

What is the pull factor for most people moving from cities to the suburbs in the United States, Canada, and much of Western Europe?

Most people are attracted to the suburban lifestyle. The suburbs offer the opportunity to live in a detached house rather than an apartment, surrounded by a yard where children can play safely, and a garage or driveway on the property that guarantees space to park cars at no extra charge. Suburban schools also tend to be more modern, better equipped, and safer than those in cities.

What is the primary reason for current intraregional migration?

Most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement. Cities have the prospect of work in factories or in service industries.

How is net migration calculated?

Net migration is calculated by the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

What was the controversy between New Jersey and New York over Ellis Island?

New Jersey is located only 400 meters from Ellis Island and argued that the island was part of New Jersey rather than part of New York.

In geographic terms, what is a pull factor?

A pull factor induces people to move into a new location.

In geographic terms, what is a push factor?

A push factor induces people to move out of their present location.

Identify one example of an environmental pull factor.

An environmental pull factor would be a warm climate along with attractive environments including mountains and seasides.

How is mobility different than migration?

Migration is a form of mobility, but mobility is a more general term to refer to all types of movement from one location to another.

The forced migration of five Native American tribes (the Choctaw, the Seminole, the Creek, the Chickasaw, and the Cherokee) along the Trail of Tears was part of the ____________.

Indian Removal Act 1830.

In geographic terms, what is meant by internal migration?

Internal migration is a permanent move within the same country.

Why is internal migration much easier for migrants than international migration?

Internal migration is much easier for migrants because they find familiar language, foods, broadcasts, literature, music, and other social customs after they move. Moves within a country also generally involve much shorter distances than those in international migration.

In geographic terms, what is meant by international migration?

International migration is the permanent move from one country to another.

Mexico is currently what?

Ironically, Mexico is currently the greatest source of both documented and undocumented migrants to the U.S.