Sample Questions EXAM 1

What are the four functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

- Increase vascular permeability - Recruit and activate other leukocytes - Induce fever - Induce hematopoiesis

List 4 key differences between Germ-line Encoded Receptors and Randomly Generated Receptors

- Inherited from parents vs. random and unique to each individual and are not inherited - PRRs vs. BCR and TCR - Found on all immune cells as well as other cells vs. found exclusively on B and T lymphocytes - Recognize PAMPS vs recognize specific antigens; either soluble (B cells) or bound to MHC (T cells)

List the two factors that affect the initial immune response when our body comes in contact with a pathogen.

- Nature of the pathogen - Environment is which the pathogen is encountered

List 3 immune-related functions that antigen presenting cells (APCs) perform after encountering a pathogen:

- Secrete cytokines and chemokines to attract and activate other immune cells - Internalize and digest pathogens and present peptide antigens on MHC molecules - Upregulate costimulatory molecules required to activate T cells

Which of these characteristics are adaptive?

All: Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens Response takes several days to develop Pathogen receptors are extremely varied

Using a light microscope, you observe a human blood smear. Among the abundance of erythrocytes, you note a leukocyte that appears to contain a multilobed nucleus. What is the MOST likely identity of the observed leukocyte?

Both neutrophil and Eosinophil.

From which of the following stem cells are helper T cells (Th) derived?

CLP

Lipids rafts are highly ordered regions of the cell membrane that are enriched in?

Cholesterol

Which of the following types of bonds would be least likely in a receptor-ligand interaction?

Covalent Bonds! least likely because they are too strong.

Complement activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus). However, the incidence of SLE is highly correlated to C4 deficiency. Can you explain this paradox

Deficiencies in C4 contribute to a reduction of C3b levels, that is, less C3b is now available to bind to immune complexes and contribute to their clearance via phagocytosis which will eventually contract the innate immune response. Without C3b-mediated opsonization, inflammatory mediators and inflammation will continue

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include which of the following 3 types of immune cells?

Dendritic Cells, Macrophages/Monocytes, and B cells.

What is the latin word for pain?

Dolor

You are assigned to do a CBC (complete blood count) of a patient suffering from a filariasis worm infection. Without staining and analyzing the blood sample, what type of granulocyte are you most likely to see elevated?

Eosinophils

You have consumed a salad contaminated with Salmonella enterica, which typically causes a self-limiting, gastrointestinal disease in humans. Based on this information, which immune organ is MOST likely to first recognize and mount a response against the pathogen?

GALT

Which of the following diseases does NOT currently have an effective vaccine? Diptheria Polio Smallpox HIV Chicken pox

HIV

Which cytokine is known for its antiviral properties?

IFNa

Which family of lymphocytes lack PRRs?

ILCs

What are ISGs? How are they turned on? Name one example of an ISG

ISGs are interferon stimulating genes that aim to stop virus replication. Type I IFNs bind to IFNAR resulting in the transcription of ISGs. One example of an ISG is PKR

Where would you MOST likely find a TLR that recognizes RNA?

In the endosome/lysosome

CD4 binds to

MHC class II

Which of the following classes of cell surface receptors are directly encoded in the germ line?

PRRs

Which of the following is the CORRECT relationship? ____ on ____ recognize ____ on ____.

PRRs on Macrophages recognize PAMPs on Pathognens.

Natural Killer cells (NK cells) release ______ and ______ to induce apoptosis

Perforin and Granzymes.

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the secretion of immunoglobulins? what are immunoglobulins?

Plasma Cell (Effector B lymphocyte) Immunoglobulin = Antibodies)

List the 5 PRRs covered in lecture, specify the ligands they recognize, and list the outcome of ligand recognition.

TLR, binding of PAMPS, inflammatory cytokine production CLRs, fungal pathogens and bacterial cell walls, inflammatory cytokine production NLRs, intracellular PAMPs, inflammasome activation and inflammatory cytokine production ALRs, bacterial/viral dsDNA, inflammasome activation and inflammatory cytokine production RLRs, viral dsRNA, type I IFNs and inflammatory cytokine production

Which is the best definition of immunity? A. The state of having been exposed to a pathogen repeatedly B. When an individual has never been exposed to a pathogen c. When physical barriers are not enough to prevent infection d. The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen e. When the immune system is activated

The state of being resistant to reinfection with a pathogen.

Dendritic cells are considered the bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune responses. All the following features are essential for DCs to provide this bridging function EXCEPT

They dontdo this --> Dendritic cells act as scavengers, clearing dead cells and debris following infection or inflammation They do this --> respond to infections using innate PRRs that recognize PAMPs, uptake antigen, degrade antigen, and display antigen on their surface for recognition by T cell receptors, uptake antigen, degrade antigen, and display antigen on their surface for recognition by T cell receptors and migrate from infected tissue following PAMP recognition to regional draining lymph nodes.

In mammals, T cell development occurs in the ____, whereas B cell development occurs predominantly in the ____.

Thymus, bone marrow.

Which of the following cytokines are the quintessential antiviral cytokines?

Type I interferons: IFNa and IFNb

Receptors that dimerize upon ligand binding often contain _____ in their cytoplasmic domains.

Tyrosine Kinases.

From which of the following stem cells are eosinophils derived? a. CMP b. CLP c. Both

a. CMP

Which of the following is NOT descended from the common lymphoid progenitor? a. Eosinophils b. T cells. C. all D. NK cells e. B cells.

a. Eosinophils.

When NK cells recognize damaged cells, the following statements are true EXCEPT

a. NK cells utilize PRRs to recognize damaged cells

It is the 3rd week of the semester and your talented and dashing professor has assigned Fortify Questions. He has placed you in a group and each individual will be developing 5 questions on Unit 1, what type of receptor ligand interaction would this be analogous to? a. Affinity b. Avidity c. Both affinity and avidity d. None of the above

b. Avidity

Helper T cells express ___ which binds to MHC class____. Cytotoxic T cells express ___ which binds to MHC class____. a. CD4, I, CD8, II b. CD4, II, CD8, I c. CD8, I, CD4, II d. CD8, II, CD4, I

b. CD4, II, CD8, I

What is the difference between humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity? a. Humoral immunity is when cells directly fight pathogens and/or kill infected cells while cellmediated immunity is when cells produce antibodies b. Humoral immunity is when cells produce antibodies while cell-mediated immunity is when cells actively attack pathogens and/or kill infected cells c. Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are essentially the same thing and the names can be interchanged d. Humoral immunity happens during an adaptive immune response while cell-mediated immunity occurs during an innate immune response

b. Humoral immunity is when cells produce antibodies while cell-mediated immunity is when cells actively attack pathogens and/or kill infected cells

Which of the following statements BEST differentiates innate and adaptive immune responses? a. Adaptive responses are faster and more specific than innate responses. b. Innate responses are faster and less specific than adaptive responses. c. Innate responses are slower and less specific than adaptive responses. d. Innate responses are faster and more specific than adaptive responses. e. Adaptive responses are faster and less specific than innate responses. f. Adaptive responses are slower and less specific than innate responses

b. Innate responses are faster and less specific than adaptive responses.

You are working with mice that have been infected with HBV, while performing a cardiac puncture you accidentally pierce your finger. Which organ is first to detect this bloodborne disease and is it considered a primary or secondary lymphoid organ? a. draining lymph nodes, primary b. spleen, secondary c. MALT, primary d. draining lymph nodes, secondary e. spleen, primary f. MALT, secondary

b. spleen, secondary

G proteins

bind GTP

How do natural killer cells kill their targets?

by inducing apoptosis.

Which of the following effector T lymphocyte populations is produced via the activation of a naive T cell through antigen presented in MHC Class I? a. none b. Th2 c. CTL d. Th1 e. Th17

c. CTL

Which of the following is not a major pro-inflammatory cytokine? a. IL-1b b. TNF-a c. IFN-a d. IL-6 e. All of these are pro-inflammatory cytokines

c. IFN -a

Spring has arrived, which also means, so have your allergies. If they were to take a sample of your blood, which leukocyte would be found in a higher percentage than normal and from which type of progenitor cells is this leukocyte derived? a. eosinophils, CLP b. basophils, CLP c. neutrophils, CMP d. basophils, CMP e. mast cells, CLP

d. basophils, CMP

Which of the following characteristics are innate? a. Recognizes broad classes of pathogens b. Found in all multicellular plants and animals c. Receptors are encoded in the germline d. None of the answers are innate characteristics e. All of the answers are innate characteristic

e. All of them are innate characteristics.

The biological outcomes of immune system recognition can include: a. migration of leukocytes into infected tissues b. clearance of a pathogen by an activated macrophage c. promotion of optimal antigen presentation d. induction of memory B and T cells e. all of the answers are correc

e. all of them are correct.

After an initial exposure to a pathogen, how does the immune system react to any subsequent exposures to the same pathogen? a. the number of neutrophils increase b. the number of B cells increase c. there are a greater percentage of lymphocytes in the blood d. macrophages begin to help tissue remodeling to help heal the tissues that were damaged in the initial infection e. the subsequent exposures result in a faster and more substantial adaptive immune response

e. the subsequent exposures result in a faster and more substantial adaptive immune response

Whether an immunoglobulin is secreted or membrane bound is directly determined by

mRNA splicing.

A bacterial pathogen has breached the skin barrier of a human. This is the first time this human host has been exposed to this particular pathogen. Which statement is NOT true regarding this situation?

memory T cells will aid in pathogen recognition and response because how can you have memory of a first encounter.

In the research laboratory, you observe that B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and mast cells begin to proliferate when exposed to IL-4. In this case, this effect of IL-4 may be described as

pleiotropy

Antibodies consist of

two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains