S-130 Module 9 (1 of 2. Suppression, Communication, & Mop-Up)

When building control line on a slop below a fire, also called an, (blank), trench or undercut the line to stop material such as logs from rolling into unburned fuels and spreading the fire.

Underslung line

Removing, (blank), is the basic idea behind the creation of any fireline.

Fuel

The control line is considered incomplete until there is no, (blank), between the fire and the line.

Fuel

A well-planned, (blank), response controls about 90 percent of all wildland fires.

Initial Response

Crews should construct the, (blank), based on the predicted ROS and fire behavior.

Control Line

(Blank), refers to all constructed or natural barriers.

Control Lines

By burning out, you're trying to ensure that fuels and heat remain inside the, (blank).

Control line

The, (blank), should be kept as short and as straight as possible.

Control line

Hotspotting is done prior to constructing, (blank), and is one of the more dangerous tactics because it is not initiated from an anchor point.

Control lines

Although backfiring does widen the defense perimeter, it may also be used to change the force and direction of the, (blank).

Convection Column

If you are fighting a fire on a steep slope and your control line is below you, digging a, (blank), will aid in catching any burning debris.

Cup trench

What tools may be used in light fuels?

Scraping tools such as McLeods, shovels, or swatters. Maybe Pulaskis.

A, (blank), is a preliminary control line built as a quick measure to check the path of a fire that is spreading rapidly through light fuels.

Scratch Line

Backfiring is a tricky procedure and takes place on the, (blank) side of a large fire (the active fire edge). The key is to use the natural indraft of the main fire to draw the backfire toward the main fire.

Downwind Side

The IC is to make sure that the control line isn't too close to, or too far from, the approaching, (blank).

Fire Edge

A wet line is usually considered to be a temporary, (blank), created by water, foam, or retardant.

Fireline

A, (blank),is any cleared strip or portion of a control line where flammable material has been removed by scraping or digging down to mineral soil.

Fireline

Another attack for fighting wildfires is the, (blank), attack, also referred to as a flanking attack or flanking the fire.

Flank Attack

The, (blank), attack works well for moderately intense fires moving at a moderate ROS and are also is the best alternative if a fire is too intense for a frontal attack with ground resources.

Flank Attack

What are the TWO ways to accomplish the one firefighter one area option for working on a fireline?

1. Bumping up; & 2. Leap frogging

A wet line is, (blank), a control line.

NOT

Downhill line construction or hose lay should, (blank), be attempted when the fire is present directly below the proposed starting point.

NOT

When flame lengths exceed, (blank), feet, direct attack of any kind becomes impractical and an indirect attack is the only option.

8 feet

What are the two general rules that determine fireline width?

1. 1 1/2 times the height of the burning fuels; & 2. 2 1/2 times the height of the flames

What is the tool order you would use in medium & heavy fuels?

1. Cutting tools such as brush and hooks & saws 2. Followed by digging tools such as Pulaskis 3. Followed by scraping tools such as McLeods & shovels.

What are the FIVE most important factors when determining fireline width?

1. Fuel 2. Slope 3. Weather 4. Part of fire; & 5. Fire intensity

What are the THREE primary factors that the safety & effectiveness of burning-out operations depends on?

1. Fuel (e.g. light patchy fuels or too heavy fuels) 2. Weather (e.g. wind changes); & 3. Topography

What are the TWO most common options to organize a hand crew?

1. One Firefighter, one area 2. Progressive line

Some of the issues related to control line location include:

1. Safety 2. Line Shape; & 3. Environmental Impact

Rapid oxidation occurs in TWO forms:

1. Smothering fires; & 2. Stead-state fires (also called free-burning fires)

A concentration approximately 16 percent oxygen is required for combustion, but normally air contains, (blank), percent,

21 Percent

The, (blank), is any good place where you can start constructing a fireline.

Anchor Point

Start a flank attack at a secure, (blank), on one of both flanks of a fire, and work toward the head.

Anchor point

(Blank), downhill fireline if possible

Avoid

(Blank), is an indirect attack method used to stop the spread of very intense wildland fires.

Backfiring

Cold trailing involves carefully inspecting and feeling for hot spots with their, (blank).

Bare hands

When attacking a fire directly keep one foot in the, (blank), and one foot in the unburned area.

Black

Forming a, (blank), is the goal of burn out operations.

Blackline

Use, (blank), operations to: widen a control line, eliminate islands of unburned fuel, & create escape routes & safety zones.

Burning Out

During an indirect attack, after building control line you then, (blank or blank), fuels between the control line and the oncoming fire edge.

Burnout or Backfire

Wet line additives, such as Class, (blank), foam will extend your water supply, better wet fine fuels, and you can clearly see where the fireline is.

Class A

Firefighters, (blank), to try to improve their control of a partly dead fire edge by checking for hot spots and widening the line or cutting a new one if necessary.

Cold trail

Use a, (blank), attack for short flame lengths.

Direct

Use a, (blank), attack for smothering.

Direct

What are the two primary attach methods used on wildland fires?

Direct & Indirect

In a, (blank), attack, the IC determines if personnel and resources can safely work against the flames directly.

Direct Attack

Normally, flame lengths of less than 4 feet can be fought, (blank), with hand tools and handlines. Flames up to 8 feet can be faught directly using mechanized equipment.

Directly

When constructing control lines wet down or cover rotten logs or stumps near the line with, (blank).

Dirt

When constructing fireline cut down snags & other standing aerial fuels near the line. If these fuels are charred or burning, fell them into the black; if they are unburning, fell them into the, (blank), outside of your control line.

Green

Remove, (blank), by applying water, dirt, retardant, or a combination of these.

Heat

(Blank), involves making a rapid attack on the hot-burning points of a fire's edge, such as a rapidly developing fingers or other active parts of a fire that are threatening life or high-value property.

Hotspotting

Use a, (blank), attack for line construction far from the fire edge.

Indirect

(Blank), attack requires firefighters to build control lines, either by hand, with mechanized equipment, with water (wet line), or by using existing natural or man-made barriers.

Indirect Attack

During a flank attack, attack the flanks directly or, (blank); the distance of the control line from the fire edge usually depends on the fire intensity.

Indirectly

Once you'be copleted the control line, keep it secure by, (blank), inward from the line to prevent the fire from jumping the line.

Mopping Up

To save time and energy, make the fireline only as wide as, (blank).

Necessary

The, (blank( method assigns each crew member a few feet of the fireline to construct.

One firefighter, one area

With, (blank), the crew is arranged in a staggered line, and each member remains in position relative to the other members as the line construction progresses. Each member take one stroke with the tool before moving one step forward to repeat the action.

Progressive line construction

Removing, (blank), is usually limited to smothering relatively small fires with dirt.

Oxygen

A, (blank), attack is similar to an indirect attack, but the control line is constructed much closer to the fire's edge, usually within 100 feet.

Parallel Attack

Use a, (blank), attack when you need to encircle spot fires.

Parallel Attack

Whenever possible burn out from the top of a, (blank), toward the bottom or against the wind, depending on the more dominant factor.

Slope

Just as with a direct attack, you always follow up a, (blank), by hand crews who construct a complete control line.

Wet line

When laying a, (blank), during direct attack, use a straight stream or narrow fog pattern to knock down hot spots.

Wet line

Generally line width must be, (blank), at the head, (blank), along the flanks, &, (blank), at the heel.

Widest; Narrower; Narrowest