Safety

What are the 5 factors that contribute to accidents?

1. Human - errors may be high as 100% 2. Machine -percentage of accidents has lowered 3. Mission - short haul vs long haul 4. Medium - weather 5. Management - controls the purse strings

What is situational awareness and how is it related to"human cognition"?

A mental model of one's environment and the ability to perceive factors that affect us and to understand how those factors impact us now and in the future.

List the steps in a CRM pyramid (6) from the top down All Stupid Crackers Can Learn Flight

ADM SSA Coordination Communication Leadership Followership

What is the significance of the mid-air collision over the grand canyon?

ATC was born and implemented

How would you explain the importance of aircraft accident investigation to someone with no aviation background?

Accident investigation is crucial to making safety recommendations to prevent future accidents

What is "human cognition", which is a human factor that lies at the heart of every action taken prior to and during an aircraft's flight?

All forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering , reasoning, judging, imagining, and problem solving

What is airline deregulation of 1978?

All government restrictions on route authority were deleted allowing competition to thrive

Explain the difference between active causes and root causes and give an example

An active cause is a simplistic determination of just one reason an accident happened (superficial)Root cause is the drilling down into the facts to determine the underlying cause or causes of an accident

What is the difference between an accident and an incident?

An incident is an occurrence other than an accident that could have safety consequences. Ie pilot deviations.

What are 6 traits that mark the aviation professional?

Appearance Demeanor - confidence but not cockiness Reliability Competence Ethical Maintain your poise

What are an aviator's priorities at all times when operating an aircraft?

Aviate Navigate Communicate

What is ASAP and how is it important?

Aviation Safety Action Program/ Pilots and mechanics can report anonymously on unsafe practices or issues and they will not suffer penalties from the company or the FAA

What are the 3 training devices that provide a very realistic training environment and have contributed to the success of AQP

CPT - Cockpit Procedures Trainer FTD - Flight Training Device FFS - Full Flight Simulator

Why has inspector workload increased since deregulation?

Complicated Certification regulations have greatly increased since deregulation. The Inspectors are burdened with more levels of bureaucracy and detail as they go about making sure that the U.S. has the best airline safety record in the world.And, we do!

Define the DECIDE model of aeronautical decision making?

Detect - the decision maker detects the fact that a change has occurred. Estimate - the decision maker estimates the need to counter or react to the change. Choose - the decision maker chooses a desirable outcome for the flight. Identify - the decision maker identifies actions which could successfully control the change, Do - the decision maker takes the necessary action. Evaluate - the decision maker evaluates the effectsof his/her action countering the change

How are good followership skills related to CRM safety?

Enhances good communication Brings in the team concept Enhances good coordination efforts Show respect for others on team Dependable

- If your pilot colleagues were hesitant to allow an observer collecting data for LOSA to ride their jump seat on a line trip, how would you convince them otherwise?

Explain that you are not an instructor or check airman. There is no pass or fail and their names are not included in the LOSA report. This program is only there to collect data from de-identified flight crew members.

How does fatigue affect your performance as a pilot?

Fatigue changes how we make decisions and can alter our reaction times

What is FOQA and why is it important?

Flight Operations Quality Assurance/ Another anonymous program where aircraft data is downloaded for analysis of a variety of flight operations parameters. It effectively tells an operator the health of the airline and where it needs safety improvements

What are the 2 main divisions of the FAA

Flight Standards and Air Traffic Control (ATC)

GPWS

Ground Proximity Warning System

What is the main role of the FAA?

It is responsible for the safety of civil aviation in the United States.

4 Types of Accidents

Major, Serious, Injury, and Damage

Do you think there are any disadvantages to the NTSB operating as a separate entity from the FAA?

No, it leaves out political biases

What were the causes of the Spanair 5022 crash?

Sterile Cockpit rules were violated and a checklist item was missed

What is the phonetic alphabet?

Terms used in aviation to clearly represent letters for communication purposes

Explain the role of the NTSB IIC and the NTSB go team

The IIC has the responsibility and authority to supervise and coordinate all resources relative to the accident. The Go-team is a accident group on call 24/7in Washington to provide rapid response to an accident anywhere is the US

- How does FOQA contribute to creating a proactive safety environment?

The analysis of data will point out areas in the operation where changes or correction need to be made to enhance safety. It tells the heartbeat of the airline - good or bad

Explain why we can expect more accidents in the future if we continue with the current accident rate

The current low accident rate over time will produce more and more accident as the demand for air travel increase. We need to continue to implement new safety standards in order to continue to decrease the accident rate so that we do not increase the number of accidents

Why does the ERC play an important role in ASAP

The members on the ERC make ASAP successful or unsuccessful - especially so for the FAA representative.The line crew member must have confidence in the fairness of the ERC or they won't produce incident reports - and safety is not enhanced

What are the three reasons why people make poor decisions?

They have incomplete information They use inaccurate or irrelevant information They process the information poorly

During regulation why were Southwest and Air California allowed to start their respective airlines?

They operated within their respective states (intra-state) and did not cross state lines. They were not federally regulated and were only regulated by the individual state

What is the role of the FAA in a major accident investigation?

They will assist the NTSB

What is the swiss cheese model and how is it used?

This model gives a visual representation of all of the root problems that caused the accident and shows exactly where the problem was started by looking back through the holes in the cheese

What is the main function of ICAO?

To act as a forum or governing body for international air commerce world wide

TCAS

Traffic collision Avoidance System

What are the two central themes of CRM?

authority with participation assertiveness with respect

CFIT and LOS

controlled flight into terrain / loss of control both are caused by pilot error usually

Runway excursion vs. incursion

excursion is off of the runway and incursion is on the runway

What is the difference between findings and causes?

findings are supplemental information that can be used in an investigation that sometimes lead us to the actual causes. causes are the main things that led to the accident