Saladin, 8e, Nutrition and Metabolism

The process called _____ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (P1) group to an organic molecule

phosphorylation

What is the RDA for carbohydrates? - 125-175 g - 10-20 g - 240-265 g - 40-50 g

- 125-175 g

How many calories are in one kilocalorie (kcal)? -1,000 -1,000,000 -100 -10

-1,000

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose? -25 moles =3 moles -7 moles -32 moles

-32 moles

Which occurs in the reaction called phosphorylation? -Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule -Complete oxidation of a glucose or fatty acid molecule -The removal of an amino acid group -The breakdown of ATP to form ADP

-Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

The nutritional benefit of water-soluble fiber is that it is associated with reduction in which of the following? -Blood glucose and HDL levels -Blood cholesterol and LDL levels -Hematocrit -Albumin production

-Blood cholesterol and LDL levels

What is glycogenolysis? -Splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid -Production of gylcogen -Production of glucose from non-carbohydrates -Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

-Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

Monosaccarides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which type of nutrient? -Carbohydrate -Lipid -Protein -Minerals -Fat

-Carbohydrate

Which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen? -Vitamins -Proteins -Nucleic acids -Carbohydrates -Lipids

-Carbohydrates

Which is considered a short-term regulator of appetite? -Acetylcholine -Insulin -Gastrin -Cholecystokinin

-Cholecystokinin

Which is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D? -Glucose -Cholesterol -Proteins -Carbohydrates

-Cholesterol

Which are lipids? Select all that apply -Cholesterol -Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Glycogen -Polypeptides

-Cholesterol -Triglycerides -Phospholipids

Which of the following are components of lipoproteins? Choose all that apply -Cholesterol -Triglyceride -Carbohydrates -Proteins

-Cholesterol -Triglycerides -Proteins

Proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions are said to be which of the following? -Complete -Incomplete -Essential -Nonessential

-Complete

Plant cellulose and pectin are examples of which of the following? -Monosaccharides -Dietary fiber -Starch -Triglycerides

-Dietary fiber

Based on their structures, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are classified as which of the following? -Polypeptides -Monosaccharides -Disaccharides -Polysaccharides

-Disaccharides

Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans? Select all that apply -Eating habits -Hereditary factors -Blood type -Exercise habits -Skin color

-Eating habits -Hereditary factors -Exercise habits

Which term refers to the nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts? -Empty Calories -Enzymes -RDAs -Essential Nutrients

-Essential Nutrients

Which term refers to fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet? -Nucleic acids -Essential fatty acids -Saturated fats -Nonessential fatty acids

-Essential fatty acids

Which class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram? -Fat -Carbohydrate -Protein

-Fat

Why is fat superior to carbohydrates for energy storage? -Fat has a higher glycemic index -Fat is hydrophilic and contains a lot of water -Fat contains sugars used for energy by cells -Fat contains more energy per gram

-Fat contains more energy per gram

Which hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance? -Testosterone -Aldosterone -Glucocorticosteroids -Growth hormone

-Glucocorticosteroids

Which of the following are monosaccharides? Select all that apply -Glucose -Maltose -Galactose -Sucrose -Fructose -Lactose

-Glucose -Galactose -Fructose

Which term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose? -Glycogenesis -Gluconeogenesis -Glycogenolysis -Glycolysis

-Glycogenesis

Which term refers to the hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose or glucose 1-phosphate? -Glycolysis -Glycogenolysis -Gluconeogenesis -Glycogenesis

-Glycogenolysis

Which term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids? -Glycogenesis -Glycolysis -Gluconeogenesis -Glycogenolysis

-Glyconeogenesis

Which are types of lipoproteins? Select all that apply -HDLs -B Vitamins -VLDLs -LDLs -Chylomicrons

-HDLs -VLDLs -LDLs -Chylomicrons

The glycemic index is an expression of which of the following? -How many calories are in 1g of a particular carbohydrate -How much fiber is in one serving -How much of a particularnutrient would meet the nutritional needs of most healthy people -How a particular dietary carbohydrate affects blood glucose level

-How a particular dietary carbohydrate affects blood glucose level

Which may contribute to a negative nitrogen balance? Select all that apply -Insufficient carbohydrate and fat intake -Chilhood -Muscle atrophy -Pregnancy -Stress

-Insufficient carbohydrate and fat intake -Muscle atrophy -Stress

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite? -Leptin -Insulin -Glucagon -Cholecystokinin (CCK)

-Insulin

What is the nutritional benefit of water-insoluble fiber? -It reduces serum glucose levels -It softens the stool -It reduces serum cholesterol and low density lipoproteins (LDLs) levels -It reduces serum albumin levels

-It softens the stool

What are examples of important proteins in the body? Select all that apply -Keratin -Hemoglobin -Glycogen -Nucleic acids -Enzymes

-Keratin -Hemoglobin -Enzymes

Which of the following are type of nutrients? Select all that apply -Minerals -Lipids -Vitamins -Hormones -Carbohydrates -Protiens -Water -Enzymes

-Minerals -Lipids -Vitamins -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Water

What is the cellular location for the Krebs cycle? -Plasma membrane -Cytoplasm -Lysosome -Mitochondria

-Mitochondria

Which mineral is a key structural component of phospholipids and ATP? -Calcium -Selenium -Phosphorus -Iron

-Phosphorus

Which are biologically important minerals? Select all that apply -Folate -Phosphorus -Calcium -Biotin -Sodium

-Phosphorus -Calcium -Sodium

Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance? Select all that apply -Adults under high levels of stress -Pregnant women -Growing children -Athletes in resistance training (building muscle)

-Pregnant women -Growing children -Athletes in resistance training (building muscle)

Which of the following constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass? -Water _Carbohydrates -Fat -Protein

-Protein

In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of elections to ________ acid, thus reducing it to ________ acid and regenerating NAD

-Pyruvic -Lactic

Which best describes the electron transport chain? -A series of reaction occurring in the mitochondria in which carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are converted into CO2, NADH, FADH2, and water -The hydrolysis of glycogen, releasing glucose -Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP -The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids

-Series of oxidation reduction occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP

The recommended intake of the nutrient ____ is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day -Calcium -Vitamin D -Protein -Sodium

-Sodium

Which of the following is considered the only nutritionally significant polysaccharide? -Gylcogen -Starch -Cellulose -Fructose

-Starch

Which are disaccharides? Select all that apply -Fructose -Sucrose -Galactose -Maltose -Glucose -Lactose

-Sucrose -Maltose -Lactose

Why do higher glycemic index carbohydrates stimulate a higher insulin demand? -They contain more dietary fiber, which resists digestion -They contain fewer calories and can cause hypoglycemia -They are digested more quickly and raise blood glucose levels more rapidly -They are digested more slowly, which causes a lower but much longer-lasting increase in blood glucose level

-They are digested more quickly and raise blood glucose levels more rapidly

Which is a characteristic of vitamins? -They are inorganic elements -They are used as fuel -They are necessary to metabolism -You can never have too much

-They are necessary for metabolism

What is the main purpose of glucose catabolism? -To enhance protein digestion -To produce carbon dioxide and water -To increase calcium absorption -To transfer energy from glucose to ATP

-To transfer energy from glucose to ATP

For which group of minerals is the RDA 15 mg or less? -Major minerals -Sodium and chloride -Trace minerals -Vitamins

-Trace minerals

Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization? -Vitamin B -Vitamin D -Vitamin E -Vitamin A

-Vitamin D

The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include which of the following? Select all that apply -Water -Fructose -Oxygen -ATP -Carbon dioxide

-Water -ATP -Carbon dioxide

Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic fermentation may occur under which of the following conditions? -When no glucose is available -When no ADP is available -When no pyruvate is available -When no oxygen is available

-When no oxygen is available

The process of glycolysis results in net gain of how many molecules of ATP? -6 -4 -2 -1

2

The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is ____

32

Which molecule functions as a universal energy carrier used to do cellular work? -ATP -Sodium -Calorie -Fat -Carbohydrate

ATP

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins? -Calcitriol -Retinol -Ascorbic acid -Folic acid

Calcitriol, Retinol

Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function?

Calcium

By definition, ________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Calorie

Because the class of nutrients called ______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient

Carbohydrates

Vitamin ___ plays an important role in calcium balance

D

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "________ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires

Empty

True or false: The major function for carbohydrates in the human body is to serve as a structural compund

False. In humans, carbohydrate's main function is as fuel

In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called _______

Fermentation

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic fermentation are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of _______

Glucose

Which are examples of carbohydrates? Select all that apply -Glycogen -Cholesterol -Albumin -Glucose -Sucrose

Glycogen, Glucose, Sucrose

Which best defines the therm nutrient? -Compound that is absorbed from intestines -Ingested compound that alters appetite and/or hunger -Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance -Compound that stimulates a change in target cell function

Ingested compound used for growth, repair or maintenance

One thousand calories is called a Calorie in diuretics and a _______ in biochemistry

Kilocalorie

Aerobic fermentation results in pyruvic acid being reduced to ______ acid

Lactic

Insulin and ____ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat.

Leptin

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions is called: -Lipolysis -Metabolism -Glycolysis -Transport

Metabolism

Our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of macromolecules called ______

Proteins

In the presence of oxygen, _____ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration

Pyruvic

Most common dietary sources: -Sucrose -Fructose -Maltose -Lactose

Sucrose- Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets Fructose- Fruits Maltose- Germinating cereal grains Lactose- Cow's Milk

Dietary proteins classified as _____ proteins lack on or more essential amino acids

incomplete