Safe 412 Test 1 (Modules 1)

INDIRECT CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS - Unsafe Acts:

("ing" words), failing, engaging, lifting, loading, making, operating, using.

The Management System typically:

- Establishes policies and procedures and processes - Procures the equipment and tools - Trains and instructs the worker(s) and - Provides the work environment

Components of risk:

A measure of the possibility of loss or injury/illness to people and property. Frequency / likelihood / probability (P) that a negative situation will occur Severity / impact (I) of injury or damage if the hazard is initiated Risk = P x I

Traditional Sequence Heinrich:

Accidents are "indirectly" caused by: Unsafe acts: 88% Unsafe conditions: 10% Acts of God: 2%

Incident (near miss):

An undesired event that, under slightly different circumstances, could have resulted in personal harm or property damage. Sometimes referred to as a near miss.

Accident:

An unplanned and injurious or damaging event which interrupts the normal progress of an activity and is invariably preceded by an unsafe action or unsafe condition or some combination thereof. It accident may be seen as resulting from a failure to identify a hazard or from some inadequacy in an existing system of hazard management / controls.

Unsafe Conditions:

Any physical state which deviates from that which is acceptable, normal or correct. Any physical state which results in the degree of safety normally present. Acts as a linking event between hazard and injury/illness.

Energy sources tend to fall into one of three categories:

By accident type: - Slip, trips and falls - Struck by; pinched by By energy source: - Mechanical - Electrical - Hydraulic - Kinetic By hazardous materials

INDIRECT CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS - Unsafe Conditions:

Congested workplace, Defective tools, equipment or supplies, Excessive noise, Fire and explosion hazards, Hazardous atmospheric conditions, Inadequate supports or guards, Inadequate warning systems, Poor housekeeping, Poor illumination, Poor ventilation, Radiation exposure.

3 Levels of Accident Causation:

Direct Cause(s) Indirect Cause(s) Basic/Root Cause(s

What are the options to managing or preventing hazards?

Eliminate or reduce hazards Control hazards by "unlinking" them with their adverse consequences Control the frequency of adverse consequences (administrative controls) Control the severity of adverse consequences when they occur (PPE) Control the safety management system Control behavior

DIRECT CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS - Energy Sources:

Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Thermal, Radiation, Noise, Gravity

What Is Your Accident Model? (Sidney Dekker), The sequence of events model:

Sees accidents as a chain of events that leads up to a failure. One event causes another, and so on, until the entire series produces an accident. Also called domino model.

What Is Your Accident Model? (Sidney Dekker), The systemic model:

Sees accidents as emerging from interactions between system components and processes, rather than failures within them. Accidents come from the normal workings of the system; they are a systematic by-product of people and organizations trying to pursue success with imperfect knowledge and under the pressure of other resource constraints (scarcity, competition, time limits).

What Is Your Accident Model? (Sidney Dekker), The epidemiological model:

Sees accidents as related to latent failures that hide in everything from management decisions to procedures to equipment design. These "pathogens" do not normally wreak havoc unless they are activated by other factors.

Unsafe Act:

Sometimes called unsafe behavior or placing yourself at risk (hazardous act). A behavioral departure from an accepted, normal, or correct procedure or practice. An unnecessary exposure to a hazard or conduct that reduces the degree of safety. Acts as a linking event between hazard and injury/illness.

Level III - Basic or root causes of an accident:

These are management system failures that permitted / allowed, encouraged, failed to identify and correct/control, failed to follow-up on, failed to anticipate or predict - the unsafe act or condition - that preceded the release of energy. are management system deficiencies that allowed or failed to detect / correct / anticipate unsafe acts / conditions.

Level II - Indirect causes of accidents:

These are unsafe acts or unsafe conditions that precede the accident event. It was found that these unsafe acts or unsafe conditions were just symptoms of a great problem, thus, they are classified as indirect causes.

Level I - Direct causes of accidents:

This is the accident event, the release of energy, which causes an injury or damage.

What causes accidents?

Unsafe acts (work and personal behavior) Unsafe conditions (work environment)

Example of preventive actions for hazardous conditions:

all new equipment purchased will have tamper-proof guards.

Injury:

any kind of damage to the body resulting from a single exposure to some type of energy or force.

Disadvantages to traditional (Heinrich's) approach:

assumes that nothing much can be done to really prevent unsafe acts and conditions from "bubbling up". does not examine management's behavior and responsibilities. all prevention activities focused on employee's behavior. accident prevention efforts are limited to: education, enforcement, and engineering.

Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions:

conditions "link" hazards with adverse consequences or, hazards become "bad" due to unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.

Hazard:

conditions or set of conditions that have the potential to produce injury and/or property damage.

Systems Loss Prevention Model Sequence Model (Energy Release Model):

corrective actions remove the unsafe act and condition and preventive actions remove the causes of the unsafe acts and conditions.

Illness:

damage to the body resulting from repeated exposures to some type of energy or force.

Safety:

is an ever-changing condition in which one attempts to minimize the risk of injury, illness, or property damage from the hazards to which one may be exposed. is freedom of injury or danger. is identifying, assessing, and eliminating or controlling workplace hazards. is a measure of the acceptability of risk.

What causes or allows unsafe acts and unsafe conditions to occur?

management or management systems or behavior: attitudes, values, heredity and personal experiences.

Safety management system approach:

maximize continual improvement, control, risk reduction.

Behavior-based safety approach:

maximizing "intended" worker behavior.

Human performance safety approach:

maximizing human performance / minimizing error.

Regulatory approach:

maximizing regulatory compliance.

Loss prevention approach:

minimizing cost .

Quality-based approach:

minimizing deviation / upsets; maximizing efficiency.

Risk management approach:

minimizing risk .

Level lll - Basic / root causes are those which would effect:

permanent results when corrected

Main emphasis of traditional (Heinrich's) approach:

remove unsafe act, remove unsafe conditions, enforce the use of PPE.

Example of corrective actions for hazardous conditions:

replacing a broken machine guard.

Example of corrective action for hazardous acts:

retraining operators.

Example of preventive actions for hazardous acts:

robotics replacing human work; developing policies and procedures.

Risk:

the probability that a hazard will be "activated" and produce injury, illness or property damage.

The Management System is supposed:

to place the right worker, with the right equipment, in the right environment to accomplish the task. to identify and correct/prevent unsafe acts and conditions.

BASIC / ROOT CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS: Environmental Factors:

unsafe facility design, unsafe operating procedures, failure to pre-plan, and location factors.